MEKANIKA KEKUATAN

MATERIAL
Bahasan: Tegangan & Defleksi akibat Beban Aksial
Oleh: Ali
Prodi Teknik Mesin
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL BANDUNG
ali@itenas.ac.id
Materi
• Hubungan Tegangan – Regangan
• Pendahuluan
• Konsep tegangan
• Regangan
• Defleksi Untuk Beban Aksial
• Statika Tak Tentu Untuk Beban Aksial
• Efek Temperatur
• Konsentrasi Tegangan
• Tegangan Yang Diijinkan
Stress-Strain Test

2-3
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

2-4
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

2-5
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Below the yield stress

  E
E  Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying,

heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

2-6
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

2-7
Fatigue
• Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to fatigue

at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced below

the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

2-8
Pendahuluan

Jika suatu batang silinder menerima beban tarik atau tekan sepanjang
sumbunya, seperti pada gambar 1. Disini dapat dikatakan bahwa
batang menerima beban tension dan compression. Contoh kehidupan
sehari-hari dari tipe tarik adalah tali pada sumur timba, lift, batang dari
bandul jam, dll, sedangkan untuk tekan adalah kaki-kaki dari kursi,
meja, kolom-kolom dari bangunan
Compression Tension
Area (A)
P
 
A
P P
Gambar 1 Bendan yang mengalami beban tarik dan tekan
Konsep tegangan
Setiap material adalah elastis pada keadaan alaminya. Karena itu jika
gaya luar bekerja pada benda, maka benda tersebut akan mengalami
deformasi. Ketika benda tersebut mengalami deformasi, molekulnya
akan membentuk tahanan terhadap deformasi. Tahanan ini per satuan
luas dikenal dengan istilah tegangan. Secara matematik tegangan bisa
didefinisikan sebagai gaya per satuan luas, atau pada sistem SI, satuan
tegangan adalah pascal (Pa) yang sama dengan 1 N/m2.
P P

Tegangan bekerja

pada setiap titik arahnya :  bid tegangan normal

dari bid a-a // bid tegangan geser
 Beban Beban Aksial

Force a. Undeformed case

Stress  b.
c.
Deformed bar
Distribution of internal forces at A
Area d. Distribution of internal forces at B
Beban Beban Aksial
A steel bar of rectangular cross-section, 3 cm by 2 cm, carries an axial load of
30 kN. Estimate the average tensile stress over a normal cross-section of the bar.
 Example

Fall 2002 Stress 13

 Example – Plan the Solution

Each segment of the rod satisfies the conditions for

uniform axial stress. First, compute the internal force
in each segment and then apply the uniform stress
equation.

Fall 2002 Stress 14

 Example– Solution

Free Body
Diagram


Equations of    Fx   0
Equilibrium
 F1  30kN  10kN  0
F1  20 kN
Fall 2002 Stress 15
 Example – Solution

Free Body
Diagrams


Equations of    Fx   0
Equilibrium
 F2  10kN  0
F2  10kN
Fall 2002 Stress 16
 Example – Solution

Areas:

π 2 π
A1  d1  20 mm   314 .2 mm
2 2

4 4
π 2 π
A 2  d 2  15 mm   176.7 mm
2 2

4 4

Fall 2002 Stress 17

 Example – Solution
Axial Stresses

 20 kN  20 kN 1000 mm 
2
F1 MN
σ1   2
 2
 2
 63.7 2
A1 314 .2 mm 314 .2 mm 1m m

σ2 
F2

10 kN

10 kN

1000 mm 
2
MN
 56.6 2
2 2 2
A 2 176 .7 mm 176 .7 mm 1m m

σ1  63.7 MPa σ 2  56.6 MPa

σ1  63.7 MPa C σ 2  56.6 MPa T 

Fall 2002 Stress 18

Beban Aksial Terpusat Vs Tidak Terpusat
Tegangan Geser

Fall 2002 Stress 20

 Single lap joint

Fall 2002 Stress 21

 Double lap joint

Fall 2002 Stress 22

 Single lap joint
Double lap joint

Fall 2002 Stress 23

 Single Shear

V
avg 
A
Fall 2002 Stress 24
 Double Shear

V
avg 
2A

Fall 2002 Stress 25

Fall 2002 Stress 26
Fall 2002 Stress 27
 Average Shear Stress

F  2avg A  0

F
avg 
2A
Fall 2002 Stress 28
 Example

What is the average shear stress in the plate?

Fall 2002 Stress 29

Fall 2002 Stress 30
 Calculation

avg t  D   F  0

F
avg 
tD

Fall 2002 Stress 31

Tegangan Geser
Three steel plates are held together by a 1.5 cm diameter rivet. If the load
transmitted is 50 kN, estimate the shearing stress in the rivet.
Tegangan Pada Bidang Miring
Contoh 2.
Suatu plat titanium campuran dengan tebal 1/16 in, lebar 1.75 in disambungkan
dengan pengelasan laser dengan sudut pengelasan 45° seperti gambar dibawah.
Pengelasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem laser karbon-dioksida 100 kW.
Jika tegangan geser titanium campuran adalah 65,000 lb/in2 dan sambungan
diasumsikan mempunyai efisiensi 100%, tentukan gaya P yang dapat diberikan
 Regangan
• Disini bahwa suatu batang yang diberi beban maka akan terjadi perubahan
bentuk. Regangan dapat diamati seperti pada gambar 1.
• Secara umum perpindahan dari benda kaku ada dua yaitu
• Translasi
• Rotasi
• Sedangkan deformasi juga ada dua yaitu :
• Perubahan ukuran (dilatation)
• Perubahan bentuk (distortion)
• Deformasi per satuan panjang disebut dengan regangan. Secara matematis
ditulis:
perubahan panjang L f  Lo  L
Strain (regangan) =  =  
panjang awal Lo Lo
Satuan dari regangan adalah . Disini dalam peraktek bahwa harga
Deformations Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:
 P
  E  
E AE
• From the definition of strain:


L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL

AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei

2 - 37
 Stiffness

PL
  P  k
EA

EA
k  stiffness coefficient
L

Fall 2002 Axially Loaded Bars 38

Example 2.01

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

6
E  29 10 psi component to determine the
D  1.07 in. d  0.618 in. internal force

• Evaluate the total of the component

Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

2 - 39
SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each
component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1  60 103 lb

P2  15 103 lb

P3  30 103 lb

• Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
A
i i iE E  1A A 2 A 3 


1     
 60 103 12  15 103 12 30 103 16 
 

6 
29 10  0.9 0.9 0.3 

 75.9 103 in.

L1  L2  12 in. L3  16 in.
  75.9 103 in.
A1  A2  0.9 in 2 A3  0.3 in 2
2 - 40
Latihan
1. The steel wire working a signal is 750 m long and 0.5 cm diameter.
Assuming a pull on the wire of 1.5 kN, find the movement which must be
given to the signal-box end of the wire if the movement at the signal end is
to be 17.5 cm. Take Young’s modulus as 200 GN/m2.
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two and DC or the displacements of B
links AB and CD. and D.

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa) • Work out the geometry to find the
and has a cross-sectional area of 500 deflection at E given the deflections
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 at B and D.
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
(600 mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

2 - 43
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B 
AE
 60 103 N 0.3 m 

50010-6 m2 70 109 Pa 
 514 10 6 m
 B  0.514 mm 
MB  0 Displacement of D:
0  30 kN  0.6 m   FCD  0.2 m
PL
FCD  90 kN tension
D 
AE
 MD  0 90 103 N 0.4 m 
0  30 kN  0.4 m   FAB  0.2 m

60010-6 m2 200109 Pa 
FAB  60 kN compression  300 106 m

 D  0.300 mm 
2 - 44
Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:

BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm   x

0.300 mm x
x  73.7 mm

EE  HE

DD HD
E

400  73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E  1.928 mm

 E  1.928 mm 

2 - 45
Static Indeterminacy

PA L A
A 
EA A

PBLB
B 
EA B

PA  PB  F A  B  0
 Solution
PA  PB  F
PA L A PB L B
 0
EA A EA B

F F
PA  PB 
LA A B LB A A
1 1
LB A A LA A B

Fall 2002 Axialy Loaded Bars 48

Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
 T   T L P 
AE
  thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
  T   P  0   T   P  0
P   AE T 
PL
 T L  0 P
AE    E T 
A
2 - 49
Temperature stresses in compound bars

1 1
2 2
L
(a) 1 T
L
1
L 2 T
FL
2 {b}
A1 E1
F 1 F

F 2 F
FL
(c)
A2 E 2
Contoh
• Sebuah tabung baja yang memiliki diameter luar 36 mm dan diameter
dalam 30 mm memiliki batang kuningan berdiameter 20 mm di
dalamnya, kedua bahan disambung secara kaku di ujungnya ketika
suhu sekitar 18 0C. Tentukan tegangan pada kedua material:
a. saat temperatur dinaikkan menjadi 68 0C
b. saat beban tekan 20 kN diterapkan pada temperatur yang dinaikkan.
• For brass: Modulus of elasticity = 80 GN/m2; Coefficient of
expansion = 17 x 10 -6 /0C
• For steel: Modulus of elasticity = 210 GN/m2; Coefficient of
expansion = 11 x 10 -6 /0C
Jawab

30 Brass rod 20 36

Steel tube

 x 202
Area of brass rod (Ab) =  314.16 mm2
4
 x (362  302 )
Area of steel tube (As) =  31102
. mm2
4

. x 106 m2 x 210 x 109 N / m2  0.653142 x 108 N

As E s  31102
1
 153106
. x 108
As E s
Ab Eb  314.16 x 106 m2 x 80 x 109 N / m2  0.251327 x 108 N
1
 3.9788736 x 108
Ab Eb

T ( b   s )  50(17  11) x 106  3 x 104

With increase in temperature, brass will be in compression while
steel will be in tension. This is because expands more than steel.

1 1
i. e. F[  ]  T ( b   s )
As E s Ab Eb
i.e. F[1.53106 + 3.9788736] x 10 -8 = 3 x 10 -4
F = 5444.71 N
 5444.71N
Stress in steel tube = 2
 17.51 N / mm 2
 17.51 MN / m 2
(Tension)
31102
. mm
5444.71N
Stress in brass rod = 2
 17.33 N / mm 2
 17.33 MN / m 2
(Compression)
314.16 mm
(b) Stresses due to compression force, F’ of 20 kN
F ' Es 20 x 103 N x 210 x 109 N / m2
s    46.44 MN / m 2
(Compression)
E s As  Eb Ab 0.653142  0.251327 x 10 8

F ' Eb 20 x 103 N x 80 x 109 N / m2

b    17.69 MN / m2 (Compression)
E s As  Eb Ab 0.653142  0.251327 x 10 8

Resultant stress in steel tube = - 46.44 + 17.51 = 28.93 MN/m2 (Compression)

Resultant stress in brass rod = -17.69 - 17.33 = 35.02 MN/m2 (Compression)
Stress Concentration: Hole

Discontinuities of cross section may result in 

K  max
high localized or concentrated stresses.  ave

2 - 55
Stress Concentration: Fillet

2 - 56
Example 2.12
Determine the largest axial load P
that can be safely supported by a
flat steel bar consisting of two
portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide,
connected by fillets of radius r = 8
mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.
SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
• Find the allowable average normal
stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
• Apply the definition of normal stress to
find the allowable load.
2 - 57
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm r 8 mm
  1.50   0.20
d 40 mm d 40 mm
K  1.82

• Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
 max 165 MPa
 ave    90.7 MPa
K 1.82

• Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P  A ave  40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa 

 36.3 103 N
P  36.3 kN
2 - 58
Tegangan Yang Diijinkan

• FS = SF =

• Disini bahwa FS > 1, jika hubungan antara beban dengan tegangan maka
dapat ditulis kembali
• FS = SF =

• Sedangkan batas keamanan atau margin of safety (MS) adalah :

• MS = FS – 1.0
• Secara normal bahwa daerah nilai dari FS adalah 1,3 – 3,0, serta nilai
tertinggi adalah 10,0 dan terendah adalah 1,1
Terimakasih