TEKNOLOGI KATALIS

DOSEN : Dr.Ir.Rismawati Rasyid,S.T,M.T,IPM,Asean Eng.

Katalis adalah zat yang mengubah laju reaksi kimia tanpa ikut
bereaksi dalam proses dan tanpa mempengaruhi keseluruhan
termodinamika sistem.

Katalisis dan katalis memainkan peran utama dalam

teknologi saat ini: sebagian besar dari industri pupuk,
obat-obatan, energi dan bahan yang digunakan oleh
manusia diproduksi melalui proses katalitik.
 Keberhasilan industri kimia
sebagian besar karena penemuan
dan pengembangan katalis,
Pembuatan katalis melebihi
dan katalisis industri sangat $ 14 miliar pada pasar
penting pada bagian produksi global,
dalam suatu industri,
diperkirakan penggunaan
katalis meningkatkan bisnis
pengguna produk akhir lebih
dari $ 7.500 miliar setiap
hemat biaya dan energi untuk tahun.
produksi pada industri
penyulingan minyak bumi,
produk kimia, farmasi dan untuk
perlindungan lingkungan.
PERAN KATALIS PADA INDUSTRI

Katalisis Kimiawi adalah hal penting untuk bahan kimia dan

produksi bahan, untuk bahan bakar dan sistem konversi energi
lainnya, untuk perangkat pembakaran, untuk sel bahan bakar, dan
untuk sistem pengurangan polusi.

Katalisis sangat penting dalam produksi 30 dari 50 komoditas teratas yang diproduksi bahan
kimia di AS, dan lebih banyak lagi sisa yang dihasilkan dari bahan baku kimia berdasarkan
proses katalitik. Dalam istilah yang lebih luas, hampir 90% dari semua proses manufaktur
bahan kimia AS melibatkan katalis (Schilling, 1994).
Catalysis shapes our world 13

CLEANING THE AIR membersihkan udara

Catalytic converters in cars have cut the emission of smog-build-
ing NOx-gases into the atmosphere by 90% (in kg/ km). Emission
• Konverter katalitik di mobil telah memangkas emisi gas NOx
of hydrocarbons was even cut by 97%, while CO emissions were
reduced by 96%. Cars also take advantage from catalysts in
yang membentuk kabut ke atmosfer hingga 90% (dalam kg /
refineries, that make it possible to produce sulfur free liquid

CLEANING THE km).

fuels, that cannot be produced directly form oil, coals or gas.
AIR
Catalysis shapes our world PURIFYINGCatalytic • Emisi
converters
PHARMACEUTICALS hidrokarbon
in cars have cut the emission ofbahkan
smog-build-
13 berkurang 97%, sedangkan emisi
Reactionsing
for NOx-gases
the productioninto the often
of drugs atmosphere by 90%
deliver a range of (in kg/ km). Emission
moleculesofthat
hydrocarbons
CO
closely resemblewas berkurang
eacheven
other (enaniomers). 96%.
cut by 97%,Ourwhile CO emissions were
body usually accepts one variety, the other being inactive or
reduced by 96%. Cars also take advantage from catalysts in
even noxious. Developments in homogeneous catalysis make it
possible refineries, that make
to selectively produce it possible to produce
one variety. sulfur free liquid
fuels, that cannot be produced directly form oil, coals or gas.
CLEANING THE AIR
Memurnikan obat-obatan
PROVIDING FOOD
PURIFYING
Catalytic converters in PHARMACEUTICALS
cars have cut the emission of smog-build-
Theing
application
NOx-gases of nitrogen
into is one
the of the most important
atmosphere byof
90% chemi-
(in kg/ km).deliver
Emission
calof Reactions
processes in forbecause
industry, the production
nitrates also form drugs
Reaksi untuk produksi obat seringkali menghasilkan
the basis often a range of
hydrocarbons was even cut by 97%, while CO emissions were
of reduced molecules
fertilizer production. that
This closely
fundamentally resemble
changed each
agricultureother (enaniomers). Our
andrefineries,
made serangkaian molekul yang sangat mirip satu sama lain
by 96%. Cars also take advantage from catalysts in
ammonia
body that the
usuallymakeworld’s
acceptsmost important
one variety,
it possible chemical
to produce in
thesulfur
other free
being inactive or
liquid
terms of mass.
even noxious.
fuels, (enaniomer).
Developments in homogeneous catalysis make it
that cannot be produced directly form oil, coals or gas.
possible to selectively produce one variety.
Perkembangan katalisis homogen memungkinkan untuk
PURIFYING PHARMACEUTICALS
Reactions for the
menghasilkan
production
and engine performance was improved at the same time. But still there of drugs of
is plenty often
satu varietas secara selektif.
deliver a range of
room
molecules that closely resemble each other (enaniomers). Our
for improvement. New low-emission vehicles may cut residual hydrocarbon emission by
body PROVIDING
usually accepts FOOD one variety, the other being inactive or
75% and will halve remaining NOx emissions.
even noxious. Developments in homogeneous catalysis make it
Here’s another example: silver is used asThe application
a catalyst
possible to of
to convert
selectively nitrogen
ethylene
produce oneisinto
oneethylene
variety.of the most important chemi-
cal the
oxide. Ethylenoxide is the chemical that produces processes in needed
anti-freeze industry, because
for driving nitrates also form the basis
in win-
ter conditions. The silver promotes the desired oxidation of ethylene and thereby reduces
of fertilizer production. This fundamentally changed agriculture
the useless combustion of ethylene to form carbon
PROVIDING
and made dioxide
FOOD
ammonia Menyediakan Makanan
and water.theWith the original
world’s most important chemical in
The 50%
catalyst, discovered around 1935, more that
cal
application
of all ethylene
terms of mass.
processes in
Penerapan nitrogen merupakan salah satu proses kimia
of nitrogen
was
industry,
is oneand
burned
because
of thetonsmost
nitrates
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide were released into the atmosphere. With the proper catalyst
of theimportant chemi-
also form the basis
terpenting dalam industri, karena nitrat juga
of fertilizer production. This fundamentally changed agriculture
and greater insight, this amount was reduced to less than 10%. Similarly, the synthesis of
and made ammonia the world’s most important chemical in
polyethylene has evolved around the development of several catalysts that promote ethyl-
and engine performance
ene polymerization at lowerwas
terms of mass.
improved
temperatures at the same
and pressures.
merupakan dasar produksi pupuk.
time.
Successive But still there
improvements have is plenty of room
helped to make the production of plastic more environmentally benign. Catalysts also aid
for improvement. New low-emission vehicles may cut residual hydrocarbon emission by
the removal of sulfur from oil. The specification of modern diesel fuel is much better than
Kebutuhan katalis di Indonesia

Terbanyak digunakan pada industri Sampai tahun 2019, Indonesia

MIGAS untuk proses pengolahan minyak mengimpor katalis untuk dalam negeri
bumi oleh PERTAMINA sekitar 500 juta Dolar AS per tahun
Kebutuhan katalis

Total pasar untuk katalis kimia diharapkan tumbuh sekitar 20%

antara tahun 1997 dan 2003, terutama melalui pertumbuhan
aplikasi lingkungan dan polimer (McCoy, 1999).

Untuk AS, total permintaan katalis adalah $ 2,4 miliar pada tahun
1995 dan diharapkan meningkat menjadi $ 2,9 miliar pada tahun
2000 (Shelley, 1997).
Data kebutuhan katalis AS

Meskipun sulit untuk diperkirakan, sekitar $ 200–

$ 1000 (Hegedus dan Pereira, 1990; Cusumano,
1991) nilai produk diproduksi untuk setiap $ 1
katalis yang dikonsumsi.

Nilai barang AS yang diproduksi dengan

menggunakan proses katalitik diperkirakan
antara 17% dan 30% dari produk nasional bruto
AS (Schilling, 1994).

Selain itu, ada manfaat sosial dari perlindungan

lingkungan, karena katalis pengendalian emisi
merupakan sektor pasar yang signifikan (McCoy,
1999).
Kebutuhan Katalis Dunia

• Pada tahun 1993 penggunaan katalis di seluruh dunia adalah $ 8,7 miliar terdiri dari :
• $ 3,1 miliar untuk bahan kimia,
• $ 3 miliar untuk aplikasi lingkungan,
• $ 1,8 miliar untuk penyulingan minyak bumi,
• $ 0,8 miliar untuk biokatalis industri (Schilling, 1994; Thayer, 1994).
Kebutuhan katalis dunia saat ini
Ukuran pasar katalis global
bernilai USD 33,9 miliar pada
2019 dan diperkirakan akan
tumbuh pada tingkat
pertumbuhan tahunan
majemuk (CAGR) sebesar 4,4%
dari 2020 hingga 2027.
Selain itu, katalis lingkungan
membantu produsen memenuhi
semua aturan ketat yang terkait
dengan emisi NOx, Sox, dan
karbon dioksida.
Meningkatnya permintaan katalis dari aplikasi
termasuk sintesis kimia, pemurnian minyak
bumi, polimer dan petrokimia, dan lingkungan
mendorong permintaan untuk optimasi proses,
peningkatan hasil, penghematan biaya, dan
penghematan energi di antara produsen secara
global.
Pergeseran tren energi ke bahan bakar
alternatif termasuk biodiesel dan bahan
bakar gas telah mendorong permintaan
katalis.
and petroleum refining industries introduced 63 major products and 34 major process
Penggunaan katalis pada berbagai industri
innovations. More than 60% of those products and 90% of the processes relied on
catalysis for synthesis reactions [SRI 1996].

Year Process Catalyst

1750 H2SO4 lead chamber process NO/NO2

S
P S
1796 von Marum: dehydrogenation of alcohols Metals.

R
A LS
1817 H. Davy: oxidation of methane Pt wires
1824 W. Henry: oxidations Pt on clay
Sumber

E
1825-1833 Michael Faraday: ignition of06H2 in air Pt 06 Catalysis shapes our world Catalysis shapes our world

H O
T
1831 Philip: patent on oxidation of sulfur dioxide Pt
1836 Berzelius defines catalysis (J.Berzelius:

C E
Ann Chim Phys 61 (1936) 146
1870 SO2 oxidation Pt CATALYSIS – Catalytic Industrial Process – Domenico Sanfilippo

–
1875 Squire and Messel: industrial oxidation of Pt
SO2
1879
P O Clemens Winkler: contact process for
sulfuric acid synthesis
M C
CATALYSIS
CATALYSIS
1880 Deacon process (Cl2 from HCl) ZnCl2 /CuCl2
1885 LE Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler: environmental drivers, energy saving, and indu
A S
automobile gasoline
importance of catalytic innovation [Dautzenberg 2
S E

SHAPES SHAPES
OUR OUR
1885 Claus process (H2S and SO2 to S) Bauxite
1889 L. Mond and C. Langer: Methane steam Ni
N

reforming
BASF: Industrial synthesis of sulfuric acid Table 1 [Stoltze 2006, Sanfilippo 1997] shows a h
Pt
U

WORLD WORLD of industrial processes and how catalysis has

1895 Fritz Haber: production of small amounts of Fe
NH3 from N2+3H2
1900 Fat hydrogenation activities as concerns economic development,
Ni
Methane from syngas Ni
1902 Sabatier, Sanderens: Hydrogenation of Ni broadly, societal progress. Since the middle of th
alkenes
Ostwald Nitric acid synthesis by oxidation Pt
remarkable development both from the point of
of ammonia from that of its applications. Between 1930 and
1903 Fritz Haber and Walther: high pressures
key to ammonia synthesis. and petroleum refining industries introduced 63
1908 Carl Bosch: development of the industrial
synthesis of ammonia at BASF
innovations. More than 60% of those products
1910
NH3 synthesis at BASF.
O. Dieffenbach
Steam reforming patent
and W.
WORLD
Moldenhauer:

BASF plant in Ludwigshafen for NH3 by Fe

the Haber process.
Coal liquefaction Fe
Upgrading coal liquids WS2

CATALYSIS
1913 Nitric acid industrial production by BASF
(Ostwald process).
Cl2 is used as poison gas at Ypres. Haber
(leading role in the development of
chemical warfare) wife commits suicide 06 Catalysis shapes our world

SHAPES OUR
when he refused to abandon this work.
1917 The Chemical Constr. Co. builds an ind.

S
T S
nitric acid plant (Ostwald process)
1920 Methanol synthesis (high pressure) Zn, Cr oxide

WORLD

R
P S
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Promoted Fe, Co
At General Motors tetraethyl lead as an

A L
E
anti-knock additive to gasoline.

H O
SO2 oxidation V2O5
The Standard Oil Co (New Jersey) starts

C E
industrial production of isopropanol from
petroleum

CATALYSIS

–
Acetaldehyde from acetylene Hg2+/H2SO4
1930 Standard Oil of New Jersey: First industrial

P O
steam reformer installed at Baton Rouge
M C Catalytic cracking (fixed bed, Houdry) Clays

SHAPES OUR
Ethylene epoxidation Ag

LE
Polyvinyl chloride Peroxide
A S
Polyethylene (low density, ICI) Peroxide
S E

Oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride V

WORLD
Alkylation HF/H2SO4
N

1940 Hydroformylation, olefin to aldehyde Co

U

Catalytic reforming (gasoline) Pt

Cyclohexane oxidation (nylon 66) Co
Benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane Ni, Pt
Synthetic rubber, SBR Li, peroxide
BNR Peroxide
Butylrubber Al
1950 Polyethylene (high density), Ziegler-Natta Ti
Polypropylene, Ziegler-Natta Ti
Polybutadiene, Ziegler-Natta Ti
Hydrodesulfiding (HDS) Co, Mo sulphides
Naphthalene oxidation to phthalic V, Mo oxides
anhydride
Ethylene oxidation to acetaldehyde Pd, Cu
CATALYSIS – Catalytic Industrial Process – Domenico Sanfilippo

p-Xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid

Ethylene oligomerization
WORLD
Co, Mn
Co
Hydrotreating of naphtha Co-Mo/Al2O3
1960 Butene oxidation to maleic anhydride V, P oxides
ICI: First steam reformer operating at high Ni

CATALYSIS
pressure (15 atm)
ACN (ammoxidation of propylene - Sohio) Bi, Mo oxides
Propylene oxidation to acrolein/acrylic acid Bi, Mo oxides
Xylene hydroisomerization Pt
06 Catalysis shapes our world

SHAPES OUR
Propylene metathesis W, Mo, Re
Adiponitrile (butadiene hydrocyanation) Ni
Improved reforming catalysts Pt, Re/Al2O3
Improved cracking catalysts Zeolites

WORLD
Acetic acid from MeOH (carbonylation) Co

S
T S
Vinyl chloride via ethylene oxychlorination Cu chloride
Ethylene oxidation to vinyl acetate Pd/Cu

R
P S
o-Xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride V, Ti oxides

A L
E
Propylene oxidation to propylene oxide Mo
Hydrocracking Ni-W/Al2O3

H O
CATALYSIS
HT water-gas shift process Fe2O3/Cr2O3 /MgO
LT water-gas shift process CuO/ZnO/Al2O3

C E
1970 Methanol synthesis (low pressure, ICI) Cu-Zn-Al oxide
Acetic acid (MeOH carbonylation, low Rh

– SHAPES OUR
pressure process, Monsanto)
Improved process for xylene isomerization Zeolite
P O
-Alkenes via ethylene oligomerization/ Ni, Mo
isomerization/metathesis (SHOP)
M C

WORLD
Improved hydroformylation Rh
LE
A S

Auto exhaust gas catalysts Pt/Rh

L-DOPA (Monsanto) Rh
S E

Hydroisomerization Pt/zeolite
N

Selective reduction of NOx (with NH3) V2O5/TiO2

1980 Gasoline from MeOH process (Mobil) Zeolite
U

Vinyl acetate (ethylene - acetic acid) Pd

Methylacetate (carbonylation) Rh
Methylacrylate via t-butanol oxidation Mo oxides
Improved coal liquefaction Co, Mo sulphides
Diesel fuel from syngas Co
1990 Polyketone (from CO and ethylene) Pd

Table 1. Historical summary of the development of industrial catalytic processes