PHYSICAL ASPECT ON ERGONOMICS

STUDY
LECTURE NOTES
ARIEF RAHMAN - 2020
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
are prevalent and expensive. They
account for about 15% of all claims
and 48% of dollars paid. Back pain
accounts for about 40% of the
claim costs; upper extremity
disorders account for around 9%
offers MSD and safety statistics.
 Musculoskeletal disorders (cumulative
trauma) affect the muscles, joints, and
ligaments over a period of months and
years.
 The three major areas affected are the
hand/wrist, the shoulder/neck/elbow,
and the lower back. Reduce these
problems with engineering and
administrative approaches
UPPER LIMB DISORDERS (ULD)

Carpal Tunnel Dupuytren’s

Tenosynovitis Ganglion
Syndrome Contracture

Frozen
Epicondylitis Tendinitis
Shoulder
ANTROPOMETRI:
RAGAM DIMENSI TUBUH MANUSIA
• Kemampuan dan sekaligus keterbatasan manusia
• Variasi dimensi tubuh dan postur kerja
✓ Perubahan dalam ukuran tubuh
✓ Pola pertumbuhan yang cepat selama masa kanak-kanak
✓ relatif konstan selama masa dewasa
✓ penuaan dengan dimungkinkan terjadinya pola pengurangan
dimensi
• Laki-laki tumbuh menjadi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan
perempuan.
• Beberapa orang lebih kecil atau lebih besar
ANTROPOMETRI:
RAGAM DIMENSI TUBUH MANUSIA

 Perbedaan atau ragam dimensi tubuh manusia menjadi salah

satu aspek perancangan yang perlu dipertimbangkan.
 Penentuan dimensi suatu ukuran produk atau stasiun kerja akan
menimbulkan sekelompok pengguna akan merasakan
ketidaksesuaian yang dapat mengakibatkan ketidaknyamanan
dan bahkan cedera.
 Antropometri diaplikasikan dalam perancangan stasiun kerja,
fasilitas kerja, dan desain produk agar diperoleh ukuran-ukuran
yang sesuai dan layak dengan dimensi anggota tubuh manusia
yang akan menggunakannnya.
 Perancangan dimensi fisik yang sesuai dengan ukuran
antropometri akan menghasilkan produk yang lebih nyaman dan
aman sehingga mampu meningkatkan efektivitas kerja.
36 DIMENSI ANTROPOMETRI
 TABEL DATA ANTROPOMETRI
• Tersedia 3 persentil data dalam antropometriindonesia.org yaitu persntil ke-5,
ke-50, dan ke-95.
• Kelompok jenis kelamin, kelompok usia, dan kelompok suku/daerah di
Indonesia juga bisa dipilih sesuai dengan target populasi perancangan
CONTOH APLIKASI PADA KURSI
DESKRIPSI UKURAN DIMENSI BATAS

A Tinggi sandaran D10 MIN

C Tinggi bagian atas dari sandaran D11 MIN
tangan hingga alas duduk
D Lebar sandaran D17 MIN
E Lebar bahu pada sandaran D18 MIN
F Lebar alas duduk D17 atau MIN
D19
G Panjang alas duduk D14 MAKS
H Tinggi alas duduk kursi dari lantai D16 MAKS
I Tinggi kursi (A+H) -
Keterangan: BATAS terdiri dari pilihan MAKS/MIN/RATA2
POSTURE

 One of the key elements in ensuring that people can work

comfortably and effectively is good posture.
 Posture is defined as the average orientation of the body over
time. The skeleton is in a “neutral” posture—the internally
generated torques acting on the joints as a result of tissue
elasticity and muscle tone are in balance.
 Discussing posture is not just about what is right for the
back; it also has to take into account of what is right for the
upper limbs, the head and neck, and the lower limbs.

The static posture of an astronaut asleep under

weightless conditions
PELVIC AND LUMBAR
 The pelvis can be likened to the platform that supports the
superincumbent body parts and transmits the weight to the
ground via the legs. Several muscle groups, which in other
species provide locomotive power take on new roles.

“Trendelenburg” posture. Weakness in the

anterior gluteal causes deviation of the
pelvis to the right and tilting to the left. The
spine exhibits scoliosis to compensate.
Functionally, this can be observed when
people stand on an uneven surface to work.
 klasifikasi dan kodifikasi
pada vertebrae
Pada material handling, low back
merupakan sistem musculoskeletal
yang paling peka, karena memiliki
jarak yang paling jauh dari beban yang
di handle oleh tangan.

Kriteria keselamatan didasarkan pada

beban tekan (compression load) pada L5/S1
intervertebral disk antara lumbar lumbosacral
nomor 5 dan sacrum nomor 1. disc

Biomekanika 08/10/2020 12
 Herniated disk yang
menyebabkan tekanan
pada akar syaraf.

anulus layer

Biomekanika 08/10/2020 13
LOW-BACK
BIOMECHANICAL
MODEL OF STATIC
COPLANAR LIFTING
BODY POSITIONS
 The joints are close to the mid-point of their ranges of motion
and there is a slight lumbar lordosis.
 This restful posture is readily observed in the workplace when
people sit on a stool to work at a bench or recline in a modern
office chair when using a computer. When a person flexes the
hip and knee joint to sit down, the iliopsoas muscles
immediately shorten and the hip extensors lengthen.
 The balance of
antagonistic muscle
forces, which kept the
pelvis in its anteriorly
tilted position, is
changed and the pelvis
tilts posteriorly almost
immediately and Angles of pelvic tilt in different body positions. On the
continues in left, posterior pelvic tilt with flattened lumbar curve. On
proportion to the the right, anterior pelvic tilt with exaggerated lumbar
flexion at the hip. lordosis. Neutral postures in the center.
STATIC POSTURES
 People rarely adopt static postures for any length of time.
If not walking or moving, they adopt a variety of resting
positions which vary
 Short periods of walking and gross body movements are
vital to activate the venous pump and assist the return of
blood from the lower limbs
 Prolonged daily standing is known to be associated with
low back pain. Where possible, jobs which that require
people to stand still for prolonged periods without some
external from form of aiding or support must be
redesigned to allow more movement, or the work to be
done in a combination of standing and sitting postures.
 KEY FEATURES OF CHAIR DESIGN
 Seats should swivel and have heights adjustable between 38 and 54 cm. Footrests should
be provided for short users.
 Free space for the legs must be provided both underneath the seat to allow the user to
flex the knees by 90° or more and underneath the work surface to allow knee extension
when reclining.
 The function of the backrest is to stabilize the trunk. A backrest height of ∼50 cm above
the seat is required to provide both lumbar and partial thoracic support.
 If the backrest reclines, it should do so independently of the seat to provide trunk–thigh
angle variation and consequent variation in the distribution of forces acting on the
lumbar–pelvic region.
 Lumbar support can be achieved either by using extra cushioning to form a lumbar pad,
or by contouring the backrest. In either case, there must be open space between the
lumbar support and the seat pan vertically below it to allow for posterior protrusion of
the buttocks.
 The seat pan must have a slight hollow in the buttock area to prevent the user’s pelvis
from sliding forward. This keeps the lower back in contact with the backrest when
reclining. The leading edge of the seat should curl downward to reduce the underthigh
pressure.
 Armrests should be high enough to support the forearms when the user is sitting erect.
These should also end well short of the leading edge of the seat so as not to contact the
front edge of the desk. If the armrests support the weight of the arms, less load is placed
on the lumbar spine.
 TOESPACE
 Panels or obstructions in front of benches cause users to
stand further away from the work surface. The postural
adaptation is for people to bend forward.
 Whistance and Bridger (1995) found that this was achieved
by a combination of pelvic tilting and lumbar flexion placing
more stress on the spine.
 Fox and Jones (1967) observed that, after having to lean
forward to work for many years, dentists did so by arching
the back in the thoracic region or by flexing the lumbar spine,
using the lumbar spine as a false joint and the pelvis as if it
were part of the legs.
 Toespace can prevent this from happening (Whistance and
Bridger, 1995).
VISUAL DISPLAY TERMINALS
1. Seat back adjustability
2. Good lumbar support
3. Seat height adjustability
4. No excess pressure on underside of thighs and backs of
knees
5. Foot support if needed
6. Space for postural change, no obstacles under desk
7. Forearms approximately horizontal
8. Minimal extension, flexion, or deviation of wrists
9. Screen height and angle should allow comfortable head
position
10. Space in front of keyboard to support hands/wrists during
pauses in keying Standards
LAPTOPS AND TABLETS
 User interaction with laptops and tablets is not
the same as with VDTs.
 Straker et al. (2008) compared the postures of
children using a conventional VDT screen, a
tablet, and paper.
 Musculoskeletal stresses using the tablet and
paper were higher than with the conventional
screen with a more asymmetrical trunk posture,
greater elevation of the shoulders, and increased
muscle activity around the neck.
GUIDANCE FOR OFFICE WORKSTATION DESIGN
 Screen: A stable image, adjustable, legible, and reflection-free.
 Anthropometry: Desks should have free space underneath (“leg room”) and the
workstation should allow postural changes.
 Software: Appropriate to the task, adaptable by the user, providing feedback on
system operation and status. No undisclosed monitoring.
 Adequate contrast: No glare or distracting reflections, particularly on the computer
screen.
 Work chair: Adjustable and suited to the user, task, and furniture.
 Adequate lighting: About 300 lux of desktop illumination is needed.
 Distracting noise minimized: An ambient noise level of about 60 dB(A) is the
maximum window covering. Vertical blinds are preferred to provide a view of the
outside world
 Work surface: Sufficient space to allow for flexibility and increased workload.
Appropriate job aids such as in-trays, desk lamps. Glare-free and adjustable.
 Footrest/footstool: Normally tilted toward the user at 5°–15°. May have “treadle”
action.
CHECKLIST FOR CTD IN HAND
RAPID UPPER LIMB ASSESMENT (RULA)
RAPID UPPER LIMB ASSESMENT (RULA)
REBA BODY PART RISK ZONE RATINGS
THE BLOOD - SUPPLY
Muscles at rest 4 ml/min/ 100 g muscle

 Physical work is achieved by the Moderate work 80 ml/min/100 g muscle

contraction of muscle, powered by Heavy work 150 ml/min/100 g muscle

local energy stores dependent on a After a restriction of the 50-100 ml/min/100 g
ready supply of oxygen and blood circulation muscle
glucose.
 Glucose and oxygen are stored
only in small amounts in the
muscle → need to be supplied
 The blood supply is the limiting
factor in the efficiency of the
muscular machinery

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PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS-STRAIN
 Stress - any aspect of human activity or the environment acting upon the individual which results in some undesirable cost to, or reaction upon,
the individual.
 Strain - is the cost or effect or consequence on the individual, of stress.

Physiological Psychological
Heavy work Information overload
Work Immobilization
Atmospheric
Danger
Environment Noise/Vibration
Confinement (kurungan)
Heat/cold

Circadian Sleep loss Sleep loss

Chemical Electrical Physical Activity Attitudes

- Blood content - Electro- - Blood pressure

- Urine content encephalogram - Heat rate - Boredom
- Work rate
- Oxygen (EEG) - Temperature - Alienation
- Errors
consumption - Electro- of body - Frustration
- Blink rate
- Oxygen deficit cardiogram - Respiratory rate - etc
- Calories (ECG), dll - Pulse Volume

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PENGUKURAN “PHYSIOLOGICAL STRAIN”
(HEART RATE & OXYGEN CONSUMPTION)

 Heart rate dan oxygen consumption merupakan cara yang paling umum dan mudah untuk diaplikasikan.
Heart rate akan sensitif terhadap temperature dan emotional stress; sedangkan oxygen consumption tidak
banyak dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan karakteristik individu.
 Heart rate diukur dengan prosedur sebagai berikut: (1) pada saat awal dan sebelum siklus kerja dimulai,
kemudian (2) untuk setiap menit selama siklus kerja berlangsung, dan (3) tiga menit selama periode recovery.
 Oxygen consumption (kcal/menit) dilakukan dengan mengukur oxygen yang dihisap (dikonsumsi) per menit;
dan diambil pada lima menit terakhir untuk setiap siklus kerja berlangsung.
 Standard for energy output (Lehman) : Maximum energetic output dari pekerja laki-laki normal adalah 5
kcal/menit (normal load sekitar 4.2 kcal/menit). Perhitungan berdasarkan standard kebutuhan sebesar 4.800
kcal/hari ( 1 hari = 8 jam kerja); dimana 2.500 kcal/ hari merupakan basal metabolism , sedangkan 2.300 kcal/hari
kebutuhan enersi untuk aktivitas-aktivitas ringan (leisure activities). Enersi sebesar 5 kcal/menit pada kondisi kerja
standard akan menyebabkan detak jantung sekitar 120 detak/menit. Nilai kalorifik ini sering kemudian dijadikan
sebagai rujukan untuk kondisi kerja standard (beban kerja fisik normal).

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TABEL TINGKATAN KONDISI
KERJA DAN KEBUTUHAN ENERSI
Approximation
Energy Expenditure
Oxygen
Grade of Work Consumption
Kcal/minute Kcal/8 hrs
(liters/minute)

- Unduly heavy > 12.5 > 6.000 > 2.5

- Very heavy 10.0 - 12.5 4.800 - 6.000 2.0 - 2.5

- Heavy 7.5 - 10.0 3.600 - 4.800 1.5 - 2.0

- Moderate 5.0 - 7.5 2.400 - 3.600 1.0 - 1.5

- Light 2.5 - 5.0 1.200 - 2.400 0.5 - 1.0

- Very Light < 2.5 < 1.200 < 0.5

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STATIC AND DYNAMIC WORK
THANK YOU