UNIT3 PRODUCTS Reading Read the text and label illustrations A-H with the adjectives in the box. water water r a = ~ a ‘ Flammable Fluid immiscible miscible Non-flammable stable viscous volatile Some important properties of petroleum products. Lubricating oil Flash points Oils are in a viscous (or thick) liquid state at normal room temperature. They are immiscible (they cannot be mixed) with water. However they are miscible (they can be mixed) with other oils. Viscosity The viscosity of a liquid is its thickness, stickiness or resistance to flow. The oil must be viscous enough to maintain a lubricating layer on the moving parts of an engine but fluid (or free-flowing) enough to flow around the engine parts to keep them well coated under all conditions. The viscosity index indicates how much the oil’s viscosity changes as temperature changes. A lower index shows that the viscosity changes more when the temperature changes. Pour point This is the lowest temperature at which the oil can be poured out of a container or pumped around an engine. If the temperature falls below the pour point, the oil is too viscous to flow. A low pour point is useful because we want engines to start up easily in cold temperatures. ‘This is the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapors which are flammable (able to ignite or catch fire easily). It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. Jet fuels Two types of jet fuel are used in aviation: avtag (aviation turbine gasoline) and avtur (aviation turbine Kerosene). These fuels must have three properties. First, they must be free from impurities. Secondly, they must have a Tow viscosity index. Thirdly, they must be stable (not volatile) at high temperatures. Volatile liquids evaporate more quickly when heated, whereas stable liquids do not evaporate quickly.‘Structure: ADJECTIVE > Prefixes pee Pat Adjectives give information about nouns, A (flammable/stable/viscous) liquid ‘We can often make the opposite of an adjective | Miscible ~immiscible by adding a prefix, e.g.: ims, uns, in-. Property Adjective Noun 1. ‘Viscosity - Miscibility Immiscibility 3. Flammability, Non- Flammability 4. volatility Stability Rewrite these sentences using the words in brackets ‘When petrol evaporates, the gas can be ignited very easily, (Flammable) ‘When petrol evaporates, the gas is flammable, 1.0il floats on the surface of the sea because it is immiscible. (cannot/ mixed/ water) 2.This oil has a high viscosity index. (remains/viscous/high temperatures) 3.We need to buy an oil which has a low pour point. (can/poured/easily/cold) 4.Jet fuels such as avtur must not evaporate at high temperatures. (low/volatility) . 5.This oil is too dangerous because it has a low flash point. (can/ignited/low/temperature) ‘Make opposites of the following words using the prefixes in the box. Ab- Dis- ime ire male over- ue 1. Correct 7. Proportionate 2. Undersized 8. Regular 3, Adequate 9. Balance 4, Detected 10.Funetion 5. Normal 11. Operable 6. SufficientComplete the following sentences using the words in the exereise above. Sometimes more than once is possible. 1-The temperature gauges was faulty. That's why it was giving 2.The shaft was thinner than it should have been, so its strenght wa: 3.The power output from the motor varies.we don’t understand why it’s 4.The bolt’s .. It’s too big to fit into the hole. 5.The machine’s not working as it should. There's some kind of : 6.The braking force on both front whecls should be the same. There shouldn't be an 7-The fault was ---ssssssee None of the maintenance technicians had noticed it. 8.The control panel isn’t working.so you can’t control the muchine, It's totally > Adjectives and nouns [ We can use a noun or | Adjective Noun the related adjective to | The pipe is 20 metres long. _| The length of the pipe is 20 metres, talk about dimensions | The wall is half an inch thick. | The thickness of the wall is two inches. i ‘The sea is $00 metres deep. _| The depth of the sea is 500 metres. ‘Write the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1. pipeline kilometres is long the five. 2. five hundred is The deep sea metres. 3. wide The metres is heliport twenty five. 4. metres The drilling platform the forty length of is > Adjectives and adverbs ‘A dramatic tise Adjectives A significant change A slight drop Ttrose dramatically. Adverbs Tt changed significantly, . It dropped slightly. Choose the correct adjective or adverb in parentheses. 1. Goerge is a (careless, carelessly) writer. He writes (careless, carelessly). 2. Frank asked me an (easy, easily) question, I answered it (easy, easily). 3. Sally speaks (sofi, softly). She has a (soft, softly) voice. 4. Tentered the classroom (quit, quitely) because T was late, 5. Ali speaks English very (good, well). He has very (good, well) pronunciation. Underline the adjectives (adj) and adverbs (adv) in the sentences. 1. A terrible fire spread rapidly through the old house. 2. A souall child cried noisily in the third row of the theater. 3. The eager player waited impatiently for the start of the game. 4, An unusually large crowd came to the concert, 5. Arthur carefally repaired the antique vase with special glue. 10