SEMESTER 1
( Didik Nurhadi )
PRONOUN ( Kata Ganti )
SENTENCE
TENSES
Perubahan kata kerja yang diikuti perubahan waktu dan sifat kejadian
Time : Present (Sekarang), Past (Lampau), Future (Yang Akan Datang)
Event : Simple, Continous, Perfect
a. Present Tense
- Simple Present, tenses yang digunakan ketika suatu kejadian
sedang berlangsung saat ini atau kejadian yang berlangsung
berulang kali (kebiasaan).
Verbal Formula
+ S + Verb (s/es) + O
- S + Do/Does + Not + V1 + O
?+ Do/Does + S + V1 + O ?
?- Do/Does + S + Not + V1 + O
Nomin Formula
a
+ S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + ANA
- S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + Not + ANA
?+ Be (Am, Are, Is) + S + ANA ?
?- Be (Am, Are, Is) + Not + S + ANA ?
- Present Continuous, tense yang meunjuk pada tindakan yang
sedang berlangsung sekarang (on going) atau ketika pebicaraan itu
sedang berlangsung.
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + V. Ing + O + ANA
- S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + Not + V. Ing + O
?+ Be (Am, Are, Is) + S + V. Ing + O ?
?- Be (Am, Are, Is) + Not + V. Ing + O + ANA ?
Verbal Formula
+ S + Have/Has + V3 + O
- S + Have/Has + Not + V3 + O
?+ Have/Has + S + V3 + O ?
?- Have/Has + S + Not + V3 + O ?
Nomin Formula
a
+ S + Have/Has + Been + ANA
- S + Have/Has + Not + Been + ANA
?+ Have/Has + S + Been + ANA ?
?- Have/Has + Not + S + Been + ANA ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Have/Has + Been + V. Ing + O
- S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V. Ing + O
?+ Have/Has + S + Been + V. Ing + O ?
?- Have/Has + Not + S + Been + V. Ing + O ?
b. Past Tense
- Simple Past, tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan
kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau dan telah berakhir di
masa lampau.
Verba Formula
l
+ S + V2 + O
- S + Did + Not + V1 + O
?+ Did + S + V1 + O ?
?- Did + Not + S + V1 + O ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Was/Were + ANA
- S + Was/Were + Not + ANA
?+ Was/Were + S + ANA ?
?- Was/Were + Not + S + ANA ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Was/Were + V. ing + O
- S + Was/Were + Not + V. Ing + O
?+ Was/Were + S + V. Ing + O ?
?- Was/Were + Not + S + V. Ing + O ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Had + V3 + O
- S + Had + Not + V3 + O
?+ Had + S + V3 + O ?
?- Had + Not + V3 + O ?
Nomina Formula
l
+ S + Had + Been + ANA
- S + Had + Not + Been + ANA
?+ Had + S + Been + ANA ?
?- Had + Not + Been + ANA ?
Verbal Formula
+ S + Had + Been + V. Ing + O
- S + Had + Not + Been + V. Ing + O
?+ Had + S + Been + V. Ing + O ?
?- Had + Not + Been + V. Ing + O ?
c. Future Tense
- Simple Future, Tense yang digunakan untuk menceritakan
peristiwa yang akan terjadi
Verbal Formula
+ S + Will/Shall + V1 + O
- S + Will/Shall + Not + V1 + O
?+ Will/Shall + S + V1 + O ?
?- Will/Shall + Not + S + V1 + O ?
Nomin Formula
a
+ S + Will/Shall + Be + ANA
- S + Will/Shall + Not + Be + ANA
?+ Will/Shall + S + Be + ANA ?
?- Will/Shall + Not + S + Be + ANA ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Will + Be + V. Ing
- S + Will + Not + Be + V. Ing
?+ Will + S + Be + V. Ing ?
?- Will + Not + S + Be + V. Ing ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Will + Have + V3
- S + Will + Not + Have + V3
?+ Will + S + Have + V3 ?
?- Will + Not + S + Have + V3 ?
Verba Formula
l
+ S + Will + Have + Been + V. Ing
- S + Will + Not + Have + Been + V. Ing
?+ Will + S + Have + Been + V. Ing
?- Will + Not + S + Have + Been + V. Ing
PASSIVE VOICE
Passive Voice adalah suatu bentuk kalimat dimana subjek kalimat
menerima aksi, bukan melakukan aksi. Tidak seperti active voice yang
fokus terhadap pihak yang melakukan aksi (doer of action), bentuk ini
lebih berfokus kepada pihak atau objek yang menerima hasil dari suatu
aksi tersebut (receiver of action).
Tidak semua kalimat aktif dapat kita rubah menjadi kalimat pasif.
Kalimat aktif yang dapat dirubah ke kalimat pasif hanyalah kalimat yang
mengandung unsur objek langsung (direct object), dan kata kerja yang
membutuhkan objek langsung adalah kata kerja transitif (transitive verb)
Macam Macam Passive Voice
a. Passive Voice Simple Present Tense
Formula
+ S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + Past Participle/V3 + (By agent)
- S + Be (Am, Are, Is) + Not + Past Participle/V3 + (By
agent)
?+ Be (Am, Are, Is) + S + Past Participle/V3 + (By agent) ?
Formula
+ S + Be (Was/Were) + Past Participle/V3 + (By agent)
- S + Be (Was/Were) + Not + Past Participle/V3 + (By
agent)
?+ Be (Was/Were) + S + Past Participle/V3 + (By agent) ?