7/17/2020

Hazardous Area
Classifications
17 Juli 2020

Tujuan
• Memahami mengapa dan bagaimana area berbahaya diklasifikasikan
• Mengenali penandaan dan pelabelan area berbahaya

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Topik bahasan
• Mengapa harus mengklasifikasi area berbahaya
• Klasifikasi area berbahaya
• Penandaan dan spesifikasi

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Mengapa harus
diklasifikasikan sebagai
area berbahaya?
• Berpotensi meledak (explosion)
• Keselamatan pekerja (personal safety)
• Keselamatan proses (process safety)
• Property damage

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Personal Safety

Fatality

Days away from work

Restricted work case

Medical treatment

First aid case

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Process Safety

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• Sama dengan proses terjadinya api

Explosion • Memerlukan 3 unsur: ignition, bahan bakar, oksigen

• Terjadi dengan rambatan yang quick

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Sama dengan proses terjadinya

api

Explosion Memerlukan 3 unsur: ignition,

bahan bakar, oksigen

Terjadi dengan rambatan yang

quick

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Unsur yang diperlukan untuk explosion

Sumber penyalaan
(spark, api
terbuka, panas)

Oxidizer (biasanya
oksigen di udara)

Bahan mudah
terbakar

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Bahan mudah terbakar

• Flammable gas, misalnya gas hidrogen

• Flammable liquid or vapor, misalnya bensin,
minyak tanah, acetone, dll
• Flammable solids, misalnya dust, fibers, dll

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Lokasi yang berpotensi

peledakan
• Paint shops
• Flour mills
• Refineries
• Chemical plant
• Liquid transfer terminals
• Storage tanks

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Proses pembakaran

Process of
combustion

Stabilizing
Explosion
burning

Short time Endurance

Deflagration Detonation
burning burning

Unconfined Confined Stable Unstable

deflagration deflagration detonation detonation

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1 2 3
Contain the explosion Remove the Isolate the explosive
with explosion proof possibility of a spark substance
devices and or other potential
enclosures source of ignition.

Pencegahan explosion

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Regulasi dan Standard

• USA
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• National Electrical Code (NEC)
• API Recommended Practice 500
• Britain
• Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations
• British Standards (misalnya BS EN 60079-10-1:2015 Explosive Atmosphere)
• EI Model code of safe practice Part 15: Area classification for installations handling
flammable fluids

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North American Agencies

• Factory Mutual (FM)
• Private insurance organization
• Popular US industry standard
• Tests products for approval
• Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
• Private standards testing organization
• Popular US industry standard
• Tests products for approval
• CSA inter-agency agreements
• Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
• Government -driven organization
• Tests products for approval
• Recently purchased SIRA for global
reach
• UL inter-agency agreements

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Outside North America

• ATEX (Appareils destinés à être utilisés
en Atmosphères Explosives)
• European Union (EU) and other
worldwide countries
• Set of harmonized standards
• Testing performed by Notified Bodies
• WhatATEX means to US companies
• Applicable to international
business/companies

• IEC (International Electrotechnical

Commission)
• HQ Geneva
• European Union (EU) and other
worldwide countries
• Competitor to ATEX
• Testing performed by Notified Bodies
• What IEC means to US companies
• Applicable to international
business/companies

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Classification of Locations

• Flammable • Combustible • Ignitible

vapors or dust fibers or
gas flying debris

Class I Class II Class III

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Oil refinery
Class I Paint shops
Offshore oil Rig

Class II
Coal mine
Grain silo
Classification
Hay storage of Locations

Paper mill
Textile mill
Class III
Woodworking
facility

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Class I, Division 1 Locations

• In which ignitible concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid–
produced vapors, or combustible liquid–produced vapors can exist under
normal operating conditions, or
• In which ignitable concentrations of such flammable gases, flammable
liquid–produced vapors, or combustible liquids above their flash points may
exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of
leakage, or
• In which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might
release ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid–
produced vapors, or combustible liquid–produced vapors and might also
cause simultaneous failure of electrical equipment in such a way as to
directly cause the electrical equipment to become a source of ignition
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Class I, Division 2 Locations

• In which volatile flammable gases, flammable liquid– produced vapors, or
combustible liquid–produced vapors are handled, processed, or used, but in which
the liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confined within closed containers or
closed systems from which they can escape only in case of accidental rupture or
breakdown of such containers or systems or in case of abnormal operation of
equipment, or
• In which ignitible concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid–produced
vapors, or combustible liquid–produced vapors are normally prevented by posi- tive
mechanical ventilation and which might become hazardous through failure or
abnormal operation of the ventilating equipment, or
• That is adjacent to a Class I, Division 1 location, and to which ignitible
concentrations of flammable gases, flam- mable liquid–produced vapors, or
combustible liquid– produced vapors above their flash points might occasion- ally
be communicated unless such communication is prevented by adequate positive-
pressure ventilation from a source of clean air and effective safeguards against
ventilation failure are provided.

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Class II, Division 1 Locations

• In which combustible dust is in the air under normal operating conditions in
quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures, or
• Where mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment
might cause such explosive or ignitible mixtures to be produced, and might
also provide a source of ignition through simultaneous failure of elec- trical
equipment, through operation of protection devi- ces, or from other causes,
or
• In which Group E combustible dusts may be present in quantities sufficient
to be hazardous

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Class II, Division 2 Locations

• In which combustible dust due to abnormal operations may be present in
the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitible mixtures; or
• Where combustible dust accumulations are present but are normally
insufficient to interfere with the normal operation of electrical equipment or
other apparatus, but could as a result of infrequent malfunctioning of
handling or processing equipment become suspended in the air; or
• In which combustible dust accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the
electrical equipment could be sufficient to interfere with the safe dissipation
of heat from electrical equipment, or could be ignitible by abnormal
operation or failure of electrical equipment

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Class III Locations

• Division 1: in which easily ignitible fibers/flyings are handled, manufactured,
or used
• Such locations usually include some parts of rayon, cotton, and other textile mills;
combustible fibers/flyings manufacturing and processing plants; cotton gins and
cotton-seed mills; flax-processing plants; clothing manufac- turing plants;
woodworking plants; and establishments and industries involving similar hazardous
processes or conditions.
• Easily ignitible fibers/flyings include rayon, cotton (including cotton linters and cotton
waste), sisal or henequen, istle, jute, hemp, tow, cocoa fiber, oakum, baled waste
kapok, Spanish moss, excelsior, and other materials of similar nature.
• Division 2: in which easily ignitible fibers/flyings are stored or handled other
than in the process of manufacture

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Zones
• klasifikasi daerah berbahaya berdasarkan kekerapan terjadinya dan lamanya
atmosfer yang dapat meleda
• “lama" dan “kerap" adalah istilah yang dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan
kemungkinan yang sangat tinggi dari atmosfer yang berpotensi ledakan di
daerah tersebut. Tidak perlu dikuantifikasi.

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Zones

• Zone 0: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present

continuously or for long periods or frequently
• Zone 1: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to
occur periodically or occasionally in normal operation
• Zone 2: an area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to
occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, it will exist for a short
period only

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No arcs, sparks, or hot Increased Safety, Non-

surfaces Incendive)

Containing the explosion

Explosion-proof, flame-proof,
and extinguishing the powder-filled
flame
Protection
Limiting energy of spaces
concept
Intrinsically Safe
and surface temps

Pressurized, encapsulation,
Keeping flammable oil emersion, fiber & flying
materials out protection, protection by
enclosure

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• Encapsulation “m”:
• Type of protection where electrical parts that could
ignite an explosive atmosphere by either sparking
or heating are enclosed in a compound in such a
way that this explosive atmosphere cannot be
ignited.
Type of • Flameproof “d”:

Protection • Type of protection where the enclosure will

withstand an internal explosion of a flammable
mixture that has penetrated into the interior,
without suffering damage and without causing
ignition, through any joints or structural openings in
the enclosure of an external explosive gas
atmosphere consisting of one or more of the gases
or vapors for which it is designed.

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• Increased Safety “e”:

• Type of protection applied to electrical equipment
that does not produce arcs or sparks in normal
service and under specified abnormal conditions, in
which additional measures are applied so as to give
increased security against the possibility of
excessive temperatures and of the occurrence of
Type of arcs and sparks.
Protection • Intrinsic Safety “i”:
• Type of protection where any spark or thermal
effect is incapable of causing ignition of a mixture of
flammable or combustible material in air under
prescribed test conditions.

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Temperature Classification
• Maximum ambient surface (under dust) temperature the device
can reach.
• Rated to prevent combustion
• Varies based on the internal heating elements of the device
• Equipment shall be marked to show the operating temperature or
temperature class referenced to a 40°C ambient, or at the higher
ambient temperature if the equipment is rated and marked for an
ambient temperature of greater than 40°C.
• The temperature class, if provided, shall be indicated using the
temperature class (T code).

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Thank you

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