KALKULUS 2
i
PRAKATA
Ekonomi dan Bisnis. Integral misalnya, bisa digunakan untuk mencari fungsi biaya
total, fungsi penerimaan total, surplus konsumen, dan surplus produsen. Pada
penyampaian materi yang abstrak seperti Kalkulus diperlukan sumber materi dan
sebuah perangkat yang bisa membatu mahasiswa dalam memahami konsep. Kemajuan
visualisasi atau gambaran dari fungsi-fungsi yang dipelajari pada Kalkulus sehingga
representasi grafisnya.
teoremanya. Selain itu, modul ini juga menyajikan contoh soal untuk memberikan
gambaran yang lebih jelas tentang teorema-teorema kalkulus. Pada akhir kegiatan,
terdapat beberapa soal evaluasi untuk mengetahui sejauh mana mahasiswa memahami
Penulis
ii
DAFTAR ISI
PRAKATA ................................................................................................................................................ ii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................................... iii
DESKRIPSI DAN PETUNJUK PENGGUNAAN MODUL ........................................................... iv
STANDAR KOMPETENSI DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR .......................................................... vi
BAB 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
ANTI TURUNAN DAN INTEGRAL TAK TENTU .................................................................... 1
1.1. ANTI TURUNAN .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. INTEGRAL TAK TENTU ................................................................................................... 3
1.3. TEOREMA-TEOREMA INTEGRAL TAK TENTU ...................................................... 4
BAB 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
INTEGRAL TENTU ........................................................................................................................ 10
2.1. NOTASI SIGMA .................................................................................................................. 11
2.2. INDUKSI MATEMATIKA ................................................................................................ 16
2.3. JUMLAH RIEMANN .......................................................................................................... 19
2.4. INTEGRAL TERTENTU ................................................................................................... 22
2.5. TEOREMA-TEOREMA INTEGRAL TERTENTU...................................................... 23
BAB 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
APLIKASI INTEGRAL ................................................................................................................... 34
3.1. LUAS DAERAH................................................................................................................... 35
3.2. VOLUME BENDA PUTAR ............................................................................................... 40
DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................................................... 53
iii
DESKRIPSI DAN PETUNJUK PENGGUNAAN MODUL
Deskripsi
Modul ini terdiri atas tiga bab. Bab yang pertama membahas tentang konsep anti-
turunan, integral tak tentu, serta teorema-teorema pada integral tak tentu. Pada
bab kedua, topik yang dibahas adalah integral tertentu. Sebelum memasuki inti
bab, yaitu jumlah Riemann, integral tertentu dan teorema-teoremanya, bab ini
membahas notasi sigma dan induksi matematika sebagai pengantar. Bab ketiga
membahas aplikasi konsep integral yang meliputi luas daerah, volume benda
putar, dan aplikasi integral pada bidang ekonomi.
Dengan mengacu indikator di atas, maka isi modul disusun berdasarkan hierarki
pemahaman konsep, yaitu:
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran
2. Definisi dan teorema-teorema serta beberapa pembuktian
3. Contoh soal
4. Latihan Soal
5. Evaluasi
6. Indikator pemahaman konsep yang hendak dicapai pada setiap soal /
latihan soal
iv
Petunjuk Penggunaan Modul Bagi Mahasiswa
v
STANDAR KOMPETENSI DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR
Standar Kompetensi:
Kompetensi Dasar
- Fungsi logaritma
FUNGSI LOGARITMA, - Fungsi eksponen dan
EKSPONEN, DAN HIPERBOLIK aplikasinya
- Fungsi hiperbolik
- Teorema-teorema integral
- Integral bagian demi bagian
TEKNIK PENGINTEGRALAN - Integral fungsi trigonometri
- Integral fungsi rasional
vi
BAB 1
Kompetensi Dasar:
Tujuan Pembelajaran:
1
ANTI TURUNAN DAN INTEGRAL TAK TENTU
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
3𝑥 2 + 5 6𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 9 6𝑥
3𝑥 2 6𝑥
TEOREMA 1
Bukti Teorema 1:
⇔𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 =𝑘
DEFINISI
2
Anti turunan suatu fungsi f tidak tunggal, berikut contohnya.
Dipunyai fungsi 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝐹1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1, 𝐹2 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5.
𝑑 𝐹2 𝑥 𝑑(𝑥 2 +3𝑥−5)
Jelas = = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Contoh.
Ambil angka 3.
Jelas 32 = 9.
Jelas 9 = 3.
DEFINISI
Anti-Turunan (Anti-Diferensial)
Anti-turunan atau anti-diferensial adalah bentuk paling umum dari suatu anti
turunan atau primitif suatu fungsi.
Jika F’ x = f x pada selang buka I, maka anti diferensial dari fungsi f pada
selang I adalah 𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶 untuk sembarang konstanta C.
3
DEFINISI
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝐶
Dengan C sembarang konstanta dan dibaca integral tak tentu dari f terhadap
variabel x.
Contoh 1
Tentukan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Penyelesaian:
Jelas f(x) = 4x.
Pilih F(x) = 2𝑥 2
𝑑[𝐹 𝑥 ] 𝑑(2𝑥 2 )
Diperoleh = = 4𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Jadi F(x) merupakan anti-turunan atau anti-differensiaal dari f(x).
Dalam integral, terdapat beberapa sifat-sifat integral yang bisa digunakan dalam
menyelesaikan soal integral.
a. 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. 𝐾. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐾. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Bukti:
Contoh 2
Penyelesaian:
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 + (2𝑥 + 𝐶2 )
= 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
b. Tentukan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Penyelesaian:
Jelas 4𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 4. 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
= 4. 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑔 𝑥 +𝐶
5
Bukti:
Dipunyai 𝑅𝑔 ⊂ 𝐼
𝑑 𝐹 𝑥
Jadi 𝐹 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ]
𝑑[𝑔 𝑥 ]
⟺𝑑𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑑[𝑔 𝑥 ]
Jadi 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑑[𝑔 𝑥 ] = 𝐹 𝑔 𝑥 +𝐶
⇔ 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑔 𝑥 +𝐶
Contoh 3
Penyelesaian.
Tulis 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3, jadi 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3
Jelas 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
Tulis 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4
𝑥5
Jelas 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 5
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥
⇔ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4
2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 4
𝑑(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4)
5
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
=
5
Jika U = U(x) dan V = V(x) adalah fungsi-fungsi yang mempunyai turunan pada
selang buka I, maka
𝑈 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑈. 𝑉 − 𝑉 𝑑𝑈
6
Bukti:
Jadi 𝑑(𝑈. 𝑉) = 𝑈. 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉. 𝑑𝑈
𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈. 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉. 𝑑𝑈
𝑈. 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑈. 𝑉 − 𝑉. 𝑑𝑈
Contoh 4
Tentukan (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
Penyelesaian:
𝑑𝑈
Misal 𝑈 = 2𝑥 – 1 → =2 → dU = 2dx
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
3
2
𝑉= 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+5 2
3
Jadi 𝑈 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑈𝑉 − 𝑉 𝑑𝑈
2 3
2 3
⇔ (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 . 3 (𝑥 + 5)2 − 3
𝑥 + 5 2 . 2𝑑𝑥
3 3
2 4
= 3 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5 2 −3 𝑥+5 2 𝑑𝑥
3 5
2 4 2
= 3 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5 2 −3 𝑥+5 2 +𝐶
5
3 5
2 8
= 2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 5 2 − 𝑥+5 2 +𝐶
3 15
7
Rumus-Rumus Integral Tak Tentu
No Rumus No Rumus
1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥. cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 10 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1−𝑥 2
= − cos−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛 +1 1 𝑈
3 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 11 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑛+1 𝑎 2 −𝑈 2
𝑈
= − cos−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
1
4 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 12 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+𝑥 2
= − cot −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 𝑈
5 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 13 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑎 2 +𝑈 2
1 𝑈
= − 𝑎 cot −1 𝑎 + 𝐶
1
6 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 14 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
= − cosec −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
7 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶 15 1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec −1
𝑈
+𝐶
𝑈 𝑈 2 −1 𝑎
8 sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 1 𝑈
= − 𝑎 cosec −1 +𝐶
𝑎
EVALUASI
𝑥4
3. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
4. sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
) indikator pemahaman konsep : menggunakan dan memanfaatkan serta memilih proseduratau
operasi tertentu
8
LEMBAR JAWAB EVALUASI
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
9
BAB 2
INTEGRAL TENTU
Kompetensi Dasar:
Tujuan Pembelajaran:
INTEGRAL
TENTU
10
INTEGRAL TENTU DAN PENGINTEGRALAN
Jumlah beberapa bilangan yang berurutan atau mempunyai pola tertentu bisa
dinyatakan dalan notasi sigma.
n
a
i 1
i a1 a2 a3 ... an
Contoh 5
5
a. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = ii 1
(Jumlah 5 bilangan asli yang pertama)
5
1
+ 3 + 4 + 5 =
1 1 1 1
b. 2
i 2 i
6
c. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 2.1 + 2.2 + 2.3 + 2.4 + 2.5 + 2.6 = 2i
i 1
6 4
d. 32 + 42 + 52 + 62 = i 2 atau
i 3
(i 2)
i 1
2
Latihan
Nyatakan penjumlahan bilangan berikut dengan notasi sigma.
1. 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + ... + 41
2. 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5
3. 8 + 18 + 32 + 50
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
11
TEOREMA 5. TEOREMA-TEOREMA NOTASI SIGMA
n
(i) a n.a
i 1
; n,a suatu konstanta
Bukti:
Diketahui ai = a
n n
Jelas a ai
i 1 i 1
= 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
=𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + ⋯+ 𝑎
= 𝑛. 𝑎
… … = … + … + … + ….
…..
= …+ …+ …
=⋯
…..
Jadi ….. … = …
2)
n n
(ii) c.ai c. ai
............................................................................................................................................................
i 1 i 1
............................................................................................................................................................
Bukti:
............................................................................................................................................................
n
Jelas c.ai c.a1 c.a2 c.a3 ... c.an
i 1
............................................................................................................................................................
c(a1 a2 a3 ... an )
............................................................................................................................................................
n
c. ai
i 1
2
) indicator pemahaman konsep : memberikan contoh dan/atau bukan contoh dari sebuah definisi,
aksioma, dan teorema
12
Buatlah sebuah contoh rumus di atas dengan n, c, a sebuah konstanta!
Penyelesaian:
…..
… … = … + … + … + ….
…..
= …+ …+ …
=⋯
…..
Jadi ….. … = …
n n m
(iii) c.ai d .bi c. ai d . bi
............................................................................................................................................................
i 1 i 1 i 1
Bukti:
............................................................................................................................................................
n
Jelas c.ai d .bi (c.a1 d .b1 ) (c.a2 d .b2 ) (c.a3 d .b3 ) ... (c.an d .bn )
............................................................................................................................................................
i 1
(… + … ) = … + … + … + ….
…..
=⋯
….. …..
…+ … = … + … + … + ….
….. …..
=⋯
Jadi ......... = ............
3
............................................................................................................................................................
3
) indicator pemahaman konsep : memberikan contoh dan/atau bukan contoh dari sebuah definisi,
............................................................................................................................................................
aksioma, dan teorema
13
............................................................................................................................................................
Rumus-Rumus Notasi sigma
n
n(n 1)
a. i
i 1 2
Contoh:
2 2.3
𝑖=1 𝑖 = 1+2 =3 = 2
3 … 𝑥…
𝑖=1 𝑖 = ⋯+ ⋯+ ⋯ =⋯ =
2
4 … 𝑥…
𝑖=1 𝑖 = ⋯+ ⋯+ ⋯+ ⋯ = ⋯ = 2
𝑛 … 𝑥…
𝑖=1 𝑖 = ⋯+ ⋯+ ⋯+ ⋯ = 2
n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
b. i
i 1
2
6
n
[n(n 1)]2
c. i
i 1
3
2
14
n
n(n 1)(6n 3 9n 2 n 1)
d. i 4
i 1 30
Latihan
5
3. (i 3)(i 1)
i 1
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
15
2.2. INDUKSI MATEMATIKA
Induksi Matematika
𝑃(1) benar
𝑃(𝑛) benar jika
𝑃(𝑘 + 1) benar jika 𝑃(𝑘) benar
Contoh 6
n
Buktikan bahwa 2+4+6+...+2n = 2i n(n 1)
i 1
Bukti:
n
Diketahui P(n) : 2i n(n 1)
i 1
1
i. Jelas P(1) : 2i 1(1 1)
i 1
1
Jelas 2i 2 dan 1 1 + 1
i 1
=2
1
Jadi 2i 1(1 1) 2
i 1
k 1
Akan dibuktikan P(k+1) : 2i (k 1)(k 2)
i 1
k 1
k
Jelas 2i 2i 2(k 1)
i 1 i1
k (k 1) 2(k 1)
16
k 2 k 2k 2
k 2 3k 2
(k 1)(k 2)
Jadi P(k+1) benar jika P(k) benar.
n
Dari (i) dan (ii) terbukti bahwa 2+4+6+...+2n = 2i n(n 1)
i 1
Latihan
𝑛 3 𝑛 𝑛+1 2
2. 𝑖=1 𝑖 =
2
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
17
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................ 4)
............................................................................................................................................................
4
) indicator pemahaman konsep : menyatakan ulang sebuah teorema serta membuktikannya;
18
2.3. JUMLAH RIEMANN
DEFINISI
Diketahui [a,b] suatu selang tertutup. Suatu partisi Pn untuk selang [a,b] adalah
sembarang himpunan yang terdiri dari (n+1) bilangan yaitu {x0, x1, x2, x3, ... xn}
dengan
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xn = b
Contoh 7
5 7 17
2 4 5
2 2 4
Dari gambar di atas diperoleh bahwa dengan partisi P5 selang [2, 5] terbagi
5 5 7 7 17 17
menjadi 5 selang yaitu: [2, 2 ] ; [ 2, 2 ] ; [2 , 4] ; [4, ];[ , 5].
4 4
Panjang dari tiap selang tidak harus sama. Pada contoh di atas panjang tiap
selangnya yaitu.
5 1
Δx1 = x1 – x0 = 2 − 2 = 2
7 5
Δx2 = x2 – x1 = 2 − 2 = 1
7 1
Δx3 = x3 – x2 = 4 − 2 = 2
17 1
Δx4 = x4 – x3 = −4=4
4
17 3
Δx5 = x5 – x4 = 5 − =4
4
19
Gambar 4. Representasi Geometri Jumlah Riemann
Interval [a,b] dibagi menjadi n subselang (panjang selang tidak perlu sama)
dengan titik-titik partisinya adalah {x0, x1, x2, x3 ... xn}, dengan a = x0 < x1 < x2
< x3 < ... < xn = b, dan panjang subselang Δxi = xi – xi-1. Kemudian, dibuat
persegi panjang dengan panjang f(x1), f(x2), f(x3), ... , f(xn) dan lebar masing-
masing Δx1, Δx2, Δx3, ... , Δxn sehingga diperoleh:
Luas persegi panjang 1 = f(x1). Δx1
Luas persegi panjang 2 = f(x2). Δx2
Luas persegi panjang 3 = f(x3). Δx3
...
Luas persegi panjang n = f(xn). Δxn
Jadi, jumlah luas semua persegi panjang = f(x1). Δx1 + f(x2). Δx2 + f(x3). Δx3 +
n
... + f(xn). Δxn atau dinotasikan dengan f ( x ).x
i 1
i i
n
Notasi f ( x ).x
i 1
i i dinamakan jumlah Riemann untuk f pada [a,b]
dengan n partisi.
Contoh 8
20
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 5−3
t3 = 𝑥2 + =3+ =4
2 2
𝑥 4 −𝑥 3 7−5
t4 = 𝑥3 + =5+ =6
2 2
𝑥 5 −𝑥 4 8−7 15
t5 = 𝑥4 + =7+ =
2 2 2
5
f (t ).x = 𝑓 𝑡1
i 1
i i . ∆𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑡2 . ∆𝑥2 + 𝑓 𝑡3 . ∆𝑥3 + 𝑓 𝑡4 . ∆𝑥4 + 𝑓 𝑡5 . ∆𝑥5
5 15
=𝑓 1 . 2−0 +𝑓 2
. 3−2 +𝑓 4 . 5−3 +𝑓 6 . 7−5 +𝑓 2
. (8 − 7)
Jika nilai limit tersebut ada fungsi f dikatakan terintegral secara Riemann
pada interval [a,b].
21
2.4. INTEGRAL TERTENTU
DEFINISI
lim 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 →0
𝑖=1 𝑎
Notasi di atas disebut integral tertentu (integral Riemann) fungsi f dari a ke b.
Catatan:
a. Definisi formal integral tertentu diberikan dengan 𝜀 − 𝛿
𝑛
lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 ditulis
𝑛
b. Dalam kasus selang [a,b] dibagi menjadi n bagian sama panjang, maka
𝑃→0 ⇔𝑛→∞
𝑏
c. Pada bentuk 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, f disebut integran, a disebut batas bawah dan b
disebut batas atas integral.
d. Dalam kasus fungsi f kontinu pada selang [a,b] dan f(x) ≥ 0 pada [a,b],
𝑏
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 menyatakan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh grafik f, garis x=a,
garis x=b, dan sumbu X.
e. Integral tertentu adalah suatu bilangan riil yang dapat bernilai positif,
nol, atau negatif.
Contoh 9
3
Tentukan nilai dari integral 1
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
Penyelesaian:
Bagi selang [1,3] menjadi n buah subselang.
3−1 2
Jelas ∆𝑥𝑖 = =𝑛
𝑛
Jelas 𝑥0 = 1
2 2
x1 = 𝑥0 + = 1 +
𝑛 𝑛
2 2
x2 = 𝑥0 + 2. 𝑛 = 1 + 2. 𝑛
...
2 2
xi-1 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖 − 1 = 1 + (𝑖 − 1) 𝑛
𝑛
22
2 2
xi = 𝑥0 + 𝑖. 𝑛 = 1 + 𝑖. 𝑛
xn = 4
Pilih 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 untuk setiap 𝑥𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]
2 2i
Jelas f t i = f xi = 1 + i. n + 1 = +2
n
3 n n 2i 2
Jadi 1
(x + 1)dx = lim P →0 i=1 f(t i )∆xi = limn→∞ i=1 n + 2 .n
4 𝑛 4 𝑛
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑖=1 𝑖 +𝑛 𝑖=1 1
𝑛2
4 𝑛(𝑛 +1) 4
= lim𝑛 →∞ . + .𝑛
𝑛2 2 𝑛
2(𝑛 2 +𝑛)
= lim𝑛 →∞ +4
𝑛2
=2+4=6
Jika fungsi f kontinu pada selang [a,b], dan F adalah suatu antiturunan dari
f pada selang [a,b], maka
𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎
Bukti:
𝑥
Tulis 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏]
Buat partisi untuk selang [a,b] yang membagi selang [a,b] menjadi n buah
subselang dengan titik pembagian:
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xi-1 < xi < ... < xn =b
Jelas F’(x) ada pada selang [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ], jadi F kontinu pada selang [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ].
23
𝐹 𝑥 𝑖 −𝐹(𝑥 𝑖−1 )
Pilih 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ] sehingga 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 −𝑥 𝑖−1
𝐹 𝑥 𝑖 −𝐹(𝑥 𝑖−1 )
Jelas 𝐹 ′ 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 ⇔ 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 −𝑥 𝑖−1
⇔ 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝐹 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐹(𝑥𝑖−1 )
𝑛 𝑛
⇔ 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑖=𝑛 [𝐹 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐹(𝑥𝑖−1 )]
𝑛
⇔ 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑛
⇔ lim𝑛→∞ 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑏
⇔ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
Contoh 10
4
Tentukan nilai dari 1
(2𝑥 − 5)𝑑𝑥.
Penyelesaian:
4 4
Jelas 1
(2𝑥 − 5)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥]1
= 42 − 5.4 − (12 − 5.1)
= −4 − (−4)
=0
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
5)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
DEFINISI
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑎
a. Jika f(a) terdefinisi maka 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏
b. Jika a > b, dan 𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 terdefinisi, maka 𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
5
) indikator pemahaman konsep : memberikan contoh dan/atau bukan contoh dari sebuah definisi,
............................................................................................................................................................
aksioma, dan teorema
............................................................................................................................................................ 24
............................................................................................................................................................
TEOREMA 7
Jika fungsi f kontinu pada selang [a,b], maka f terintegral secara Riemann
pada selang [a,b]
TEOREMA 8
Teorema 2.5c
𝑏 𝑛
𝑑𝑥 = lim ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑃 →0
𝑎 𝑖=1
Contoh 11
5 5
1
1. 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 ∆𝑥𝑖
5−1 4
Jelas ∆𝑥𝑖 = =𝑛
𝑛
5 𝑛 𝑛 4
Jadi 1
1 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 ∆𝑥𝑖 = lim𝑛→∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛
4 𝑛
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑛 𝑖=1 1
4
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑛 . 𝑛
= lim𝑛 →∞ 4
=4
Atau (dengan teorema dasar kalkulus):
5 5
Jelas 1
1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥]1
=5−1
=4
TEOREMA 9
𝑏 𝑛
𝐾 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝐾. ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝐾 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝑃 →0
𝑎 𝑖=1
Contoh 12
5 5
1
3 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 3. ∆𝑥𝑖
5−1 4
Jelas ∆𝑥𝑖 = =𝑛
𝑛
5 𝑛 𝑛 4
Jadi 1
3. 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 3. ∆𝑥𝑖 = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑖=1 3. 𝑛
25
4 𝑛
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑛 𝑖=1 3
4
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑛 . 3𝑛
= lim𝑛 →∞ 12
= 12
Atau (dengan teorema dasar kalkulus):
5 5
Jelas 1
3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥]1
= 3(5 − 1)
= 12
TEOREMA 10
Bukti:
a. Buat partisi pada selang [a,b] yang membagi selang [a,b] menjadi n buah
subselang yang sama panjang.
𝑏 𝑛
Jelas 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑡𝑖 ) . ∆𝑥𝑖
=
𝑛
lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 +
𝑛
lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
𝑏 𝑏
= 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b. Buat partisi pada selang [a,b] yang membagi selang [a,b] menjadi n buah
subselang yang sama panjang.
𝑏 𝑛
Jelas 𝑎
𝐾. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝐾. 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
𝑛
= 𝐾. lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
𝑏
= 𝐾. 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
26
Contoh 13
3 3 2 3
a. 1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 1
4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 3 𝑥 3 ]13 + 2𝑥 2 ]13
1
= 3 33 − 13 + 2(32 − 12 )
1
= 3 . 26 + 2.8
26 74
= + 16 =
3 3
3 3 2
b. 1
3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =3 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=3 𝑥 3 ]13
3
1
= 3. 33 − 13
3
1
= 3. 26 = 26
3
TEOREMA 11
Jika fungsi f kontinu pada suatu selang yang memuat a, b, dan c, maka
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝐿= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
Contoh 14
7 3 7
1
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 )]13 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 )]73
= [ 27 + 9 − (1 + 1)] + [ 343 + 9 − (27 + 9)]
= 36 − 2 + (352 − 36)
= 350
TEOREMA 12
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑎
27
Bukti:
Buat partisi pada selang [a,b] yang membagi selang [a,b] menjadi n buah
subselang yang sama panjang.
𝑛 𝑏
Jelas lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
Andaikan 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 0
pilih 𝑡𝑖 ∈ 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 ∋ 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 < 0
ini adalah suatu kontradiksi.
𝑏
Jadi 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0 .
TEOREMA 13
Jika fungsi f dan g terintegral pada selang [a,b] dan f(x) ≤ g(x), maka
𝑏 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Bukti:
𝑏 𝑏
⇔ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑏 𝑏
⇔ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
TEOREMA 14
Jika fungsi f kontinu pada selang [a,b], m = mina≤x≤b f(x) dan M = maxa≤x≤b f(x),
𝑏
𝑚(𝑏 − 𝑎) ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑎
28
TEOREMA 15
𝐿= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
lim 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 →0
𝑖=1 𝑎
6
Tentukan nilai dari: 2
(2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥, kemudian gambarkan
representasinya dengan menggunakan software maple.
Penyelesaian:
1. ...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
29
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Tentukan nilai dari integral berikut.
3
a. −2
(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
b. 0
2 sin 3𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
c. 0 𝑥+1 2
𝑑𝑥
Penyelesaian:
3
a. −2
(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = (… … … … … … … )]3−2
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
𝜋 𝜋
1
b. 0
2 sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
0 2
(2. sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1
= 2
0 2
sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1
= 0
2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
30
3 𝑥
c. 0 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
Misal 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, maka 𝑑𝑢 = ⋯
1
Jelas 𝑥 = (𝑢2 − 1)
2
3 𝑥 31
0 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 = 0 2
(𝑢2 − 1) 𝑑𝑢
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................................................
6)
EVALUASI BAB 2 7)
6
) indicator pemahaman konsep: meyajikan representasi dari sebuah konsep; menggunakan dan
memanfaatkan serta memilih proseduratau operasi tertentu; mengaplikasikan konsep integral dalam
menyelesaikan masalah
7
) semua indicator pemahaman konsep
31
LEMBAR JAWAB EVALUASI
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
32
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
33
BAB 3
APLIKASI INTEGRAL
Kompetensi Dasar:
Tujuan Pembelajaran:
APLIKASI
INTEGRAL
34
APLIKASI INTEGRAL
Luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh sebuah grafik fungsi dan sumbu X dan luas daerah
yang dibatasi oleh dua buah grafik fungsi dapat dicari dengan menggunakan
integral tertentu.
DEFINISI
𝐿= 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Contoh 15
1
Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh grafik dungsi 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 yang
4
dibatasi oleh sumbu X, diantara x = 1 dan x = 5.
Penyelesaian:
Jelas fungsi f kontinu pada selang [1, 5] dan f x ≥ 0 untuk semua 𝑥 ∈ 1,5 .
5 1 2
Jadi 𝐿= ( 𝑥
1 4
+ 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 5
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥
12 1
125 1
= +5 − +1
12 12
1
= 14 3
35
Representasi contoh di atas dapat dilihat dengan software maple seperti berikut.
1
Gambar 8. Representasi Geometris Luas Daerah 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 𝑥 2 + 1
dengan software Maple
LATIHAN
Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh grafik dungsi 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 − 1 yang
dibatasi oleh sumbu X, diantara x = -3 dan x = -1
Penyelesaian:
.............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................ 8)
............................................................................................................................................................
8 ............................................................................................................................................................
) indicator pemahaman konsep: mengaplikasikan konsep integral dalam menyelesaikan masalah
............................................................................................................................................................ 36
............................................................................................................................................................
DEFINISI
Dipunyai D adalah daerah yang dibatasi oleh dua buah grafik fungsi f dan g
dengan 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) untuk semua 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏. Jika L adalah luas
daerah D, maka:
𝑏
𝐿= 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Contoh 16
Representasi luas daerah pada contoh di atas dapat dilihat menggunakan software
maple seperti berikut.
37
LATIHAN
Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh kurva 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑥 dan
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 5.
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
9)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
TEOREMA 16
............................................................................................................................................................
Dipunyai D adalah daerah yang dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi f yang kontinu pada
[𝑎,............................................................................................................................................................
𝑏] dan 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 untuk semua 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑢 𝑋, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏. Jika L adalah
luas daerah D, maka:
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑏
............................................................................................................................................................
𝐿 = − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑎
............................................................................................................................................................
Bukti:
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑏
Dari............................................................................................................................................................
teorema 15, diperoleh bahwa luas daerah L adalah 𝐿 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
............................................................................................................................................................
Diketahui 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 untuk semua 𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 .
Jadi ............................................................................................................................................................
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑏 𝑏
Jadi 𝐿 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
............................................................................................................................................................
9
............................................................................................................................................................
) indicator pemahaman konsep: mengaplikasikan konsep integral dalam menyelesaikan masalah
............................................................................................................................................................ 38
............................................................................................................................................................
Contoh 17
1 2
Tentukan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥−1 yang
2
dibatasi oleh sumbu X, untuk 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6.
Penyelesaian:
Dipunyai 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6
1
Jelas 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
2
1
⇔ 1 ≤ 2𝑥 −1 ≤ 2
1 2
⇔1≤ 𝑥−1 ≤4
2
1 2
⇔ −4 ≤ − 𝑥−1 ≤ −1
2
Karena 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 untuk semua 𝑥 ∈ 4,6 maka bisa Teorema 16 bisa digunakan.
6 1 2
Jelas 𝐿 = − 4
− 2𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
6 1 2
= 4 2
𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥
61 2
= 4 4
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 1 6
= 𝑥3 − 2 𝑥2 + 𝑥
12 4
4 14
=6−3 = 3
Representasi dari contoh di atas dapat dilihat dengan software maple seperti
berikut.
Penyelesaian:
.............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................ 10)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
3.2. VOLUME BENDA PUTAR
............................................................................................................................................................
Suatu daerah D pada bidang datar akan benjadi sebuah benda putar jika diputar
............................................................................................................................................................
dengan poros tertentu. Salah satu penggunaan integral adalah untuk mencari
volum benda putar tersebut. Dalam bab ini akan dibahas tiga metode untuk
............................................................................................................................................................
mencari volum benda putar yaitu metode cakram, metode cincin, dan metode sel
............................................................................................................................................................
silinder.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(a) Metode cakram (b) Metode cincin (c) Metode sel silinder
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
10 ............................................................................................................................................................
) indicator pemahaman konsep: mengaplikasikan konsep integral dalam menyelesaikan masalah
............................................................................................................................................................ 40
............................................................................................................................................................
3.2.1. METODE CAKRAM
Diketahui fungsi f(x) kontinu pada selang [a,b]. Sebuah benda putar akan
terbentuk jika daerah D yang dibatasi oleh grafik f(x), sumbu X, x=a, dan x=b
diputar dengan poros sumbu X, seperti gambar berikut.
Gambar 11. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar daerah D dibatasi oleh
grafik f(x), sumbu X, x=a, dan x=b diputar dengan poros sumbu X
Begitu juga jika daerah D yang dibatasi oleh grafik f(x), sumbu Y, y=a, dan y=b
diputar dengan poros sumbu Y, akan terbentuk sebuah benda putar seperti pada
gambar berikut.
Gambar 12. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar daerah D dibatasi oleh
grafik f(x), sumbu X, x=a, dan x=b diputar dengan poros sumbu X
Dipunyai grafik fungsi f(x) = x – 1. Tentukan volum benda putar yang dibatasi
oleh grafik fungsi f, sumbu X, x = 1, dan x = 4, diputar terhadap sumbu X.
Penyelesaian:
Buat partisi untuk selang [1,4] pada sumbu X.
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ]
Jadi
𝑛 2
𝑉 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
4
=𝜋 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
4 2
=𝜋 1
(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 4
=𝜋 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥
3 1
28 1
=𝜋 −3
3
27
= 𝜋 = 9𝜋 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3
Gambar 13. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik
fungsi f(x) = x – 1, sumbu X, x = 1, dan x = 4, diputar terhadap sumbu X
42
Contoh 19
Dipunyai grafik fungsi f(x) = x – 1. Tentukan volum benda putar yang dibatasi
oleh grafik fungsi f, sumbu Y, x = 1, dan x = 4, diputar terhadap sumbu Y.
Penyelesaian:
Jelas untuk x = 1 f(x) = 0 dan x = 4 f(x) = 3
Buat partisi untuk selang [0,3] pada sumbu Y.
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑦𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖 ]
Jelas 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1
Tulis 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 1
Jadi
𝑛 2
𝑉 = lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝜋 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑦𝑖
3
=𝜋 0
(𝑦 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦
3 2
=𝜋 0
(𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
1 3
=𝜋 𝑦3 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦
3 0
=𝜋 9+9+3 −0
63
= 𝜋 = 21𝜋 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3
Gambar 14. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik
fungsi f(x) = x – 1, sumbu Y, x = 1, dan x = 4, diputar terhadap sumbu Y
43
LATIHAN
Tentukan volum benda putar berikut dengan menggunakan metode cakram
kemudian gambarlah representasinya dengan menggunakan software maple!
a. Benda putar dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = x2 – 4, sumbu X, x = - 2, dan
x = 1, diputar terhadap sumbu X.
b. Benda putar dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = x2 – 4, sumbu Y, x = - 2, dan
x = 1, diputar terhadap sumbu Y.
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
44
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
3.2.2. METODE CINCIN
............................................................................................................................................................
Menghitung volume benda putar dengan
............................................................................................................................................................
menggunakan metode cincin dapat dilakukan
............................................................................................................................................................
dengan pendekatan rumus volume cincin. Dari
............................................................................................................................................................
gambar disamping, volum cincin bisa dicari dengan
............................................................................................................................................................
rumus berikut.
............................................................................................................................................................
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 . 𝑡
............................................................................................................................................................
Diketahui fungsi f x ≥ g x pada selang [a,b]. Jika daerah D dibatasi oleh grafik
............................................................................................................................................................
fungsi f dan g, x = a, dan x = b,maka volum benda putar yang terbentuk bisa
............................................................................................................................................................
dicari dengan cara sebagai berikut.
............................................................................................................................................................
Buat partisi untuk selang [a,b] pada sumbu X.
............................................................................................................................................................
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖 ]
............................................................................................................................................................
Volum cincin ke- i adalah 𝑉𝑖 = 𝜋[𝑓 𝑡𝑖 ]2 . ∆𝑥𝑖 − 𝜋[𝑔 𝑡𝑖 ]2 . ∆𝑥𝑖
2 2
= 𝜋[ 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 ]. ∆𝑥𝑖
45
Jadi
𝑛
2 2
𝑉 = lim 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
𝑃 →0
𝑖=1
𝑏
2 2
𝑉=𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Contoh 20
Dipunyai grafik fungsi f(x) = 2x dan g(x) = x2, f x ≥ g x pada selang [0,2] pada
sumbu X. Tentukan volum benda putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi f dan g,
yang diputar terhadap sumbu X.
Penyelesaian:
Buat partisi untuk selang [0,2] pada sumbu X.
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖 ]
Jelas
𝑛 2 2
= lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
2
=𝜋 0
(2𝑥)2 − (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑦
2
=𝜋 0
4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑦
4 1 2
=𝜋 𝑥3 − 5 𝑦5
3 0
32 32 64
=𝜋 − = 15 𝜋 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3 5
46
Representasi benda putarnya dengan maple:
Gambar 16. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik
fungsi f(x) = 2x dan g(x) = x2 pada selang [0,2] yang diputar terhadap sumbu X
Contoh 21
Dipunyai grafik fungsi f(x) = x2 dan g(x) = 2x, f x ≥ g x pada selang [0,4] pada
sumbu Y. Tentukan volum benda putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi f dan g,
yang diputar terhadap sumbu Y.
Penyelesaian:
Buat partisi untuk selang [0,4] pada sumbu Y.
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [𝑦𝑖−1 , 𝑦𝑖 ]
Jelas 𝑦1 = 𝑥 2 ⟺ 𝑥 = ± 𝑦1
Jadi f(y) = ± 𝑦
𝑦2
Jelas 𝑦2 = 2𝑥 ⟺ 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
Jadi g(y) =
2
Jelas
𝑛 2 2
lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 − 𝑔 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑦𝑖
47
4 2 𝑦 2
=𝜋 0
𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦
2
4 𝑦2
=𝜋 0
𝑦− 𝑑𝑦
4
1 1 4
=𝜋 𝑦 2 − 12 𝑦 3
2 0
64
= 𝜋 8 − 12
16 8
=𝜋 8− = 3 𝜋 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3
Representasi contoh di atas dapat dilihat dengan software maple seperti berikut.
Gambar 17. Representasi Geometris Volume Benda Putar yang dibatasi oleh grafik
fungsi f(x) = x2 dan g(x) = 2x pada selang [0,4] yang diputar terhadap sumbu Y
LATIHAN
Tentukan volum benda putar berikut dengan menggunakan metode cincin
kemudian gambarlah representasinya dengan menggunakan software maple!
a. Benda putar dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = x2 – 4 dan g(x) = -x -2, sumbu X, x
= - 2, dan x = 1, diputar terhadap sumbu X.
b. Benda putar dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = x2 – 4 dan g(x) = -x -2, sumbu Y, y
= - 3, dan y = 0, diputar terhadap sumbu Y.
Penyelesaian: 48
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Penyelesaian:
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
49
EVALUASI
Tentukan volum benda putar di bawah ini dengan menggunakan metode cakram
dan metode cincin, kemudian gambarlah representasinya dengan menggunakan
software maple!
a. Benda putar dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = x2 + 5, sumbu Y, x =1, dan x = 3,
diputar terhadap sumbu Y.
b. Benda putar yang dibatasi oleh kurva f(x) = 3 cos x, sumbu X, x = 0, dan x =
¼ π, diputar terhadap sumbu X.
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
50
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
51
3.2.3. METODE SEL SILINDER
Dipunyai fungsi kontinu f dan f x ≥ 0pada selang [a,b]. Jika daerah D yang
dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi f, sumbu X, x = a, dan x = b diputar dengan pusat
rotasi sumbu Y, maka volum benda putar yang terbentuk bisa dicari dengan
cara sebagai berikut.
𝑉𝑖 = 2𝜋. 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
Jadi
𝑛 𝑏
Contoh 22
Dipunyai grafik fungsi f(x) = x – 1. Tentukan volum benda putar yang
dibatasi oleh grafik fungsi f, sumbu X, x = 1, dan x = 4.
Penyeleasaian:
Buat partisi untuk selang [1,4] pada sumbu X.
Pilih selang 𝑡𝑖 ∈ [1,4] dengan 𝑡𝑖 adalah titik tengah selang [1,4]
1+4 5
Diperoleh 𝑡𝑖 = =2
2
Jadi
𝑛
𝑉 = 2𝜋. lim 𝑃 →0 𝑖=1 𝑡𝑖 . 𝑓 𝑡𝑖 . ∆𝑥𝑖
4
= 2𝜋 1
𝑥. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
= 2𝜋 1
𝑥. (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
= 2𝜋 1
(𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 4
= 2𝜋 𝑥3 − 2 𝑥2
3 1
64 1 1
= 2𝜋 −8 − −2
3 3
27
= 2𝜋( 2 ) = 27𝜋 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
52
DAFTAR ISI
Heru, Robertus. 2005. Buku Ajar Kalkulus I. Jurusan Matematika FMIPA Universitas
Diponegoro.
Purcell, E. J., Varberg, D., & Rigdon, S. E. 2003. Kalkulus Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
53