3592584c2613cdd48597d489dad6d2bc

BAHASA INGGRIS HUKUM
Legal English & TOEFL-Like Approach
i
BAHASA INGGRIS HUKUM • Legal English & TOEFL-Like Approach
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta
Lingkup Hak Cipta

Pasal 2
1. Hak Cipta merupakan hak eksklusif bagi Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk mengumumkan
atau memperbanyak Ciptaannya, yang timbul secara otomatis setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan tanpa
mengurangi pembatasan menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Ketentuan Pidana
Pasal 72
1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar dan tanpa hak melakukan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 2 Ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 Ayat (1) dan Ayat (2) dipidana dengan penjara masing-masing
paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau
pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima
miliar rupiah).
2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan atau menjual kepada umum
suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran hak cipta atau hak terbit sebagai dimaksud pada Ayat
(1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp.
500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah).
ii
Dr. Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, SH, MHum, LLM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY PRESS

2013
iii

Penulis:
Dr. Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, SH, MHum, LLM
Penyunting:
Jiwa Atmaja
Cover & Ilustrasi:

Repro
Lay Out:
I Putu Mertadana
Diterbitkan oleh:
Udayana University Press
Kampus Universitas Udayana Denpasar,
Jl. P.B. Sudirman, Denpasar - Bali Telp. (0361) 9112762
Cetakan Ketiga:
2013, x + 254 hlm, 15,5 x 23 cm
Hak Cipta pada Penulis.

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Undang-Undang :
Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini
tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit.
iv
SAMBUTAN
Dekan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana
K ami menyambut gembira dengan diterbitkannya karya

tulis ini yang berjudul BAHASA INGGRIS HUKUM
- Legal English & TOEFL-Like Approach (Cetakan Ketiga) dari Sdri.
Dr. Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan,SH.,M.Hum.,LLM. pengajar
Mata Kuliah Bahasa Inggris Hukum pada Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Udayana.
Bahasa Inggris merupakan suatu kebutuhan dalam era gobal,
terlebih bagi semua kalangan yang menimba ilmu di perguruan
tinggi. TOEFL (sebagai indikator kemahiran penguasaan bahasa
inggris) merupakan salah satu persyaratan bagi mahasiswa pada
semua strata S1-S2 & S3. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, maka
keberadaan buku ini menjadi sangat berarti untuk dĳadikan
rujukan dalam memahami dan meningkatkan perolehan TOEFL
Skor serta sekaligus memahami Legal Term.
Semoga kehadiran buku ini dapat menambah bahan bacaan
dan meningkatkan kemampuan memahami buku-buku hukum
(text) berbahasa Inggris, serta bermanfaat meningkatkan TOEFL
Skor.
Denpasar, 1 September 2012.

Dekan FH UNUD
Prof. Dr. I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana,SH.MH.

NIP.: 195304011980031004
v
KATA PENGANTAR
Legal English atau dalam Mata Kuliah di Fakultas Hukum

lebih dikenal dengan nama “Bahasa Inggris Hukum” memiliki
kekhasan tersendiri jika dibandingkan dengan General English.
Legal English adalah suatu bentuk atau style dari Bahasa Inggris
yang secara khusus digunakan oleh para ahli hukum dan para
professional hukum (para praktisi) dalam lapangan pekerjaan
mereka. Kekhasan style dari Legal English, dapat dikenali melalui
tulisan-tulisan tentang hukum baik yang tertulis dalam Text Book,
Literature, Law Journal, Statutes, Treaties, Conventions, maupun
Contract.
Berdasarkan sejarah perkembangannya, kekhasan dari Legal
English bersumber dari pengaruh penggunaan bahasa Inggris
pada Hukum Perancis dan dari serapan Bahasa Latin. Beberapa
istilah dalam Legal English yang jika dibandingkan dengan General
English nampak tidak lazim diantaranya: inter alia, de facto, fine,
bill, the Act, contempt of court, enter into contract, hereof, the parties
hereto, whereas, dan yang lainnya. Bagaimana kita bisa mengetahui
dan mengenali bahasa Inggris Hukum? Semakin banyak dan
sering membaca tulisan-tulisan tentang berbagai bidang hukum
baik tulisan yang aspeknya hukum perdata, bisnis, pidana, tata
negara, administrasi negara, maupun hukum internasional, maka
akan semakin mudah mengenali, mengetahui dan mengerti
“legal term” yang ada dalam tulisan-tulisan tersebut. Bagi para
ahli hukum (akademisi hukum dan para praktisi hukum), Legal
English merupakan suatu kebutuhan yang sangat penting untuk
mendukung pekerjaan mereka, karena dengan dapat mengerti
maksud dari frase-frase dalam sebuah tulisan, tentunya akan
vii
dengan mudah dapat menangkap isi (contents ) dari sebuah

bacaan.
Buku-buku tentang Legal English mungkin sudah mulai
banyak ditulis, begitu juga buku-buku tentang General English dan
TOEFL. Namun dalam buku ini, kekhasannya adalah penulisan
tentang Legal English dengan memasukkan istilah-istilah Bahasa
Inggris Hukum itu ke dalam bentuk model soal-soal yang biasa
diujikan pada TOEFL terutama hanya pada bagian Structure
buku ini diharapkan akan dapat membawa nuansa baru dalam

meningkatkan kemampuan di bidang Legal English yang
sekaligus untuk memahami dan mengenali model-model soal
TOEFL sedini mungkin. Pendekatan model TOEFL-like sengaja
penulis gunakan, karena untuk segala lini baik dari memasuki
Perguruan Tinggi, mulai pada strata: S1 hingga S3, begitu juga
ketika akan memasuki lapangan pekerjaan, TOEFL senantiasa
dipersyaratkan. Karenanya melalui buku sederhana ini
diharapkan dapat membantu para mahasiswa hukum, akademisi
hukum maupun professional hukum, mengerti Legal English
sekaligus TOEFL.
Berbagai materi mengenai bidang-bidang hukum yang
penulisannya “legal term” disajikan dengan pendekan TOEFL (
paper based) yaitu berisikan Reading Comprehension Section , diramu
dengan penulisan essay dengan “legal term”, serta Structure
Section. Selain itu pada Part III juga
dilampirkan contoh Treaty, Convention, dan Act, sehingga melalui
legal dokumen tersebut , penggunaan dan kekhasan legal English
dapat dimengerti secara lebih mendalam sehingga dapat lebih
memperkaya wawasan.
Semoga buku sederhana ini dapat berguna, terutama bagi
mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum, para penstudi hukum dan orang-
orang yang menekuni pekerjaan di bidang hukum.
Denpasar, 27 Agustus 2012

NK Supasti Dharmawan
viii
DAFTAR ISI
SAMBUTAN DEKAN FAKULTAS HUKUM

UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA ........................................................ v
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................... vii
PART I
READING COMPREHENSION SECTION
1. Reading Comprehension Section 1 :
What is Legal English ....................................................... 3
2. Tentang Reading Comprehension 1 ............................... 7
3. Reading Comprehension 2 : Two Major legal
Systems in the World ........................................................ 13
5. Reading Comprehension 3 : The International Law
and its Sources ................................................................... 21
7. Reading Comprehension 4 : The Human Right
Abuses and MNC’s Wrongful Conduct ......................... 32
9. Reading Comprehension 5 : International
Dispute under the WTO ................................................... 39
10. Reading Comprehension 6 : The Uniform
Interpretation Of Non-Conformity Goods And Breach
Of Contract On CISG Case Law ...................................... 48
11. Terminology and Linguistic Peculiarities ...................... 65
ix
Part II
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
.................. 71
.................. 77
................. 79
.................. 83
5. Paper & Answer Key ......................................................... 85
Part III
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights........................ 93
2. International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights ................................................................... 102
3. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing The
World Trade Organization ............................................... 129
4. Law Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number
19 Year 2002 Regarding Copyright ................................. 148
5. Undang-Undang No. 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang
Hak Cipta............................................................................ 183
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ..................................... 246
x
PART I
READING
COMPREHENSION
SECTION
1
READING COMPREHENSION SECTION 1
WHAT IS LEGAL ENGLISH
L egal English is the style of English used by lawyers and

other legal professionals in their work.1 We can easily
recognize the style of it when we read legal writing and legal
when they write legal topics in Law Journals or Law Text Book.
as Statutes, Laws or Acts of parliament, Treaties, Conventions,

Contracts, Briefs, Views, Recommendations and other legal
correspondences.
The style of legal English is slightly different from general
English. It contains a number of unusual features, especially in its
terminology and linguistic structure. The sources of legal English
that their roots roots are from French Law and Latin also contribute
why this English is sometimes difficult to be understood and
very different from ordinary English. As an example, the writing
peculiar structure, functional is used insufficiently, and foreign

phrases are sometimes used instead of English phrases (e.g. inter
alia instead of among others). Sometimes unusual set phrases are
null and void.2
1 Legal English, h, the free encyclopedia,

page 1, accessed 11/17/2009.
2 Rupert Haigh, 2009, Legal English, Second Edition, Routledge Cavendish, New York,
page 7
3
As a set of phrase, Null and void, actually both words have

the same meaning: of no legal effect. When an agreement, for
a variety of reasons, is declared null and void, it means it is not
binding or non enforceable by either party.3 Besides unusual
“legal terms of art”. Legal terms of art are technical words and
phrases that have precise and fixed legal meanings and which
cannot usually be replaced by other words, for instance: share,
royalty and patent.4 As fixed legal meanings “patent” for instance,
in Intellectual Property Right dimensions based on Article 27
TRIPS Agreement, patents shall be available for any inventions,
whether products or processes, in all fields of technology,
provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are
capable of industrial application.5 In national scope, for instance
in Indonesia, the definition of patent can be found in Article 1
the Act No.14 Year 2001 Concerning Patent. Therefore, “patent”
as an example of legal English only fits for invention in fields
of technology. If people have creative works in fields of art and
literary work, we can not say that they have patent but copyright.
3 Peter Alderson, 1995, Legal Dictionary For Australians, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company
Australia Pty Limited, Australia, page 103.
4 Rupert Haigh, Opcit, page 8.
Contemporary Intellectual
Property Law and Policy, Oxford University Press, New York, page 376.
4
Question and Answers using TOEFL-like model test
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on

the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage
by choosing the one best answer (A), (B), (C), or (D)
to each question.
Question 1-10
1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

(A) The General English
(B) The Legal English
(D) The sources of legal English
2. What is the purpose of this passage?

(A) To inform
(B) To persuade
(C) To criticize
(D) To apologize
3. The word it in line 3 paragraph 1 refers to

(A) Legal Writing
(C) Legal Research

(D) Legal English
4. The style of legal English commonly used by

(A) Lawyers and economic professionals
(B) Lawyers and other legal professionals
(C) Lawyers and other mathematic professionals
(D) Lawyers and other designer professionals
5
5. The word views in line 9 paragraph 1 is closest in meaning

to
(A) Recommendations
(B) Decisions
(C) Judgments
(D) Natures
6. The style of legal English is slightly different from general

English. It contains a number of
(A) usual features
(B) unusual features
(C) ordinary features
(D) extra ordinary features.
7. The sources of legal English are

(A) the UK Law and Latin
(B) the French Law and Latin
(C) the American Law and Latin
(D) the European Law and Latin
8. The meaning of phrases Null and void is

(A) has legal effect
(B) has no legal effect
(C) enforceable
(D) binding
9. Legal terms of art are technical words and phrases that have
precise and fixed legal meanings and which cannot usually
be replaced by other words. An example of “legal terms of
art” is
(A) Null and void
(B) Inter Alia
(C) Amicus Curiae
(D) Patent
6
10. Patent as an example of legal terms of art only fits for
(A) Invention in fields of technology.
(B) Art and Literary works
(C) Design graphics
(D) Trade Mark and Brand.
TENTANG READING COMPREHENSION 1
Reading Comprehension adalah salah satu bentuk Model Tests

dalam TOEFL TEST. Umumnya dalam section ini, para peserta
ujian dihadapkan pada satu bacaan singkat (reading) dengan
berbagai topik. Sehubungan dengan proses pembelajaran dan
pengenalan Bahasa Inggris Hukum dengan TOEFL-like approach,
maka untuk Reading Section , topik-topik yang berkaitan dengan
bidang hukum menjadi relevan untuk didiskusikan. Mengenal
dan memahami ‘legal term” melalui pendekatan TOEFL-like
menjadi suatu alternatif pembelajaran yang holistik. Apakah
Bahasa Inggris Hukum sama dengan Bahasa Inggris Umum?
Ataukah jenis bahasa yang satu ini memiliki style atau gaya bahasa
yang berbeda dengan bahasa Inggris pada umumnya?
Bahasa Inggris Hukum digunakan oleh para ahli hukum
maupun para praktisi hukum sehubungan dengan lingkup
pekerjaan mereka di bidang hukum. Keberadaan Bahasa Inggris
Hukum (Legal English) dengan gaya bahasa atau model bahasa
atau style yang khas, yang seringkali berbeda dengan bahasa
Inggris pada umumnya, dapat dikenali dan dibaca melalui
tulisan-tulisan tentang berbagai topik bidang hukum, baik yang
aspeknya pidana, perdata, bisnis, tata negara, administrasi negara
maupun internasional yang tertuang dalam jurnal-jurnal hukum
maupun berbagai literatur atau buku-buku tentang hukum.
Selain itu keberadaan “legal terms” juga sangat mudah dikenali
dalam tulisan-tulisan pada berbagai Undang-Undang, Perjanjian
Internasional seperti Traktat maupun Konvensi, Kontrak, Putusan
Pengadilan, maupun Rekomendasi Hukum.
7
Bahasa Inggris Hukum seringkali memiliki style yang

berbeda dengan bahasa Inggris pada umumnya (General English),
bahkan juga oleh kalangan pembaca yang bukan keahlian dan
pekerjaannya di bidang hukum ( legal expertises), seringkali
jenis bahasa yang satu ini dianggap sulit untuk dipelajari.
Perbedaan dan kekhasan yang ada pada Legal English bersumber
dan dipengaruhi oleh bahasa yang digunakan dalam Hukum
Perancis dan Bahasa Latin. Legal English pada awalnya digunakan
oleh para ahli hukum di negara-negara English-speaking countries
yang sistem hukumnya tunduk pada tradisi Common Law System,
seperti di Amerika, Inggris, Kanada, Australia dan New Zealand.
Memang pada awalnya Bahasa Inggis yang digunakan adalah
Bahasa Inggris untuk orang-orang Inggris pada umumnya,
namun sejak invansi Suku Bangsa Normandy di Inggris tahun
1066, disadari bahwa English (General English) adalah bahasa
untuk orang-orang kebanyakan di Inggris, sedangkan the Anglo-
Norman French, yaitu yang bersumber dari Prancis (French) dan
Latin dipertimbangkan sebagai bahasa resmi untuk pembelajaran
terutama bahasa-bahasa resmi untuk pemerintahan dan hukum.
Sehubungan dengan hal tersebutlah mengapa Bahasa Inggris
Hukum (Legal English) berbeda dengan Bahasa Inggris pada
umumnya dan banyak terminologi-terminologi yang berasal
dari Hukum Perancis dan Latin dĳumpai dalam Bahasa Inggris
Hukum.6
Mengingat Bahasa Inggris Hukum dalam beberapa
hal memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yang dipengaruhi oleh
bahasa dalam Hukum Perancis dan Latin, maka untuk dapat
mengetahui pengertian yang dimaksud oleh frase-frase dalam
Legal English, salah satu alternatifnya adalah dengan membaca
tulisan-tulisan tentang topik hukum baik dalam literatur hukum
maupun dokumen-dokumen hukum. Semakin sering membaca
6 Barbara J. Beveridge, Legal English-How It Developed and Why It Is Not Appropriate for
International Commercial Contracts,
pdf, accessed 19 November 2009.
8
dan mempelajari topik-topik hukum dalam literatur, jurnal dan
dokumen-dokumen hukum, maka semakin mudah mengerti
tentang apa yang dimaksud oleh phrase-phrase atau legal term
tersebut.
“Null and void” yaitu suatu “legal term” yang sesungguhnya
baik kata “Null” maupun “Void” sama-sama berarti “ tidak
mempunyai akibat hukum” atau “tidak mengikat”, namun
dalam penggunaannya phrase “Null and Void” selalu digunakan
berbarengan , sehingga jika dibandingkan dengan Bahasa Inggris
pada umumnya, keberadaan phrase “Null and Void” terlihat janggal
atau tidak umum (unusual). Itulah Bahasa Inggris Hukum yang
dipengaruhi oleh Bahasa Prancis dan Bahasa Latin, sehingga
mengakibatkan kadangkala agak sulit untuk difahami. Phrase
“Null and Void” umumnya digunakan dalam bidang hukum
perjanjian.
Syarat sahnya suatu perjanjian di Indonesia diatur dalam
Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Menurut Pasal tersebut, perjanjian
menjadi sah jika memenuhi 4 syarat :
1. Sepakat mereka yang mengikatkan dirinya
2. kecakapan untuk membuat suatu perikatan
3. Suatu hal tertentu
4. Suatu sebab yang halal.
Syarat 1 dan 2 merupakan syarat subyektif, jika salah

satu dari syarat tersebut tidak dipenuhi maka perjanjian dapat
dibatalkan (voidable). Sementara itu, syarat 3 dan 4 adalah syarat-
syarat obyektif, jika salah satu dari syarat tersebut tidak dipenuhi
maka perjanjian menjadi batal demi hukum atau disebut juga
void (void ab initio).7 Dalam suatu perjanjian, jika karena sesuatu
alasan perjanjian tersebut dinyatakan null and void, itu berarti
perjanjian tersebut tidak mengikat dan tidak dapat dipaksakan
berlakunya oleh para pihak.
7 Johanes Ibrahim , Lindawaty Sewu, 2004, Hukum Bisnis Dalam Persepsi Manusia
Modern, Refika Aditama, Bandung, hal 88
9
Patent dan Royalty suatu “legal terms of art” merupakan suatu

phrase yang memiliki pengertian hukum tertentu dan pasti, yang
tidak dapat digantikan dengan kata-kata lainnya. Sebagai contoh
Patent ( atau dalam bahasa Indonesia “Paten” ) adalah suatu
terminologi hukum tentang hak ekslusif yang dimiliki oleh
penemu berkaitan dengan invensinya (penemuannya) di bidang
teknologi, baik proses maupun produk yang mengandung
unsur kebaruan, langkah inventif serta dapat diterapkan
dalam industri. Karya intelektual manusia yang bukan berupa
penemuan di bidang teknologi seperti halnya karya seni tidak
dapat disebut sebagai “Patent”, sebab terminologi “Patent” hanya
untuk penemuan di bidang teknologi, jika karya seni maka
disebut Hak Cipta ( Copyrights). Royalty adalah suatu konpensasi
berupa pembayaran atas penggunaan suatu kepemilikan,
umumnya Royalty berkaitan dengan penggunaan Hak Kekayaan
Intelektual seperti Paten ataupun Hak Cipta. Dalam suatu lisensi
Paten, pihak yang diberikan lisensi menggunakan paten wajib
membayar Royalty fee berupa sejumlah uang kepada pemilik
Paten sesuai dengan kesepakatan di antara mereka.
10
Activity 1:
Write one paragraph using legal term “ “, “

and “
Patent is ............................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
...............................Therefore, the licensor or the patent owner

has right to receive a sum of amount of royalty fee from the
licensee or person who has a privilege to use the patent arising
from the permission or consent of the licensor.
11
Activity 2:
Write a paragraph using legal term ,

and
The copyright owner has an exclusive rights to use and to give..

................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
12
Read the following text carefully and make sure you
understand what the passage means.
TWO MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE WORLD
T wo major legal systems developed in the world are

the Anglo –American Common Law System and the
Romano –Germanic Civil Law System.
The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System, which is
commonly called the Civil Law System or continental civil
law followed by some countries such as: Austria, Belgium,
Greece, Indochina, Indonesia, Latin America, The Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Spain, South Korea, Turkey, and Switzerland.
Historically, the term “civil law” comes from Latin word jus civile
which was opposed to jus gentium. On the other hand, the Anglo-
American Common Law System, which is commonly called the
Common Law System or the Anglo Saxon or the Case Law System
followed by The United States of America, The United Kingdom,
Australian, and Singapore. These legal systems are different each
other especially from their source. In the Civil Law System the
as the primary source of law in this system. Consequently, when

the court has a case, it is usually unbound by precedent. While in
Common law system is the system of laws originated and

developed in England and based on court decisions. The system
law such as codified law. Under the common-law system, when
13
a court decides and reports its decision concerning a particular

case, the case becomes part of the body of law and can be used
This use of precedents is known as stare decisis. In the US, this

decision is known as the Doctrine of Stare Decisis (to stand by the
decision).8 Generally the term “common law” is used to describe
a system where the law is built up through the decisions of the
courts. Judicial decision is a decision about an individual lawsuit
issued by the courts. Through judicial decision the judge explains
the legal reasoning used to decide the case. This system has been
used since the Middle Ages. Philosophically, in this system
law is rooted from custom and precedent. Therefore neither the
creation of a sovereign nor dictated or invented by legal dictation,
but handed down in a continuous process of interpretation and
reinterpretation of the significance of previous custom.
The law in the civil law system was adopted from the Romans
where the compilation of Roman law known as the Corpus Juris
Civilis. The further important sources of the civil law system are
the French Civil Code of 1804 or known as the Napoleonic Code
and the German Civil Code of 1896, later on the two of latest code
become models for countries that followed civil law system.9
In some Civil law countries, even though their formal prime
enacted by the legislative branch or the House of Representative

or parliaments, they also have other important sources of law,
namely: Custom, Treaty both Multilateral Treaty and Bilateral
Treaty, also Judicial decisions. On contrary, in some Common
Law System countries, such as the United States, they also have
of modern law in the United States are Constitutions, Statutes

and Treaties. Treaty is an agreement formally signed, ratified,
8 Henry R. Cheeseman, Contemporary Business & E-Commerce Law, Fourth Edition, 2000,
Prentice –Hall International (UK) Limited, London, page 12.
9 Ibid, page 9.
14
or adhered to between nations or sovereigns: an international
and governed by international law10.

Recently, it is difficult to say that a country has only followed
one Legal System because practically they tend to follow both
common law and civil law system. For instance, even though
Indonesia in general known as a part of Civil Law Country which
has many Acts or laws to regulate its society such as ; the Act No.4,
2004 concerning Judicial Power, the Act No. 19, 2002 concerning
Copyright, etc. However in some practices it has also followed
Common Law System especially in field of Business Law.
Question and Answers using the TOEFL-like

Model Test
Answer all questions about the information in the passage on the

basis of what is stated or implied in that passage by choosing the
one best answer (A), (B), (C),or (D) to each question.
Questions 1-12

(A) The Court System
(B) The Legal System in Indonesia
(C) The Legal System in the world
(D) The Doctrine of Stare Decisis.
2. What is the purpose of the passage?

(A) To inform
(B) To persuade
(C) To criticize
(D) To apologize
10 Bryan A Garner, 2004, Black’s Law Dictionary, Eighth Edition, Thomson West, the
USA, page 1540.
15
3. The words “ Civil Law ” in paragraph 2 line 6-7 refers to

(A) The Common Law System
(B) The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System
(C) The Doctrine of Stare Decisis
(D) The Constitution
4. The term “civil law” comes from word jus civile which is
(A) French
(B) English
(C) Latin
(D) Roman
5. According to this passage, which country follows The Civil

Law System?
(A) The United States of America
(B) Australia
(C) Singapore
(D) Indonesia
6. In Common Law System the important source of the law is :
(B) Statute
(D) Code
7. The phrase “the legislative branch” in line 10 paragraph 4 is

closest in meaning to
(A) The House of Representative
(B) The Executive
(C) The Consultative Assembly
(D) The Court
16
8. When the court has a case in the civil law country is usually
(A) Unbound by precedent
(B) Bound by precedent
(C) Bound by the Doctrine of Stare Decisis
9. To decide a case at the court it is very important for judges to

explain their
(A) Legal reasoning
(B) Legal meaning
(C) Legal wording
(D) Legal improving
10. The French Civil Code of 1804 also known as

(A) The German Civil Code
(B) The Napoleonic Code
(C) The Romano code
(D) The England code
11. The word “for instance” in line 3-4 paragraph 5 is closest in

meaning to
(A) For example
(B) Etc
(C) such as
(D) as follow
12. The Act No. 4, 2004 concerning

(A) Judicial power
(B) Copyright
(C) Civil Law System
(D) Common Law System
17
Civil Law System atau yang juga dikenal sebagai Sistem

Hukum Eropa Kontinental atau The Romano-Germanic Civil Law
System dan Sistem Hukum Common Law atau Sistem Hukum Anglo
Saxon adalah termasuk dua sistem hukum yang paling banyak
pengikutnya di dunia. Sistem hukum Eropa Kontinental (Civil Law
) diikuti oleh negara-negara seperti Belgia, Belanda, Indonesia,
Amerika Latin, Korea Selatan dan Portugal. Termonologi Civil
Law berasal dari bahasa Latin yaitu dari terminologi “jus civile”.
Di negara-negara penganut Civil Law, sistem hukumnya diadopsi
dari hukum Romawi yaitu dari the Corpus Juris Civilis. Sumber
hukum penting lainnya juga berasal dari Hukum Perancis
yaitu the Napoleonic Code 1804 dan hukum Jerman yaitu the
German Civil Code 0f 1896. Sumber hukum yang paling utama di
negara-negara penganut Civil Law adalah hukum tertulis yang
dibuat oleh badan legislatif dan pemerintahan seperti misalnya
perundang-undangan maupun Kodifikasi. Sementara itu sumber
hukum lainnya yang tidak dibuat oleh badan legislatif meliputi:
Kebiasaan, Traktat dan Keputusan Pengadilan.
Sistem Hukum Common law atau yang juga dikenal dengan
sistem hukum Anglo Saxon diikuti oleh negara-negara seperti
Amerika, Inggris, Australia dan Singapura. Dalam sistem hukum
ini, sumber hukumnya yang terpenting adalah hukum tidak
tertulis, terutama yang berasal dari putusan pengadilan. Di
negara-negara Common Law, putusan pengadilan atas suatu
kasus tertentu yang kemudian diikuti dan dĳadikan sumber
hukum oleh hakim berikutnya pada perkara yang sejenis disebut
preseden, atau juga dikenal dengan sebutan the Doctrine of Stare
Decisis . Selain bersumber pada putusan pengadilan, negara-
negara penganut Common Law juga memiliki sumber hukum
tertulis seperti misalnya yang tertuang dalam Konstitusi dan
Traktat.
18
Activity 3:
• Translate the words below into Indonesian
• Write a sentence from each word
Terjemahkan dan buatlah kalimat dengan menggunakan legal

term berikut:
The important source of the civil law system
b. Court =
…………………………………………….……………………
c. Case law =
…………………………………………….……………………
d. Court decision =
…………………………………………….……………………
e. Doctrine =
…………………………………………….……………………
f. Custom =
…………………………………………….……………………
g. Precedent =
…………………………………………….……………………
19
Pengenalan lebih banyak tentang “legal term”
Activity 4:
a. Legal system =……………………

………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
b. Legal reasoning = ……………………………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
c. Judicial power =…………………….………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
d. The House of Representative =…………..………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
e. Copyrights =……………………………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
f. Patent =……………………………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
g. Unbound =……………………………
………………………………..……………………….……….
………………………………..……………………….……….
20
Law and its sources
THE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ITS SOURCES
International law comprises a system of rules and principles

that govern the international relations between sovereign
states and other institutional subjects of international law such as
the United Nations11. Although state is still the most important of
the subject of international law because of their fullest capacities,
other institutional namely: Vatican, ICRC ( International
United Nations and the African Union, Individual, and the Multi
National Corporations also known as subjects of international
law.
State considered as the most important and most powerful
of the subjects of international law because they are capable of
possessing and exercising rights and duties under international
law. As a subject of international law, State has capacity to the
fullest degree: the ability to make claims before international and
national tribunals, to be subject to some or all of the obligations
imposed by international law, to have power to conclude valid
international agreements (treaties), to enjoy some or all of the
immunities from the jurisdiction of the nationals court of other
States.12 According to Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention
on Rights and Duties of States 1933, the State as a person of
international law should possess the following qualifications: (a)
11 Martin Dixon,2007, International Law, Oxford University Press, New York, page 3
12 Ibid, page 112.
21
a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government;

and (d) a capacity to enter into relations with other states.
Although State is the powerful subject of international law,
we may say that we are without doubt to recognize the non
State actors such the United Nations as a subject of international
law through the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of
Justice (the ICJ). For instance in Reparation of Injuries Case, the
Advisory Opinion of the ICJ says that13:
In the opinion of the Court, the Organization was intended
to exercise and enjoy, and is in fact exercising and enjoying
functions and rights which can only be explained on the basis of
the possession of large measure of international personality and
the capacity to operate upon an international plane.
Accordingly, the Court has come to the conclusion that the
Organization is an international person. That is not same thing as
saying that it is a State, which is certainly is not, or that its legal
legal personality and rights and duties are the same as those of a
State. Still less is it the same thing as saying that it is “a super
state”, whatever that expression may mean. It does not even imply
that all its rights and duties must be upon the international plane,
any more that all the rights and duties of a State must be upon than
plane. What it does mean is that it is a subject of international law
and capable of possessing international rights and duties, and that
it has capacity to maintain its rights by bringing international
claims.
International law is still interesting topic to be discussed.

Some scholars or closely many jurists argue that hallmark of
a system of law is that its rules are capable of being enforced
against malefactors. However, International Law is not generally
against
international law by saying that it is not “true” law.14 Beside it is
13 Pengantar Hukum Internasional, PT

Alumni, Bandung, hal 102-103.
14 Martin Dixon, Opcit, page 6.
22
not ge
that international law has some weakness such as only State can
influences the development of customary rules of international
law through State practice and only State can enter into effective
multilateral treaties not for MNC or NGO for instance. Although
it is still debatable, the existence of international law contribute
important role in international relations among its subjects.
Originally as a system of rules governing the relation of
states, International Law has many sources. According to Article
38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice the sources
of international law are international conventions or treaties,
international custom, general principles of law, judicial decisions,
writings of publicists, resolutions of international organizations.
do not have any legally binding force or considered as non-

binding agreements.15
Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ provides that:

(1) The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with
(a) international conventions, whether general or particular,

establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting
States;
(b) International custom., as evidence of a general practice
accepted as law;
(c) The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations
(d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and
the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the
various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of
rules of law.
(2) This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide
a case ex aequo at bono, if the parties agree thereto.
15 , , page 2, accessed 28/11/2009.
23
Question and Answers using the TOEFL Model
Answer all questions about the information in a passage on

the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage by
choosing the one best answer (A), (B), (C),or (D)
to each question.
Questions 1-15
1. The most important of the subject of international law is

(A) Individual
(B) State
(C) ICRC
(D) Vatican
2. Other important subjects of international law are

(A) Vatican and ICRC
(B) Multi National Corporations (MNC) and the ICJ
(C) NGO and the ICJ
(D) The ICJ and MNC
3. The word duties in paragraph 2 line 3 is closest in meaning

to
(A) Rights
(B) Obligations
(C) Capacities
(D) Options
4. The word before in paragraph 2 line 6 is closest in meaning

to
(B) To the or in front up the international

(C) The former international
(D) The beginning of international
24
5. The word tribunals in paragraph 2 line 6 is closest in meaning
to
(A) The Courts
(B) The area where people sit to watch football
(C) The top area of building
(D) The Food Courts
6. The word conclude in paragraph 2 line 8 is closest in meaning

to
(A) enter into
(B) write
(C) conclusion
(D) refuse
7. The State as a person of international law should possess the

following qualifications: a permanent population, a defined
territory, government, and a capacity to enter into relations
with other states according to :
(A). Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and
Duties of States 1933
(B) Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on Rights and
Duties of States 1923
(C) Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice
(D) Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice
8. Through the Advisory Opinion of the International

Court of Justice in Reparation of Injuries Case international
communities
(A) very reluctant to accept the United Nations as subject of
international law
(B) without doubt to accept the United Nations as subject of
international law
25
(C) very reluctant to accept the United Nations as subject of

international law
(D) without doubt to accept the Non Government
Organization as subject of international law
9. The word the Court in line 8 paragraph 3 refer to

(A) The National Court
(B) The ICJ
(C) The ICC
(D) The International Court
10. The word international claims in the last paragraph 3 is

(A) international disputes
(B) international codes
(C) international codifications
(D) international regulations
11. The weakness of international law is

(A) generally enforceable
(B) generally unenforceable
(C) generally avoidable
(D) generally unavoidable
12. According to Article 38 of Statute of the ICJ one of the source
of international law is
(A) State
(B) The general principles of law
(C) NGO
(D) Vatican
13. Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and

the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the
various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of
rules of law also known as sources of international law. The
26
word subject to is closest in meaning to
(A) comply to
(B) against to
(C) ignore to
(D) opposite to
14. The purpose of these passage is

(A) to apologize
(B) to respect
(C) to criticize
(D) to inform
15. The passages generally discuss

(A) national law and international law
(B) international law and the source of international law
(C) national law and the source of international law
(D) international law and the source of national law
Activity 5
Prepare for debate concerning State collapse
Whether Somalia is a State?

 Prepare a group to present that Somalia is a State but considered
 The other group debate and argue that Somalia is not a State
also supported by strong arguments.
 Students may choose other current issues.
27
Activity 6
Answer the following questions and write down
your answers in your own words.
3. What are the elements of a State?

4. What is meant by Advisory Opinion?
teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various
7. What is the meaning of decide a case ex aequo at bono?
Sesuai pemahaman hukum internasional klasik, negara

dikatagorikan sebagai subyek hukum paling penting dan
paling utama atau sering juga dikenal dengan sebutan subyek
hukum penuh. Negara disebut sebagai “subyek hukum penuh”
karena negara memiliki hak dan kewajiban penuh dalam
kerangka hukum internasional, memiliki kapasitas hukum dan
kemampuan untuk: mengadakan penuntutan hak yang diberikan
oleh hukum internasional di muka pengadilan berdasarkan suatu
konvensi atau mengajukan perkara ke tribunal atau pengadilan
internasional maupun nasional, tunduk pada semua kewajiban-
kewajiban yang diterapkan dalam hukum internasional, memiliki
kemampuan untuk membuat traktat, serta memiliki hak
untuk menikmati imunitas dari jurisdiksi hukum nasionalnya
maupun jurisdiksi hukum negara lain. Sementara itu subyek-
28
subyek hukum lainnya dalam ranah hukum internasional
diklasifikasikan sebagai subyek hukum terbatas atau subyek
hukum yang tidak penuh. Yang termasuk dalam katagori ini
seperti Individu, Vatikan (Tahta Suci), Organisasi Internasional
seperti PBB dan Badan-badan Khususnya (Specialized Agencies)
yaitu seperti International Labor Organization (ILO), International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), United
nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNISCO)
dan Badan-badan Khusus lainnya.
Keberadaan dan status organisasi internasional PBB
(Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) sebagai subyek hukum
internasional sudah tidak diragukan lagi terutama sejak
dikeluarkannya “Pendapat Hukum” (Advisory Opinion) oleh
Mahkamah Internasional (the International Court of Justice) dalam
kasus yang terkenal dengan sebutan Reparation of Injuries Case.
Dalam kasus ini, majelis Umum PBB meminta suatu “Pendapat
Hukum” kepada Mahkamah Internasional berkaitan dengan
kasus terbunuhnya seorang anggota Komisi PBB yang sedang
menjalankan tugasnya di Israel pada tahun 1958 yaitu Pangeran
kepada Mahkamah Internasional dimintakan “Pendapat

Hukum”, apakah PBB mempunyai kemampuan hukum (legal
capacity) untuk mengajukan klaim ganti rugi kepada pemerintah
yang bertanggungjawab baik secara de jure atau de facto. Setelah
dilakukan serangkaian proses pengujian perihal status dan
kedudukan PBB menurut hukum internasional, akhirnya
mahkamah Internasional memberikanAdvisory Opinion dan dalam
kesimpulannya menyatakan bahwa : “PBB adalah subyek hukum
internasional yang cakap atau mampu untuk memiliki hak-hak
dan kewajiban-kewajiban internasional, serta memiliki kecakapan
untuk mempertahankan hak-haknya dalam mengajukan klaim
atau perkara ke hadapan sidang pengadilan”.
Dalam perkembangan hukum internasional modern,
tidak hanya negara dan Organisasi Internasional seperti
29
PBB dĳadikan diskusi hangat dalam kapasitasnya sebagai

subyek hukum internasional, akan tetapi juga keberadaan
Perusahaan-perusahaan Multi Nasional ( MNC). Dalam era
globalisasi, keberadaan, perkembangan dan operasional MNC
semakin mendunia melewati batas-batas negara, yang mana
keberadaannya selain membawa dampak positif seperti misalnya
membuka peluang untuk lapangan pekerjaan dan alih tehnologi,
namun dalam kesempatan yang bersamaan kehadiran MNC ini
juga membawa dampak negatif, yaitu terjadi penyalahgunaan
HAM dan lingkungan di seputar daerah dimana perusahaan
multi nasional tersebut beroperasi seperti dalam kasus Bhopal.
Diskusi-diskusi hangat berkaitan dengan penomena tersebutpun
mulai banyak dilakukan, mempertanyakan perihal apakah MNC
memiliki kapasitas hukum (legal capacity) dan dapat diajukan di
muka sidang pengadilan untuk dimintai pertanggungjawabnya
dan kewajibannya.
Negara, selain sering dikaji dalam kapasitasnya sebagai
salah satu subyek hukum internasional, juga menarik untuk dikaji
dari aspek kriteria apa yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu negara
memiliki legal capacity sebagai suatu negara. Menurut pasal 1
Konvensi Montevideo 1933 Tentang Hak-Hak Dan Kewajiban
Negara, negara sebagai subyek dalam hukum internasional
harus memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai berikut: memiliki penduduk
permanen, memiliki wilayah teritorial, memiliki pemerintah, dan
memiliki kecakapan untuk melakukan hubungan hukum dengan
negara-negara lainnya.
Sehubungan dengan sumber-sumber hukum internasional,
menurut Pasal 38 Statuta Mahkamah Internasional (the
Statute of the International Court of Justice), sumber hukum
internasional terdiri dari : Konvensi atau traktat, kebiasaan-
kebiasaan Internasional, Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Umum, Putusan
pengadilan Internasional, Doktrin, dan Resolusi dari Organisasi
Internasional. Sumber hukum internasional dapat berupa Hard
Law dan . Konvensi atau Traktat adalah contoh dari
30
Hard Law, sementara itu Resolusi dan Deklarasi dari Organisasi
Internasional, , Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Internasional, Code of
Conducts , Code of Practices adalah contoh dari
Dilihat dari kekuatan mengikatnya, adalah suatu
instrumen hukum yang tidak mengikat secara tegas atau strict
(non binding), melainkan berasal dari sumber yang luas dan
fleksibel dalam kerjasama internasional.16
16 ),
totokyulianto.wordpress.com/2009/01/21, hal 1, accessed 20
November 2009.
31

Read carefully the following topic concerning wrongful
conduct of MNC
The Human Right Abuses and MNC’s Wrongful Conduct
Some studies have shown that there has been an

increased presence of corporations in areas with natural
resources, which are instable and have poor governance. In the
last decade, several developing countries such as Colombia,
direct investment. The multinational companies, for instance in

Angola in both the oil and diamond sector have undermined
their business ethics and as a result, have contributed to massive
human rights abuses.17 Classified as a non state actor, the MNC
has been criticized for contributing to a number of environmental
damage, armed conflict, slavery, forced labor, torture and rape.
Also corrupt governments play an important role to several
wrongful conducts of corporations. The wrongful conduct of
Bhopal case,
Doel I v. Unocol Corp case, John Doe Et Al v. Exxon Mobil Corporation
case, and Filartiga v. Pena-Irala case. The complexity around MNCs
is still under debate and it is unclear whether MNCs, when
category, where and who has jurisdiction. These questions still

dominate the discussion concerning the bad behavior of MNCs
or wrongful conduct of MNCs.
17 Victor Luvhengo, Multinational Corporations and Human Rights Violations in African

Conflict Zones: The Case Study of Angola 1992-2005, accessed on 15-6-2009, available
at
Project.pdf
32
Some scholars argue that concern to the wrongful conduct
of MNCs, principally based on human right obligations, each
government has to use all appropriate means to ensure that
actors operating within its territory or otherwise subject to its
jurisdiction comply with national legislation designed to give
effect to human rights18. The first instrument that dealt with
human rights was the UDHR which was declared and adopted
by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Although
it is not a treaty (it was considered as essence of moral and
political nature), it has become an authoritative text and has been
adopted as international customary law.19 The preamble of this
declaration makes clear that every individual and every organ
of society, including corporation have to promote and respect
human rights. By understanding the essence of this preamble of
the UDHR, we may say that corporations as an organ of society
have to respect this international customary law, and therefore
the UN mechanism reaches corporations.
The possibility of imposing the UN mechanism related
with accountability of MNCs becomes more clear through the
UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2 concerning norm on the
responsibilities of transnational corporation (the TNC) and
other business enterprises with regard to human rights. As a
result of this document we understand that besides states, the
primary responsibility to protect human rights is also shared by
the transnational corporations and other business enterprises
as organs of society. Moreover, they are also responsible for
promoting and securing the human rights set forth in the UDHR.
The TNC, their officers and persons working for them are also
obligated to respect generally recognized responsibilities and
norms contained in United Nations treaties and other international
instruments.20
18 Henry Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman, 2008, International Human Rights In
ContextLaw Politics Morals, Oxford University Press, page 1399
19 Ingrid Westendorp, 2007, Women and Housing gender makes a Difference, Intersentia
School of Human Rights Research, Maastricht, page 6.
20 Henry Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman, Opcit, page 1398
33
Question and Answer using TOEFL-Like Approach

Answer all questions about the information in a passage
on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage by
choosing the one best answer (A), (B), (C), or (D)
to each question.
Questions 1-12

(A) The human right obligations
(B) The wrongful conduct of MNCs
(C) The UDHR
(D) The UN mechanism
2. What is the purpose of this passage?

(A) To inform
(B) To persuade
(C) To criticize
(D) To apologize
3. The words “Classified as a non state actor” in line 10

paragraph 1 refers to
(A) The UDHR
(B) The MNCs
(C) The United Nations General Assembly
(D) The Consumer
4. The MNC has been criticized for contributing to a number

of environmental damage, armed conflict, slavery, forced
labor, torture and rape. The word “contributing” is closest in
meaning to
(B) Conducting
(C) Making
(D) Refusing
34
5. According to these passage what the first instrument
that dealt with human rights?
(A) The Customary Law
(B) The United Nations General Assembly 1948
(C) The UDHR
(D) The UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2
6. The word “ it” in paragraph 2 line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) Treaty
(B) The UDHR
(C) National legislation
(D) The United Nations General Assembly 1948
(A) The Act

(B) Convention
(C) Legislation
(D) Contract
8. The word “accountability of MNCs” in paragraph 3 line 2 is

(A) Possibility of MNCs
(B) Responsibility of MNCs
(C) Availability of MNCs
(D) Reasonability of MNCs
9. The possibility of imposing the UN mechanism related with

accountability of MNCs becomes clear through
(A) The UN Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2
(B) The UN mechanism
(C) The national legislation
(D) The treaty or convention
35
10. The preamble of UDHR makes clear that every individual

and every organ of society, including corporation have to
(A) obey the regulation
(B) promote and respect human rights
(C) declare their activities
(D) Respect legislation.
11. Based on the Norm of responsibilities of transnational

corporation (the TNC) and other business enterprises with
regard to human rights is not only states has responsibility to
protect human rights but also
(A) Country
(B) The Transnational Corporation
(C) Society
(D) NGO ( Non Government Organization)
12. The TNC in line 11-12 paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) Small Business
(B) MNC
(C) NGO
(D) Company
Perusahaan Multinasional ( MNC) adalah perusahaan

yang memiliki kantor , pabrik, cabang dan unit-unit usaha
serta mengontrol asset-aset perusahaan seperti pertambangan,
perkebunan maupun outlet-outlet ( pusat penjualan) di beberapa
negara berbasis managemen global dengan melintasi batas-batas
negara. Dalam arena hukum internasional, MNC diklasifikasikan
sebagai subyek hukum bukan negara (non state actor). Sehubungan
dengan kegiatan operasionalnya yang umumnya bersifat
transnasional atau melewati batas-batas negara, keberadaan
36
korporasi atau perusahaan ini dengan kekuatan yang dimilikinya
terutama dalam bidang ekonomi dan teknologi, dikritisi telah
mengakibatkan berbagai pelanggaran-pelanggaran, termasuk
di dalamnya pelanggaran yang berkaitan dengan Hak Asasi
Manusia /HAM (Human Rights).
Sehubungan dengan pelanggaran hukum terkait dengan
HAM yang dilakukan oleh MNC (Wrongful Conduct of MNC atau
MNC’s Human Rights Abuses), masih tetap menjadi isu penting
dan perdebatan yang hangat di dunia internasional (arena
hukum internasional), apakah korporasi sebagai subyek hukum
bukan negara dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban terutama
yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran HAM. Para ahli berpendapat
bahwa setiap negara (pemerintah) hendaknya mengusahakan
agar menggunakan berbagai instrumen hukum berkaitan dengan
kewajiban terhadap perlindungan HAM. Salah satu instrumen
hukum yang dapat digunakan untuk menjerat korporasi atas
perbuatannya yang melanggar HAM adalah dengan menerapkan
Deklarasi Universal tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (the UDHR).
Deklarasi Universal HAM adalah instrumen hukum yang
pertama kali mengatur tentang HAM, melalui Preambulnya
dikemukakan setiap individu, organ dalam masyarakat termasuk
di dalamnya korporasi (perusahaan) wajib mempromosikan dan
menghormati HAM. Kemudian dalam perkembangannya melalui
the Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2, pertanggungjawaban
korporasi (MNC / TNC) dalam kaitannya dengan HAM menjadi
semakin jelas, yang mana dalam Doc.E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/
Rev.2 tersebut dikemukakan bahwa tidak hanya negara
bertanggungjawab untuk menghormati dan melindungi HAM,
akan tetapi juga perusahaan-perusahaan transnasional termasuk
didalamnya para eksekutif yang bekerja di dalam perusahaan
transnasional tersebut.
37
Activity 7

Human Rights Cases through the Alien Tort Claims Act”
Choose the best word or phrase to fill each gap from A, B, C, or D
below
Theoretically, corporation cases can be (1) B. brought to the

court in the host and home country1 The US Federal Court,
through Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) permits corporation
human rights abuses to be (2)……. in the home state of
the MNC. Since the ATCA (3)……..,…. a large numbers of
corporation human rights cases have been brought to the US
Federal Courts. Pursuant to Section 1350 of the ATCA, the
district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action
of nations or a treaty of the United States.2 In the Filartiga v

Pena Irala, (4)…… …held that torture is a violation of the law
of the nations, therefore human rights abuses without a doubt
fall under the ATS. The statute limits its jurisdiction for alien
plaintiffs and non citizens of the United States.3 Simply, the
ATS permits aliens to bring their civil lawsuits within a human
rights case, such as genocide, crime against humanity and
torture (5)…………
as the US courts have jurisdiction over the defendants. Beth
of the ATS is corporate accountability for tortuous acts,

jurisdiction over extraterritorial torts, and personal jurisdiction
over a company incorporated in the US, and the line of cases
applying the ATCA to private parties.
38
Choose the best word or phrase to fill each gap in Activity 7
above from A, B, C, or D below:
Pilihlah kata-kata yang paling tepat A, B, C atau D, untuk

melengkapi dan mengisi paragraph yang kosong dalam Activity
6 tersebut di atas.
Berikut ini kata-kata yang dapat dipilih, lakukan sebagaimana

dicontohkan dalam nomor (1).
(1) A. bring B. brought C. go D. sue
(2) A. sued B. sue C. bring D. submit
(3) A. was enacted B. is made C. make D. produce
(4) A. the home B. the host C. the court D. the ATS
39
READING COMPREHENSION
SECTION 5
T he World Trade Organization (WTO) exists to create

the conditions in which trade among its members can
be implemented as freely and fairly as possible. To achieve those
goals, the WTO provides and regulates the legal framework which
governs world trade.21 These regulations cover international trade
in goods, trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual
property rights. In practice, however it is not always the WTO
members agree on the correct interpretation and application of
occur between the WTO members.
have triggered considerable controversy and public debate, such

as the EC-Harmones case, the US-Shrimp case and the EC-Asbestos
dispute.22 The disputes concerning rights and obligations of WTO
members are solved through multilateral procedures of the
that the DSU provides more than one method to dispute,

namely: consultations or negotiations, adjudication by panels and
21 International legal English Certificate sample Exam Papers, University of Cambridge
ESOL Examinations, page 12,
ilec-2.pdf, accessed 19 November 2009
22 Peter Van Den Bossche, 2008, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization,
Second Edition, Cambride University Press, New York, page 169.
40
the Appellate Body, Arbitration, and Good Offices, Conciliation
and Mediation.
government to government also known as “G to G” dispute, such

as in Indonesian-Autos Case, a case concerning Pioneer Company
MOBNAS Case. In this case a WTO members (three complaining

governments: Japan, the United States and European Union)
and inconsistent with the free trade regulations. It means the

International Organization, Non Governmental Organizations,
Individuals or Industry Association have no direct access to bring
a case to the WTO.
Although this mechanism only for “G to G”, under Appellate
Body case law, panels and the Appellate Body have the authority
referred to as amicus curiae briefs (“friend of the court” briefs).

Henry Campbell Black mentions that the meaning of amicus
curiae as friend of the court. A person with strong interest in or
for permission to file a brief, on behalf of a party but actually

to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Persons
who submit amicus curiae briefs in appeals usually concerning
41
Answer all questions about the information in a passage

on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage by
choosing the one best answer (A), (B), (C), or (D) to each
question.
Question 1-10
1. The word governs in paragraph 1 line 5 is closest in meaning

to
(A) arrange
(B) regulate
(C) coordinate
(D) cover
2. The phrase these regulations in paragraph 1 line 5 refers to

(A) The WTO Agreement
(B) The NGO Agreement
(C) The MNC Agreement
(D) The WIPO Agreement
3. The author in the passage need to inform you that

(A) the WTO members are always agree on the correct
interpretation and application of WTO
(B) the WTO members are not always agree on the correct
(C) the WTO members refuse to accept the correct
(D) the WTO members do not refuse the correct interpretation
and application of WTO
42
WTO
among them
(B) has to obey the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
(C) subject to the International Criminal Court (ICC)
(D) subject to the Human Rights Court.
5. The word in paragraph 2 line 11 is closest in meaning

to
(A) help
(B) solve
(C) break
(D) arrange
6. The parties who are have direct access to bring their dispute
to the WTO are
(A) government to non government
(B) government to government
(C) government to individual
(D) government to non individual
7. The word dispute is closest in meaning to

(A) lawsuit
(B) law
(C) abuse
(D) right and obligation
8. The phrase amicus curiae briefs in paragraph 12 line 11

refers to
(A) enemy of the court briefs
(B) friend of the court briefs
(C) the court briefs
(D) the barrister briefs
43
have access
amicus curiae briefs in the dispute
(C) both as a party and bring amicus curiae briefs

(D) to bring dispute
10. The purpose of the author in this passage is

(A) to inform
(B) to criticize
(C) to compare
(D) to apologize
44
Activity 8
Buatlah kalimat dan gunakan terminologi hukum
( berdasarkan bahan bacaan tersebut
diatas.
45
46
TOEFL IBT
TOEFL IBT1
 Perkembangan model soal dalam Reading TOEFL IBT adalah
disediakan (umumnya ada 6 pilihan jawaban). Tiga jawaban yang

dipilih digunakan untuk melengkapi summary suatu Reading.
 Arahan untuk mengerjakan soal secara umum ditulis sebagai

berikut :
passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because

they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are
minor points from the passage.
1 Pamela J Sharpe, 2007, Barron’s How to Prepare for the TOEFL IBT, Binarupa Aksara
Publishing Co, Ciputat Indonesia, page 426
47

THE UNIFORM INTERPRETATION OF NON-CONFORMITY GOODS
AND BREACH OF CONTRACT ON CISG CASE LAW1
I. INTRODUCTION
C reating uniform interpretation on the Convention on

Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as
Convention. Basically Article 7(1) of the CISG provides three

guidelines for interpreting the convention. The first guideline
is its international character, the second guideline is the need to
promote uniformity in the application of the convention, and the
third guideline is the observance of good faith in international
trade.2 However, concerning uniform interpreting of the
convention in its application in CISG case law, including in the
case of ‘breach the contract’ as ruled in Article 25 and cancellation
or ‘avoided of contract’ as a remedy of breach of contract and also
‘conformity of the contract’ based on Article 35 of the CISG, some
scholars have criticized that the interpretation of this convention
uniformity. For example in the case of The New Zealand Mussels

Case ( Germany Supreme Court), The Frozen Pork Case and Italdecor
s.a.s v. Yiu’s Industries Case ( Italy Court Appeal).
The legal questions analyzed in this study are why the
uniformity in case of breaching of contract and non-conformity of
1 This research conducted as requirement for course International Comparative and

Commercial Law in Master Degree Program Law And Globalisation, Faculty of Law
Maastricht University, The Netherlands, 2009.
2 Peter Huber, Alastair Mullis, 2007, The CISG A new Textbook for Students And
Practitioners, Sillier European Law Publisher, Germany, page 7-8
48
goods under CISG vary in some law cases?, what are the possible
solution can be taken to create the uniformity in implementing
CISG in different court jurisdictions?
This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing
primary legal sources and secondary source materials through
library research3.
II THE CONCEPT OF UNIFORMITY UNDER THE CISG
What is ‘uniformity ‘?
In general, ‘uniformity’ means it is something which has

only one form, or the opposite word of multiform. Concerning the
court decision, the uniformity means every court will do the same
or treating similar situations in the same way when applying the
convention by giving everyone the same interpretation. In regard
to contract of international sale of goods, the CISG has clearly
ruled that the concept of uniformity is to ensure the Convention
is interpreted in the same way in different jurisdictions4.An
autonomous interpretation should be applied in regard to the
convention. Martin Gebauer emphases that “… an interpretation
may be qualified as autonomous” if it does not proceed by
reference to the meanings and particular concepts of a specific
domestic law but the Convention’s terms and concepts have to be
interpreted in the context of the Convention itself.5 Article 7(1) of
the CISG regulate that : “ in the interpretation of this Convention,
3 As the primary legal sources in this study are the CISG and CISG Case Laws. The
secondary sources are textbooks and some journal concerning the CISG. In legal
research, ‘case law’, ‘treaties and statutes’ constituted as part of primary source
materials and such textbooks and journal fall within secondary source materials.
See The Staffs of George Washington University Journal of International Law and
Economic, Guide to International Legal Research
Publisher, United States, 1993, page 37.
4 Roy Goode, Herbert Kronke, Ewan Mc Kendrick, Jeffrey Wool, Transnational
Commercial Law Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007,
page 273
5 Ibid, page 274.
49
regard is to be had to its international character and needed to

promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good
faith in international trade”.
In regard to promoting uniformity, some scholars suggest
that it is very important to distinguish and understand between
uniform interpretation and uniform application. Uniform
interpretation suggest that different courts (and arbitral tribunal)
uniform application means that the different decision-makers

who decide similar CISG cases have to achieve similar results
or outcomes.6 Even theoretically legal experts or courts realize
the different concepts of uniform interpretation and uniform
application, however in practice the uniformity of CISG
interpretation is not easy to be applied. Some case laws in different
court jurisdictions tend to show that the interpretation vary, such
as in the case of non-conformity contract (Article 35 of the CISG ),
especially in regard to Article 38 concerning the right of the buyer
to claim damages, the buyer must examine the goods ‘within as
short a period as is practicable in the circumstances’. How long is
it considered ‘within as short a period …’? The answer is unclear.
The similar situation exists in the case of ‘fundamental breach’ as a
result of lack of conformity, as it is ruled in Article 25. Pursuant to
Article 49 (1) the buyer has right to declare avoidance of contract
as a remedy for breach of contract. In this situation courts also
tend to apply differently whether avoidance of contract exists
or not. Study shows that the gap between theory and practice
in interpreting the Vienna Convention ( CISG ) is caused by the
tendentious of judges in interpreting the CISG with the domestic
legal lens instead of Article 7 (1), also caused by the reluctance of
courts to refer to other court jurisdictions .7 In contrary, simply
6 Joseph Lookofsky, 2008, Understanding the CISG A Compact Guide to the 1980 United
Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Wolters Kluwer Law
& Business, United States of America, page 33.
7 Indira Carr, 2009, International Trade Law, Cavendish publishing, New York, page
72.
50
said, the more courts regard to other CISG court decision the more
interpretation will be made uniformly. Some CISG case laws will
be studied to describe that phenomenon.
III. CASE LAW AND INTERPRETATION OF THE CISSG

NON CONFORMITY OF GOODS
What is non conformity of the goods?
The contract on sale of goods fall under the form of CISG

Article 1 (1) (a), when the contract has international character,
both parties are Contracting States and whose places of business
are in different States. The contract will be concluded if an
acceptance of an offer becomes effective (Article 33). According
to Article 35 (1) the seller has obligation to deliver goods in the
quality, quantity and description as required by the contract and
which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the
contract. If the seller fails to perform his obligation, for example
the seller delivers goods in lack of quality, then that condition
may be considered as non- conformity of the goods. Some case
law concerning non-conformity of goods are as follows:
The Chicago Prime Packers, Inc. v Northam Food Trading Co.
In case non-conformity of goods Chicago Prime Packers, Inc.

v. Northam Food Trading Co., et al in 2004, the U.S. District Court,
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division8, exercise the main
issues whether Northam examined the goods (pork loin ribs)
within as short a period as was practicable under the circumstances
and whether Northam gave notice to Chicago Prime of the alleged
8 Annabel Teiling, CISG: U.S. Court Relies on Foreign Case Law and the Internet, Uniform
Law Review / Revue de droit uniforme, 2004, available at
edu/cisg/biblio/teiling.html, accessed on 4 May 2009.
51
discovered the alleged lack of conformity. Under Article 36 of

CISG, the seller has to liable for any lack of conformity. Article
38 requires the buyer to “examine the goods, or cause them to be
examined, within as short a period of time. Article 39 mention
that buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the
goods if he does not give notice to the seller within a reasonable
time. The decision of the US District Court in this case is that
Northam failed to examine the ribs within as short a period as is
practicable under the circumstances because Northam inspected
satisfy to inspect the goods within a reasonable time. The Court

looked some other similar CISG cases law as basic consideration
to determine its decision9. In the German case No. 2 C 395/93 court
determined a reasonable time to give notice within three days of
delivery, and then in other German clothing case, the court held
that the buyer has to immediately examine the goods and not
more than a week. In the Italian case of Sport D’Hiver di Genevieve
Culet v. Ets Louys et Fil, the court determined that when defects
are easy to be found by a prompt examination, the time of notice
must be reduced. Based on analysis of foreign decisions, the
US District Court held that Northam not only fail to examine
the shipment of ribs in as short a period of time as practicable,
should have discovered the alleged of non-conformity. Northam
9 The US District Court look to The German case No. 2 C 395/93, Amtsgericht
Riedlingen (21 October 1944) UNILEX. In this case the buyer lost his right to rely
on lack of conformity by failing to promptly inspect ham delivered by the seller or
to give notice of the ham’s non-conformity within a reasonable time. The German
Court found that because the alleged defect was easily recognizable, therefore the
buyer should have examined the goods within three days of delivery. The U.S.
District Court also cited another German case dealing with insufficient quantity as a
defect. In this case, the German Court held that examination of the quantity of items
delivered must be done immediately at the place of performance of the obligation or
at the agreed destination. The German Court held that the Swiss buyer of German
clothing should have examined or caused the goods to be examined as soon as they
arrived at the agreed destination. It further held that examination of the quantity
circumstances.
52
ribs were spoiled. The Court found this period of time to be
unreasonable under the circumstances.
By looking at many other court decisions, the US District
Court in the Chicago Prime Packers has showed his effort to create
uniformity in interpreting the CISG. Understanding the CISG’s
language and regard to the “general principles” become an
important part in interpreting the Convention. In its effort to
create uniformity in the application of the CISG, the US Court in
this case referring to more foreign cases than any other available
secondary authority10. The court using internet (UNILEX) as
potential source to get more information and international
character concerning CISG case law11
Unlike the Chicago Prime Packers Inc, some CISG cases
law show that court in interpreting Article 38 (1) of the CISG
somehow is influenced by its domestic law.
The New Zealand Mussels Case
The famous CISG case law which obviously influenced by

its own regulation of domestic court is the New Zealand Mussels
Case12. The court found that the goods conformed to the contract;
10 Annabel Teiling, CISG: U.S. Court Relies on Foreign Case Law and the Internet A note on
the decision in Chicago Prime Packers v. Northam Food Trading [21 May 2004] United
States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division,
cisg/biblio/teiling.html,
11 In Chicago Prime Packers, Inc., the District Court used Internet references throughout,
ultimately to render a well researched and truly international decision. The most
efficient and effective tools to ensure decisions have international precedent
or character is by using The UNILEX database. The UNILEX is a collection of
international case law and bibliography on the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles of
International Commercial Contracts. In Chicago Prime Packers, Inc., the Court relied upon
the detailed, translated abstracts of the decisions contained in UNILEX referring to it
as “an intelligent of Internet database of international case law on the CISG
12 The German Supreme Court ( Bundesgerichtshof 8 March 1995 ) have case between
Swiss sellers who delivered to the German buyer New Zealand Mussels containing
a cadmium concentration that exceeded the limits recommended by German health
authority, otherwise the concentration was allowed by Swiss public law requirements.
Due to non conformity of the goods, the German Buyer declared the contract avoided
and the seller sued for the sales price.
53
the violence of German food regulation was defect in quality not

a defect in title. Based on the opinion of the court, the exceeding
limit of cadmium concentration was not lack of conformity since
the mussels were still eatable. The German Supreme Court stated
a principle that the public law regulations of the seller’s place
of business govern the conformity of goods according to Article
35(2). In this case Court identified three exceptions to the rule
and considered the public standards of the buyer’s country will
prevail if: 1. the public laws of the buyer’s country correspond to
those in seller’s country, 2. the buyer informed the seller about
such provisions, 3. the seller knew or the seller had knowledge
of the provisions due to special circumstances13. Furthermore the
German Supreme Court ruled that laws from the seller’s country
prevail. Finally the German Supreme Court held that the buyer
had lost its right to claim buyer lack of conformity and declare the
contract avoided, since the buyer had waited more than a month
before he notified the seller about the non-conformity. Therefore
it did not fix within the reasonable time as ruled in Article 39(1)
of the CISG.14
Referring to the public law regulations and placing domestic
law prevail rather than the Convention itself is still questioned
in regard to promoting uniformity under CISG. The decision
on New Zealand mussel’s case was criticized by Flectner15, he
stated that the court misread the Article 7 (1) and its principle of
uniformity. This provision required a single global standard of
merchantability for mussels and all goods under Article 35 (2) (a)
of the CISG, but in fact court more interprets this Convention by
referring to domestic law.
13 Tereza Kyselovska, Opcit, page 3.

14 CISG Case Presentation, Germany 8 March 1995 Supreme Court ( New Zealand mussels
case ), page 2-3, available at l
15 Flechtner HM in Tereza Kyselovska, Mandatory Rules And Sellers Obligation to Deliver
Goods According To United Nations Convention On Contracts For The International Sale
of Goods, Masaryk University, Czech Republic, page 3, available at www.law.muni.
zz/edicni/dpo8/files/pdf/, acceded 30 April 2009.
54
The Frozen Pork Case
The Frozen Pork Case

which is influenced by the domestic law. In this case, Belgium’s
seller enters into contract with buyer from German for the sale
of pork meat. The goods were delivered in three installments
complete with their certificate of suitability to consumption. The
Court found that two of three deliveries were non-conformity,
the fox contained by dioxin. Unlike the Mussels case, in this case
the buyer laws country prevail and the decisive moment should
be the circumstances and public law requirements in the buyer’s
country16.
How much time can be considered as reasonable period of
time in case of non-conformity goods, the CISG Advisory Council
Opinion No 2 noted that the reasonable time for giving notice
on the circumstances 17 . In some cases notice should be given

within the same day. In other cases a longer period might be
appropriate. No fixed period, whether 14 days, one month or
otherwise, should be considered as reasonable in the abstract
without taking into account the circumstances of the case. Among
nature of the goods, the nature of the defect, the situation of the
parties and relevant trade usages.
16 Tereza Kyselovska, Opcit, page 4. See also the CISG Case Presentation Germany 2
March 2005 Federal Supreme Court ( Frozen pork case ), available at
pace.edu/cases/050302gl.html
17 See the CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 2 : Examination of the Goods and Notice
of Non-Conformity Article 38 and 39
CISG-AC-op2.html , accessed on 15-4-2009.
55
IV. THE INTERPRETATION BREACH OF CONTRACT AND

REMEDY OF AVOIDED CONTRACT
What is breach of contract?
The CISG does not provide certain meaning of breach of

contract. However, pursuant to Article 25 states that a breach
results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to

deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract,
unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable
person of the same kind in the same circumstances would have
not foreseen such a result. This Article is criticized because it is
very vague does not give clear definition, as well as an example
as guideline of it application. This provision only provides
general interpretive guidelines.18 As a result of unclear definition,
it is found in its application in one side court will consider the
case of non conformity goods as fundamental breach, otherwise
other court considered none. To achieve more uniformity in
implementation, legal scholars repeatedly hope to the interpreters
or the courts to avoid recourse to domestic legal concepts. The
CISG, including Article 25 may be interpreted autonomously and
should not depend on domestic legal concepts, neither of civil
law nor common law origins.19 The CISG refer to single standard
concept. However, as previously mentioned, considerable case
law on the CISG demonstrates that the application of many of
these single standard concepts has been far from uniformity20.In
and they favour of interpretations in line with their domestic law,

18 Leonardo Graffi, Case Law on the Concept of “Fundamental Breach” in the Vienna Sales
Convention, page 1, available at l,
accessed on 30-4-2009.
19 Ibid
20 Comment on Professor Schwenzer’s Paper, Victoria University
of Wellington Law Review, page 2, accessed on 30-4-2009, available at
austlii.edu.au/nz/jpurnal/WWLRev.2005/38.html
56
this phenomenon sometimes called “homeward trend”21
Case Law on Italdecor s.a.s v. Yiu’s Industries (H.K.) Limited,

Corte d’Appello di Milano22
The case between an Italian buyer against a Hong Kong seller

before the Italian Court. The buyer claimed Hong Kong seller
for restitution of partial payment for the purchase of goods that
were not delivered in the time fixed by the contract23. The buyer
entitles to declare contract avoided under CISG articles 45(1) and
49(1) when the buyer failed to receive delivery of the goods by the
date fixed in the contract, as required by CISG Article 33. Finally
in this case, the Corte di Appello ( Court of Appeal ) of Milan held
that late delivery was a fundamental breach and avoidance of the
contract exist under Article 49 without undertaking examination
as required by the CISG of whether the late delivery can be
considered as a fundamental breach under Article 25 of CISG. In
interpreting the provision the Court used the Italian concept of
fundamental breach rather than the autonomous of the CISG to
cut the essential step.
The Designer Clothes Case, Germany Appellate Court Köln24
The Designer Clothes Case is case between the Italian

company (Seller) and the Defendant of Germany (buyer) in the
contract concerning delivery of goods (high quality women’s
outer garments). Under reference of buyer private expert opinion
21 Ibid.
22 CISG CASE PRESENTATION, Italy 20 March 1998 Appellate Court Milan (Italdecor v.
Yiu’s Industries) , available at l,
23 Pursuant to article 1(1)(b), the CISG is applicable to international sales of good, not
only when both parties have their place of business in Contracting States, but also
when the rules of international private law lead to the application of the law of a
Contracting State.
24 Germany 14 October 2002 Appellate Court Köln (Designer clothes case), accessed on
6-5-2009, available at l
57
obtained that the first partial delivery of the goods was mostly
cut badly and was unmarketable as high-quality women’s
outer garments. Almost all of the delivered goods proved
unmarketable.25 The buyer claimed for fundamental breach and
declared avoidance of contract. In this case, court interpreted
fundamental breach by looking the purpose for which goods are
bought. A fundamental breach and right of the buyer declare
contract avoidance will exist if the goods cannot be resold at all.
For example a retailer will not resell the goods with discount
price if that action will harm their own reputation because they
have specific target group of customers.
Fundamental Breach Case Law Relevance with Seller’s

Possibility to Cure
Related with interpretation of avoidance of contract,

Professor Schwenzer suggests that avoidance of contract
shall only be applied as the last resort remedy for breach of
contract, which is so fundamental and essentially deprives it
of its positive interest. This type of remedy applied in German
Federal Supreme Court 3 April 1996 NJW 1996, 2364=MDR and
Swiss Federal Supreme Court 15 September 2000(4C.105/2000)26. If
the seller have possibility to cure the goods, they have serious
offer to cure the defect such as repairing the goods or delivering
substitute in missing goods as in LG Köln 16 November 1995) that
situation cannot be considered as fundamental breach. Therefore
no avoided contract exists. It is important to place limitation on
avoidance under the CISG in the case of possibility the seller to
cure27. Specifically in case of breaching of contract under Article
25 In this case the condition of goods : the leather coat (J20735) has an armhole that is
too tight, the leather-TOP (020738) is so tight in the neckline that it cuts off the air, and
also the sizes too small and therefore corresponds to a child-size in the end.
26 Ibid, page 3
27 Ingeborg Schwenzer, The Danger of Domestic Preconceived Views With Respect to
The Uniform Interpretation of The CISG: The Question of Avoidance in The case of Non
Conforming Goods and Documents, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, page 5,
58
25 of CISG and avoidance of contract (Article 39), Professor
Schwenzer suggested that cancellation only to be a remedy of last
resort. Some scholars also emphasize to determine fundamental
breach and applying avoidance of contract court may be relevant
to consider the gravity of the seller’s breach and the consequent
of economical loss.
V. THE SOLUTION TO CREATE UNIFORMITY ON CISG

CASE LAW
differently in many court jurisdictions because they fall under

their domestic law. The great possibility to achieve the nature
goal of uniformity is by looking more and more at other court
decisions as it has applied in the Chicago Prime Packers, Inc. It is
very important for the court or the interpreter of CISG to stay in
autonomously line of the CISG itself and avoid interpreting on
the domestic legal basis. Creating harmonization in interpreting
the CISG is very important, therefore the decision makers have to
regard to case law from other countries. The source of CISG cases
law can be easily accessed through internet, currently more CISG
cases law are available in on-line system such as the UNILEX
database or through www.cisg-online.ch .
VI. CONCLUSION
The uniformity on interpreting the provisions of the CISG

including non-conformity of goods and breach of contract are
still far away from the autonomous interpretation as promoted in
Article 7 (1) of the CISG. These phenomenons were caused by the
reluctance of court to refer to other foreign court decisions and
www.austlii.org/nz/jpurnal/VUWRev/2005/37.
html
59
the influence of domestic law within the CISG interpretation. The

possible solution to create harmonization in interpreting the CISG
is by referring and having regards to the previous CISG case law
from other court jurisdiction which are more currently available
through on line system and avoid favour under domestic law.
Activity 9 :
o Read carefully the text above concerning “The Uniform
On CISG Case Law”

o
Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the

passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the
THREE answer choices that mention the most important points
in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that are not included in the passage
or are minor points from the passage.
Professor Schwenzer suggests that there are some elements
which have to be fulfilled to apply the condition of avoidance
of contract.
 ...........................................................................
 ...........................................................................
 ...........................................................................
Answer Choices
A. Related with interpretation of avoidance of contract,
avoidance of contract shall only be applied as the last resort
remedy for breach of contract, which is so fundamental and
essentially deprives it of its positive interest
B. We apply Article 39 of the CISG for the case of breaching of
contract and Article 25 of CISG for avoided of contract.
60
C. If the seller have possibility to cure the goods, they have
serious offer to cure the defect such as repairing the goods
or delivering substitute in missing goods as in LG Köln
16 November 1995) that situation cannot considered as
fundamental breach. Therefore no avoided contract exists.
D. To determine fundamental breach and applying avoided of
contract court may relevant to look the gravity of the seller’s
breach and the consequent of economical loss.
E. The contract on sale of goods fall under the form of CISG
Article 1 (1) (a), when the contract has international character,
both parties are Contracting States and whose places of
business are in different States
F. The Designer Clothes Case is an example of the case of breaching
of contract and for avoided of contract.
61
Activity 10:
Write a paragraph using legal term plaintiff,

defendant, Court and ne.
The plaintiff ................................................................................

.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
62
Activity 11

a. Plaintiff =
……………………………………................……………..
b. defendant =
…………………………..………................……………..
c. detention =
……………………………………................……………..
d. arrest =
……………………………………................……………..
e. protect =
……………………………………................……………..
f. corporate responsibility =
……………………………………................……………..
g. jurisdiction =
……………………………………................……………..
63
Activity 12 :
Write a paragraph using legal term: detention,

police, human rights abuses and court decision.
The detention of……………………………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
………………………………………...…………………..
64
Terminology and Linguistic Peculiarities1:
Terms of Art
 Terms of Art : frase-frase yang memiliki technical meaning

tersendiri ( khas dalam bahasa Inggris Hukum), bagi
kalangan lawyers dikenal dengan sebutan terms of
art. Dalam General English frase-frase tersebut jarang
dipergunakan, sehingga terminologi bahasa ini menjadi
lebih dikenal dan dimengerti oleh para penggiat hukum
 Contoh Terms of art : waiver, restraint of trade, restrictive
covenant, dan yang lainnya.
Legal English as a consequence of legal tradition rather than

usefulness
 Selain “terms of art”, dalam bahasa Inggris hukum juga
sering digunakan phrase-phrase yang mengacu pada tradisi
yang khas ( peculiar) dimana pada awalnya terminologi-
model bahasa tersebut dipergunakan. Contoh penggunaan
terminologi “ dalam tradisi penulisan kontrak.
 Kalangan yang bukan lawyers seringkali menganggap
kata-kata tersebut tidak penting dan sulit difahami oleh
mereka. Seringkali dipertanyakan mengapa harus ditulis
seperti itu, dan mengapa penulisannya berbeda dengan
bahasa Inggris pada umumnya.
 Keberadaan Linguistic Peculiarities dalam bahasa Inggris
hukum sekarang ini, lebih banyak karena pengaruh tradisi
( kekhasan) dimana model bahasa tersebut dipergunakan
dari pada tingkat kegunaannya.
 Linguistic Peculiarities seperti :
whereby, whereof, dan yang lainnya sering digunakan
1 Rupert haigh, Opcit, paage 33.
65
dalam penulisan Kontrak, Konvensi, Traktat, Undang-

Undang maupun penulisan dokumen hukum lainnya.
Contoh- contoh Linguistic Peculiarities dalam Bahasa Inggris

Hukum
Hereby = means “by this means: as a result of this”

The parties hereby declare that the duration of
contract is within 5 years.
We enclose herewith the decision of the Executive

Board meeting.
Whereof = means “of what or of which”
The Executive Boards one of the executives whereof
is an American.
Activity 13 :
 1

2002 Concerning Copyrights
(Melalui ini akan dapat dikenali penggunaan

dalam Traktat dan Undang-Undang).
66
The WTO Agreement
Scope of the WTO
related to the agreements and associated legal instruments

included in the Annexes to this Agreement.
2. The agreements and associated legal instruments included in
Trade Agreements”) are integral parts of this Agreement,

binding on all Members.
3. The agreements and associated legal instruments included
Agreements”) are also part of this Agreement for those

Members that have accepted them, and are binding on those
Members. The Plurilateral Trade Agreements do not create
them.
4. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 as specified
dated 30 October 1947, annexed to the Final Act Adopted

at the Conclusion of the Second Session of the Preparatory
67
The Act No. 19 Year 2002 Concerning

Copyrights
Part Three
Copyright to Works of Unknown Authors
(1) The State shall hold the Copyright for works from prehistoric
(2) The State shall hold the Copyright for folklores and works of
popular culture that are commonly owned, such as stories,
(3) (3) To publish or reproduce the works as referred to in paragraph
(4) Further provisions regarding Copyright that are held by the
(Footnotes)
1 World Trade Organization, 2008, The Legal Texts The Results of
theUruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Cambride
University Press, New York, page 4-5.
68
PART II
STRUCTURE
AND WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
69
Model soal dalam :
Reading Comprehension
Listening
Structure And Written Expression :
o Part A : model pertama memilih satu jawaban
yang paling tepat untuk melengkapi bagian
kalimat yang masih kosong.
o Part B : model kedua memilih atau mengidentifikasi
satu jawaban yang salah yang masih memerlukan
perbaikan agar tepat berada di kalimat atau frase
tersebut.
Model tes ini berguna untuk mengukur dan meningkatkan

kemampuan dalam menulis, khususnya mampu menulis
sesuai standard English.
Through this section we will understand the meaning of legal

term and we will be familiar to answer the questions concerning
TOEFL model. The more we learn the more we know and
understand
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION I
Part A :
Direction:
Question 1-15 are incomplete sentences. From each sentence
you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C),
and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes
the sentence. Mark your answer
71
1. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR) entered into force in 1976, there_______ 160 parties,
including the UK.
(A) is
(B) were
(C) was
(D) are
2. The Consultative Assembly has authority to __________ the

Constitution
(A) amended
(B) amend
(C) be amended
(D) changed
3. All peoples have the rights of self determination. By virtue of

that right they_______
determine their political status and freely pursue their
economic, social and cultural development.
(A) free
(B) freely
(C) freedom
(D) to free
4. ___________ have advocated the defendant at the High

Court
(A) Some lawyers
(B) A lawyer
(C) The lawyer
(D) Lawyer
72
5. In that agreement, the purchaser agree no later than twenty
days she will __________ payment from the buyer
(A) be received
(B) received
(C) receive
(D) been receive
6. The plaintiff _________ able to prove that the defendant is

guilty at the Court if he does not has enough evidence
(A) will not
(B) will not be
(C) will
(D) will be
7. According to Article 6 of the ICCPR (International Covenant

on Civil and Political Rights), every human being________
the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.
(A) has
(B) have
(C) had
(D) has to
8. She is the lawyer _____ I think should be trusted

(A) which is
(B) who is
(C) who
(D) that
9. _________ judge will decide the defendant is guilty or

innocent, it will be determined by sufficient evidents
(A) The
(B) About
(C) Whether
(D) Scientifically
73
10. Everyone _______ the right to liberty on security of person.

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention.
(A) has
(B) have
(C) had
(D) has to
11. Everyone shall have the right to _______ of thought, conscience

and religion.
(A) free
(B) freedom
(C) freely
(D) have free
12. The defendant who _______ money, using legal aid is smart
option
(C) has so few

(D) has very few
13. _______ Judicial Reform, which reformed the practice of

legal system, is essential to support democracy
(A) It is generally believed that
(B) Generally believed it is
(C) Believed generally is
(D) That is generally believed
14. International law was conceived _________ as a system of

rules governing the relations of states amongst themselves.
(A) Originally
(A) original
(C) the original
(D) has original
74
15. A seventeen year-old is not _______ to vote in an public
election
(A) old enough
(B) as old enough
(C) enough old
(D) enough old as
75
Activity 14
Read the following description of the Article 9 of

the ICCPR1.
Use the words in the box to the right of the text

to form one word that ts for gap in the text
1 Malcolm D. Evans,2007, Blackstone’s International Law Documents, Oxford University

Press, New York, page 110-111.
76
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 1
PART B :
DIRECTIONS
Each sentence is Part B has four words or phrases underlined.
The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B),
one underlined word or phrase
sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.
77
78
Part A :
Direction:
Question 1-15 are incomplete sentences. From each
sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked
(A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that
bests completes the sentence. Mark your answer
Question 1-15
1. This is the first_________ criminal case to crack down on such
(A) success
(B) successful
(C) successfully
(D) to success
2. To establish copyright infringement it is necessary _______

that the defendant has copied the plantiff ’s copyright work
for the whole or a substantial part.
(A) show
(B) to show
(C) showing
(D) showed
3. A joint investigation ____________ by the police and the

prosecutor last month
(A) has conducted
(B) have conducted
(C) conducted
(D) conducting
79
4. The plaintiff is the party who________ brough the lawsuit to

the court.
(A) original
(B) originally
(C) is original
(D) has original
5. Otherwise, defendant is the party against _______the lawsuit

has been brought.
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) who are
(D) who is
6. A court must have jurisdiction ________ a case. There are
(2) in personam, in rem, or quasi in rem jurisdiction.1

(A) to hear and decide
(B) to hear and deciding
(C) hearing and deciding
(D) hear and decide
7. A corporation is ________ personal jurisdiction in the state in

which it is incorporated
(A) subject
(B) subject to
(C) subject of
(D) to subject
1 Henry R. Cheseeman, 2000, Contemporary Business Law, Prentice Hall, New Jersery,
page 60
80
8. On December 7, 1984, the first lawsuit __________ by
American lawyers in the United States on behalf of thousands
of Indian plaintiffs related with Union Carbide Case or known
as a Bhopal Case.
(A) were filed
(B) was filed
(C) are filed
(D) was file
9. In Bhopal disaster case more than 3000 people died and more
than 200,000 people suffered injuries, some serious and ___
(A) have permanent
(B) permanent
(C) permanently
(D) has permanent
10. In 1989, the United States ________ the Berne Convention

(A) has signed
(B) signed
(C) signing
(D) have signed
11. Domain names can________. The first step in registering a

domain name is determining whether any other party already
owns the name.
(A) registered
(B) be registered
(C) register
(D) registering
81
12. Intellectual Property is an important intangible asset of

many individuals and companies. Patent, Trademark,
Copyrights and other laws ________intellectual property
from infringement.
(A) has protect
(B) protect
(C) to protect
(D) protects
it with the National Copyright Administration.

(A) distribute
(B) to distribute
(C) distributing
(D) distributed
agreements
(A) considering
(B) to concoder
(C) considered
(D) to considered
code of conduct.
(A) to cover
(B) cover
(C) covers
(D) covering
82
PART B :
DIRECTIONS
Each sentence in Part B has four words or phrases
underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence
are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identity the one
underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or
83
84
PAPER ANSWER KEY
Reading Comprehension 1 Paper Answer Key
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. A
1. A
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. A
85
1. B 11. B
2. A 12. B
3. B 13. A
4. B 14. D
5. A 15. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. B
86
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
Activity 7 Paper Answer Key
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. B
87
Activity 9, IBT Reading : A,C,D
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. A
Activity 14 Paper Answer Key
1. c
2. a
3. f
4. b
5. d
6. e
7. g
8. i
9. h
10. j
88
1. C was
2. B advocating
3. B previously
4. B decided
5. A are
6. D decide
7. A said
8. B his
9. A began
10. C but also
11. C dificulty
12. C easier
13. C more
14. B broadly
speaking
15. A concern
16. C our
17. B discussed
18. C has been
19. A promote
20. B is
21 A is
89
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. C
15. C
1. B. described
2. A -
3. C generating
4. C is
5. B definitions
6. D its
7. C traditionally
8. B theories
9. D are
10. A according to
90
PART III
LEGAL DOCUMENTS
91
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
PREAMBLE
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal

and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the
foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have
resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience
of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings
shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear
and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the
common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to
have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and
oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of
law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of
friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter
reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity
and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men
and women and have determined to promote social progress and
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to

achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion
of universal respect for and observance of human rights and
fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these
rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for
93
the full realization of this pledge, Now, therefore,

The General Assembly proclaims
This Universal Declaration of Human Rights
as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and

all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of
society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive
by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and
freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international,
to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance,
both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among
the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and
rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should
act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth
in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race,
colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national
or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of
the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country
or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent,
trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of
sovereignty.
Article 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of
person.
94
Article 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the
slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person before the law.
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to
equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the
competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental
rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or
exile.
Article 10
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public
hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the
determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him.
95
Article 11
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a
public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary
for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of
any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence,
under national or international law, at the time when it was
one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was
Article 12
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his
honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection
Article 13
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence
within the borders of each State.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his
own, and to return to his country.
Article 14
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries
asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions
genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts
contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
96
Article 15
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor
denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to
race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and
to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to
marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of
society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
Article 17
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in
association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience
and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or
belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and
in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching,
practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;
this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference
and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through
any media and regardless of frontiers.
97
Article 20
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and
association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his
country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his
country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of
government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and
genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal
suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free
voting procedures.
Article 22
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social
security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and
international co-operation and in accordance with the organization
and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural
rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of
his personality.
Article 23
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment,
to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection
against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal
pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable
remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence
worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary,
by other means of social protection.
98
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for
the protection of his interests.
Article 24
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including
reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays
with pay.
Article 25
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate
for the health and well-being of himself and of his family,
including food, clothing, housing and medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to security in the
event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood,
old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond
his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and
assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock,
shall enjoy the same social protection
Article 26
(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be
free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and
professional education shall be made generally available and
higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis
of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the
human personality and to the strengthening of respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations,
racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of
the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
99
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education

that shall be given to their children.
Article 27
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life
of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific
advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and
material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or
artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in
which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be
fully realized.
Article 29
(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the
free and full development of his personality is possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be
subject only to such limitations as are determined by law
solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect
for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the
just requirements of morality, public order and the general
welfare in a democratic society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised
contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
Article 30
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying
for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity
or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights
and freedoms set forth herein.
100
G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948)
Adopted on December 10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the
United Nations (without dissent).
101
102
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1
Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession

by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI)
of 16 December 1966
entry into force 23 March 1976, in accordance with Article 49
PREAMBLE
The States Parties to the Present Covenant,
Considering that, in accordance with the principles

proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of
the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world,
Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent
dignity of the human person,
Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings
enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and
want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby
everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his
economic, social and cultural rights,
Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the
United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance
of, human rights and freedoms,
Realizing that the individual, having duties to other
individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under
a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the
rights recognized in the present Covenant,
Agree upon the following articles:
103
PART I
Article 1
1. All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of
that right they freely determine their political status and freely
pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
2. All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of
their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to
any obligations arising out of international economic co-
operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and
international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its
own means of subsistence.
3. The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those
having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-
Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization
of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right,
in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United
Nations.
PART II
Article 2
1. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to
respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory
and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the
present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as
race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
2. Where not already provided for by existing legislative or
other measures, each State Party to the present Covenant
undertakes to take the necessary steps, in accordance with
its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the
present Covenant, to adopt such laws or other measures as
may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the
present Covenant.
104
3. Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes:
(a) to ensure that any person whose rights or freedoms as
herein recognized are violated shall have an effective
remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been
(b) to ensure that any person claiming such a remedy shall

have his right thereto determined by competent judicial,
administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other
competent authority provided for by the legal system
of the State, and to develop the possibilities of judicial
remedy;
(c) to ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce
such remedies when granted.
Article 3
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all
civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant.
Article 4
1 . In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the
nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed,
the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures
derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant
to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation,
provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their
other obligations under international law and do not involve
discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex,
language, religion or social origin.
2. No derogation from articles 6, 7, 8 (paragraphs I and 2), 11,
15, 16 and 18 may be made under this provision.
3. Any State Party to the present Covenant availing itself of the
right of derogation shall immediately inform the other States
Parties to the present Covenant, through the intermediary
105
of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, of the

provisions from which it has derogated and of the reasons
by which it was actuated. A further communication shall be
made, through the same intermediary, on the date on which
it terminates such derogation.
Article 5
1. Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as
implying for any State, group or person any right to engage
in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction
of any of the rights and freedoms recognized herein or at
their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the
present Covenant.
2. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation from any
of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in
any State Party to the present Covenant pursuant to law,
conventions, regulations or custom on the pretext that the
present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it
recognizes them to a lesser extent.
PART III
Article 6
1. Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right
shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived
of his life.
2. In countries which have not abolished the death penalty,
sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious
crimes in accordance with the law in force at the time of the
commission of the crime and not contrary to the provisions
of the present Covenant and to the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This
penalty can only be carried out pursuant to a final judgement
rendered by a competent court.
106
3. When deprivation of life constitutes the crime of genocide, it
is understood that nothing in this article shall authorize any
State Party to the present Covenant to derogate in any way
from any obligation assumed under the provisions of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide.
4. Anyone sentenced to death shall have the right to seek
pardon or commutation of the sentence. Amnesty, pardon or
commutation of the sentence of death may be granted in all
cases.
by persons below eighteen years of age and shall not be

carried out on pregnant women.
6. Nothing in this article shall be invoked to delay or to prevent
the abolition of capital punishment by any State Party to the
present Covenant.
Article 7
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall
be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific
experimentation.
Article 8
1. No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in
all their forms shall be prohibited.
2. No one shall be held in servitude.
3. (a) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory
labour;
(b) Paragraph 3 (a) shall not be held to preclude, in countries
where imprisonment with hard labour may be imposed
as a punishment for a crime, the performance of hard
labour in pursuance of a sentence to such punishment by
a competent court;
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(c) For the purpose of this paragraph the term “forced or

compulsory labour” shall not include:
(i) Any work or service, not referred to in subparagraph
(b), normally required of a person who is under
detention in consequence of a lawful order of a court,
or of a person during conditional release from such
detention;
(ii) Any service of a military character and, in countries
where conscientious objection is recognized, any
national service required by law of conscientious
objectors;
(iii) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity
threatening the life or well-being of the community;
(iv) Any work or service which forms part of normal
civil obligations.
Article 9
1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one
shall be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in
accordance with such procedure as are established by law.
2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of
arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly
informed of any charges against him.
3. Anyone arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be
brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized
by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to
trial within a reasonable time or to release. It shall not be the
general rule that persons awaiting trial shall be detained in
custody, but release may be subject to guarantees to appear
for trial, at any other stage of the judicial proceedings, and,
should occasion arise, for execution of the judgement.
4. Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention
shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order
108
that that court may decide without delay on the lawfulness
of his detention and order his release if the detention is not
lawful.
5. Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or
detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.
Article 10
1. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with
humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the
human person.
2. (a) Accused persons shall, save in exceptional circumstances,
be segregated from convicted persons and shall be subject to
separate treatment appropriate to their status as unconvicted
persons;
(b) Accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults
and brought as speedily as possible for adjudication.
3. The penitentiary system shall comprise treatment of prisoners
the essential aim of which shall be their reformation and
social rehabilitation. Juvenile offenders shall be segregated
from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their
age and legal status.
Article 11
No one shall be imprisoned merely on the ground of inability
to fulfil a contractual obligation.
Article 12
1. Everyone lawfully within the territory of a State shall, within
that territory, have the right to liberty of movement and
freedom to choose his residence.
2. Everyone shall be free to leave any country, including his
own.
3. The above-mentioned rights shall not be subject to any
restrictions except those which are provided by law, are
109
necessary to protect national security, public order (ordre

public), public health or morals or the rights and freedoms of
others, and are consistent with the other rights recognized in
the present Covenant.
4. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of the right to enter his
own country.
Article 13
An alien lawfully in the territory of a State Party to the
present Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance
of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall, except
where compelling reasons of national security otherwise require,
be allowed to submit the reasons against his expulsion and to
have his case reviewed by, and be represented for the purpose
before, the competent authority or a person or persons especially
designated by the competent authority.
Article 14
1. All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals.
In the determination of any criminal charge against him,
or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone
shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent,
independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The
press and the public may be excluded from all or part of a trial
for reasons of morals, public order (ordre public) or national
security in a democratic society, or when the interest of the
private lives of the parties so requires, or to the extent strictly
necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances
where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice; but
any judgement rendered in a criminal case or in a suit at law
shall be made public except where the interest of juvenile
persons otherwise requires or the proceedings concern
matrimonial disputes or the guardianship of children.
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2. Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right
to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to
law.
3. In the determination of any criminal charge against him,
everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum
guarantees, in full equality:
(a) to be informed promptly and in detail in a language
which he understands of the nature and cause of the
charge against him;
(b) to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation
of his defence and to communicate with counsel of his
own choosing;
(c) to be tried without undue delay;
(d) To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in
person or through legal assistance of his own choosing;
to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of
this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him,
in any case where the interests of justice so require, and
without payment by him in any such case if he does not
have sufficient means to pay for it;
(e) to examine, or have examined, the witnesses against
witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as

witnesses against him;
(f) to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot
understand or speak the language used in court;
(g) not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess
guilt.
4. In the case of juvenile persons, the procedure shall be such as
will take account of their age and the desirability of promoting
their rehabilitation.
5. Everyone convicted of a crime shall have the right to his
conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal
according to law.
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6. When a person has by a final decision been convicted of a

criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has
been reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that
a new or newly discovered fact shows conclusively that
there has been a miscarriage of justice, the person who has
suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be
compensated according to law, unless it is proved that the
non-disclosure of the unknown fact in time is wholly or
7. No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an

offence for which he has already been finally convicted or
each country.
Article 15
1 . No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on
account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
criminal offence, under national or international law, at the
imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when
commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the

imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit
thereby.
2. Nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment
of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when
principles of law recognized by the community of nations.
Article 16
Everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as
a person before the law.
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Article 17
1. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference
with his privacy, family, or correspondence, nor to unlawful
2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against
Article 18
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom
to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and
freedom, either individually or in community with others
and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in
worship, observance, practice and teaching.
2. No one shall be subject to coercion which would impair his
freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice.
3. Freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs may be subject
only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are
necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or
the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
4. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have
respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal
guardians to ensure the religious and moral education of
their children in conformity with their own convictions.
Article 19
1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without
interference.
2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression;
this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers,
either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or
through any other media of his choice.
113
3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of

this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities.
It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these
shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order
(ordre public), or of public health or morals.
Article 20
1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.
2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that
constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence
shall be prohibited by law.
Article 21
The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No
restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than
those imposed in conformity with the law and which are necessary
in a democratic society in the interests of national security or
public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public
health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of
others.
Article 22
1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with
others, including the right to form and join trade unions for
the protection of his interests.
2. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right
other than those which are prescribed by law and which are
necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national
security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the
protection of public health or morals or the protection of the
rights and freedoms of others. This article shall not prevent
the imposition of lawful restrictions on members of the armed
114
forces and of the police in their exercise of this right.
3. Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the
International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948
concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the
Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would
prejudice, or to apply the law in such a manner as to prejudice,
the guarantees provided for in that Convention.
Article 23
1. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of
society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
2. The right of men and women of marriageable age to marry
and to found a family shall be recognized.
3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.
4. States Parties to the present Covenant shall take appropriate
steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of
spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
In the case of dissolution, provision shall be made for the
necessary protection of any children.
Article 24
1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to
race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origin,
property or birth, the right to such measures of protection
as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his
family, society and the State.
shall have a name.

3. Every child has the right to acquire a nationality.
115
Article 25
Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity,
without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without
unreasonable restrictions:
(a) to take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through
freely chosen representatives;
(b) to vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which
shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by
secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of
the electors;
(c) to have access, on general terms of equality, to public service
in his country.
Article 26
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled
without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law.
In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and
guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against
discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.
Article 27
In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic
minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be
denied the right, in community with the other members of their
group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their
own religion, or to use their own language.
PART IV
Article 28
116
It shall consist of eighteen members and shall
Parties to the present Covenant who shall be persons of high

moral character and recognized competence in the field of
human rights, consideration being given to the usefulness of
the participation of some persons having legal experience.
serve in their personal capacity.
Article 29
ballot from a list of persons possessing the qualifications

prescribed in article 28 and nominated for the purpose by
the States Parties to the present Covenant.
2. Each State Party to the present Covenant may nominate not
more than two persons. These persons shall be nationals of
the nominating State.
3. A person shall be eligible for renomination.
Article 30
the date of the entry into force of the present Covenant.

2. At least four months before the date of each election to the
in accordance with article 34, the Secretary-General of the
Parties to the present Covenant to submit their nominations
3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a

list in alphabetical order of all the persons thus nominated,
with an indication of the States Parties which have nominated
them, and shall submit it to the States Parties to the present
Covenant no later than one month before the date of each
election.
117
at a meeting of the States Parties to the present Covenant

convened by the Secretary General of the United Nations
at the Headquarters of the United Nations. At that meeting,
for which two thirds of the States Parties to the present
Covenant shall constitute a quorum, the persons elected
largest number of votes and an absolute majority of the votes

of the representatives of States Parties present and voting.
Article 31
the same State.
to equitable geographical distribution of membership and to

the representation of the different forms of civilization and of
the principal legal systems.
Article 32
four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated.

However, the terms of nine of the members elected at the
first election shall expire at the end of two years; immediately
be chosen by lot by the Chairman of the meeting referred to

in article 30, paragraph 4.
2. Elections at the expiry of office shall be held in accordance with
the preceding articles of this part of the present Covenant.
Article 33
1. If, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, a member
any cause other than absence of a temporary character,
118
General of the United Nations, who shall then declare the
seat of that member to be vacant.
2. In the event of the death or the resignation of a member of
Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall declare

the seat vacant from the date of death or the date on which
the resignation takes effect.
Article 34
1. When a vacancy is declared in accordance with article 33 and
if the term of office of the member to be replaced does not
expire within six months of the declaration of the vacancy,
the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall notify each
of the States Parties to the present Covenant, which may
within two months submit nominations in accordance with
article 29 for the purpose of filling the vacancy.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall prepare a
list in alphabetical order of the persons thus nominated and
shall submit it to the States Parties to the present Covenant.
The election to fill the vacancy shall then take place in
accordance with the relevant provisions of this part of the
present Covenant.
declared in accordance with article 33 shall hold office for the

remainder of the term of the member who vacated the seat
Article 35
the General Assembly of the United Nations, receive emoluments

from United Nations resources on such terms and conditions as the
General Assembly may decide, having regard to the importance
119
Article 36
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide
the necessary staff and facilities for the effective performance of
Article 37
1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene
the United Nations.
times as shall be provided in its rules of procedure.
of the United Nations or at the United Nations Office at

Geneva.
Article 38
perform his functions impartially and conscientiously.
Article 39
They may be re-elected.
these rules shall provide, inter alia, that:

(a) Twelve members shall constitute a quorum;
vote of the members present.
Article 40
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to
submit reports on the measures they have adopted which
give effect to the rights recognized herein and on the progress
made in the enjoyment of those rights: (a) Within one year of
120
the entry into force of the present Covenant for the States
Parties concerned;
for consideration. Reports shall indicate the factors and

difficulties, if any, affecting the implementation of the present
Covenant.
agencies concerned copies of such parts of the reports as may

fall within their field of competence.
Parties to the present Covenant. It shall transmit its reports,

and such general comments as it may consider appropriate,
Economic and Social Council these comments along with the

copies of the reports it has received from States Parties to the
present Covenant.
5. The States Parties to the present Covenant may submit to the
in accordance with paragraph 4 of this article.
Article 41
1. A State Party to the present Covenant may at any time
declare under this article that it recognizes the competence
to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party
is not fulfilling its obligations under the present Covenant.
Communications under this article may be received and
a declaration recognizing in regard to itself the competence of
121
such a declaration. Communications received under this

article shall be dealt with in accordance with the following
procedure:
(a) If a State Party to the present Covenant considers that
another State Party is not giving effect to the provisions of
the receiving State shall afford the State which sent the
communication an explanation, or any other statement
the extent possible and pertinent, reference to domestic

procedures and remedies taken, pending, or available in
receipt by the receiving State of the initial communication,
other State;
in conformity with the generally recognized principles

of international law. This shall not be the rule where the
application of the remedies is unreasonably prolonged;
examining communications under this article;

(e) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (c), the
States Parties concerned with a view to a friendly solution
and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the present

Covenant;
122
the States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph
(b), to supply any relevant information;
(g) The States Parties concerned, referred to in subparagraph
(b), shall have the right to be represented when the
submissions orally and/or in writing;
date of receipt of notice under sub paragraph (b), submit

a report:
(i) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is
statement of the facts and of the solution reached;

(ii) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (e) is
and record of the oral submissions made by the States
the States Parties concerned.

2. The provisions of this article shall come into force when ten
States Parties to the present Covenant have made declarations
under paragraph I of this article. Such declarations shall be
deposited by the States Parties with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to
the other States Parties. A declaration may be withdrawn
at any time by notification to the Secretary-General. Such
a withdrawal shall not prejudice the consideration of any
of withdrawal of the declaration has been received by the

Secretary-General, unless the State Party concerned has made
a new declaration.
123
Article 42
article 41 is not resolved to the satisfaction of the States Parties
the States Parties concerned, appoint an ad hoc Conciliation
The good offices of the Commission shall be made available

to the States Parties concerned with a view to an amicable
Covenant;
(b) The Commission shall consist of five persons acceptable
to the States Parties concerned. If the States Parties concerned
fail to reach agreement within three months on all or part
of the composition of the Commission, the members of the
Commission concerning whom no agreement has been
reached shall be elected by secret ballot by a two-thirds
2. The members of the Commission shall serve in their personal

capacity. They shall not be nationals of the States Parties
concerned, or of a State not Party to the present Covenant,
or of a State Party which has not made a declaration under
article 41.
3. The Commission shall elect its own Chairman and adopt its
own rules of procedure.
4. The meetings of the Commission shall normally be held at
the Headquarters of the United Nations or at the United
Nations Office at Geneva. However, they may be held at such
other convenient places as the Commission may determine
in consultation with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations and the States Parties concerned.
5. The secretariat provided in accordance with article 36 shall
also service the commissions appointed under this article.
be made available to the Commission and the Commission
124
may call upon the States Parties concerned to supply any
other relevant information.
concerned:
(a) If the Commission is unable to complete its consideration
report to a brief statement of the status of its consideration
for human rights as recognized in the present Covenant

is reached, the Commission shall confine its report to a
brief statement of the facts and of the solution reached;
(c) If a solution within the terms of subparagraph (b) is
not reached, the Commission’s report shall embody its
findings on all questions of fact relevant to the issues
between the States Parties concerned, and its views on
and a record of the oral submissions made by the States

Parties concerned;
subparagraph (c), the States Parties concerned shall,

within three months of the receipt of the report, notify
accept the contents of the report of the Commission.

8. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the
9. The States Parties concerned shall share equally all the

expenses of the members of the Commission in accordance
with estimates to be provided by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
125
10. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be

empowered to pay the expenses of the members of the
Commission, if necessary, before reimbursement by the
States Parties concerned, in accordance with paragraph 9 of
this article.
Article 43
commissions which may be appointed under article 42, shall be

entitled to the facilities, privileges and immunities of experts
on mission for the United Nations as laid down in the relevant
sections of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of
the United Nations.
Article 44
The provisions for the implementation of the present
Covenant shall apply without prejudice to the procedures
prescribed in the field of human rights by or under the constituent
instruments and the conventions of the United Nations and of the
specialized agencies and shall not prevent the States Parties to
the present Covenant from having recourse to other procedures
international agreements in force between them.
Article 45
United Nations, through the Economic and Social Council, an

annual report on its activities.
PART V
Article 46
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations
126
and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which define
the respective responsibilities of the various organs of the United
dealt with in the present Covenant.
Article 47
Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as
impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize
fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.
PART VI
Article 48
1. The present Covenant is open for signature by any State
Member of the United Nations or member of any of its
specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, and by any other State which
has been invited by the General Assembly of the United
Nations to become a Party to the present Covenant.
2. The present Covenant is subject to ratification. Instruments
of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations.
3. The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State
referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.
4. Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of
accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
5. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all
States which have signed this Covenant or acceded to it of
the deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 49
1. The present Covenant shall enter into force three months
United Nations of the thirty-fi

instrument of accession.
127
2. For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to
or instrument of accession, the present Covenant shall enter
own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.
Article 50
The provisions of the present Covenant shall extend to all
parts of federal States without any limitations or exceptions.
Article 51
1. Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an
amendment and file it with the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. The Secretary-General of the United Nations
shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to
the States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that
they notify him whether they favour a conference of States
Parties for the purpose of considering and voting upon the
proposals. In the event that at least one third of the States
Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General
shall convene the conference under the auspices of the
United Nations. Any amendment adopted by a majority of
the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall
for approval.
2. Amendments shall come into force when they have been
approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations
and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States Parties
to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective
constitutional processes. 3. When amendments come into
force, they shall be binding on those States Parties which
have accepted them, other States Parties still being bound
by the provisions of the present Covenant and any earlier
amendment which they have accepted.
128
Article 52
1. Irrespective of the notifications made under article 48,
paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations
shall inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same
article of the following particulars:
(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 48;
(b) The date of the entry into force of the present Covenant
under article 49 and the date of the entry into force of
any amendments under article 51.
Article 53
1. The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French,
Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit
certified copies of the present Covenant to all States referred
to in article 48.
129
130
MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
The Parties to this Agreement,
Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and

economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising
standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and
steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand,
and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services,
while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in
accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking
both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the
means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective
needs and concerns at different levels of economic development,
Recognizing further that there is need for positive efforts
designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially
the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth
in international trade commensurate with the needs of their
economic development, Being desirous of contributing to these
objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous
arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and
other barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory
treatment in international trade relations, Resolved, therefore,
to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral
trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade, the results of past trade liberalization efforts, and
all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade
Negotiations, Determined to preserve the basic principles and
to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading
system,
131
Agree as follows:
Article I
Establishment of the Organization
WTO”) is hereby established.
Article II
Scope of the WTO
1. The WTO shall provide the common institutional framework
for the conduct of trade relations among its Members in
instruments included in the Annexes to this Agreement.

Trade Agreements”) are integral parts of this Agreement,

binding on all Members.
Agreements”) are also part of this Agreement for those

Members that have accepted them, and are binding on
those Members. The Plurilateral Trade Agreements do not
create either obligations or rights for Members that have not
accepted them.
4. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 as specified
legally distinct from the General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade, dated 30 October 1947, annexed to the Final Act
Adopted at the Conclusion of the Second Session of the
Trade and Employment, as subsequently rectified, amended
132
Article III
Functions of the WTO
1. The WTO shall facilitate the implementation, administration
and operation, and further the objectives, of this Agreement
and of the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and shall also
provide the framework for the implementation, administration
and operation of the Plurilateral Trade Agreements.
2. The WTO shall provide the forum for negotiations among
its Members concerning their multilateral trade relations
to this Agreement. The WTO may also provide a forum

for further negotiations among its Members concerning
their multilateral trade relations, and a framework for the
implementation of the results of such negotiations, as may
be decided by the Ministerial Conference.
3. The WTO shall administer the Understanding on Rules and
“DSU”) in Annex 2 to this Agreement.

4. The WTO shall administer the Trade Policy Review
for in Annex 3 to this Agreement.

5. With a view to achieving greater coherence in global economic
policy-making, the WTO shall cooperate, as appropriate, with
the International Monetary Fund and with the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated
agencies.
Article IV
Structure of the WTO
1. There shall be a Ministerial Conference composed of
representatives of all the Members, which shall meet at least
once every two years. The Ministerial Conference shall carry
out the functions of the WTO and take actions necessary
133
to this effect. The Ministerial Conference shall have the
Multilateral Trade Agreements, if so requested by a Member,

in accordance with the specific requirements for decision-
making in this Agreement and in the relevant Multilateral
Trade Agreement.
2. There shall be a General Council composed of representatives
of all the Members, which shall meet as appropriate. In the
intervals between meetings of the Ministerial Conference,
its functions shall be conducted by the General Council. The
General Council shall also carry out the functions assigned to
it by this Agreement. The General Council shall establish its
rules of procedure and approve the rules of procedure for the
3. The General Council shall convene as appropriate to
shall establish such rules of procedure as it deems necessary

for the fulfilment of those responsibilities.
4. The General Council shall convene as appropriate to
discharge the responsibilities of the Trade Policy Review
Body provided for in the TPRM. The Trade Policy Review
Body may have its own chairman and shall establish such
rules of procedure as it deems necessary for the fulfilment of
those responsibilities.
5. There shall be a Council for Trade in Goods, a Council for
Trade in Services and a Council for Trade-Related Aspects
“Council for TRIPS”), which shall operate under the general

guidance of the General Council. The Council for Trade in
Goods shall oversee the functioning of the Multilateral Trade
Agreements in Annex 1A. The Council for Trade in Services
shall oversee the functioning of the General Agreement
134
The Council for TRIPS shall oversee the functioning of the
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
These Councils shall carry out the functions assigned to them

by their respective agreements and by the General Council.
They shall establish their respective rules of procedure subject
to the approval of the General Council. Membership in these
Councils shall be open to representatives of all Members.
These Councils shall meet as necessary to carry out their
functions.
6. The Council for Trade in Goods, the Council for Trade in
Services and the Council for TRIPS shall establish subsidiary
bodies as required. These subsidiary bodies shall establish
their respective rules of procedure subject to the approval of
their respective Councils.
and Administration, which shall carry out the functions

assigned to them by this Agreement and by the Multilateral
Trade Agreements, and any additional functions assigned
to them by the General Council, and may establish such
Trade and Development shall periodically review the special

provisions in the Multilateral Trade Agreements in favour
of the least-developed country Members and report to the
General Council for appropriate action. Membership in these
8. The bodies provided for under the Plurilateral Trade

Agreements shall carry out the functions assigned to them
under those Agreements and shall operate within the
institutional framework of the WTO. These bodies shall keep
135
the General Council informed of their activities on a regular

basis.
Article V
Relations with Other Organizations
1. The General Council shall make appropriate arrangements
for effective cooperation with other intergovernmental
organizations that have responsibilities related to those of
the WTO.
2. The General Council may make appropriate arrangements
for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental
WTO.
Article VI
The Secretariat
to as “the Secretariat”) headed by a Director-General.

2. The Ministerial Conference shall appoint the Director-
conditions of service and term of office of the Director-

General.
3. The Director-General shall appoint the members of the staff
of the Secretariat and determine their duties and conditions
of service in accordance with regulations adopted by the
Ministerial Conference.
4. The responsibilities of the Director-General and of the staff of
the Secretariat shall be exclusively international in character.
In the discharge of their duties, the Director-General and the
staff of the Secretariat shall not seek or accept instructions
from any government or any other authority external to
the WTO. They shall refrain from any action which might
adversely reflect on their position as international officials.
The Members of the WTO shall respect the international
136
character of the responsibilities of the Director-General and
of the staff of the Secretariat and shall not seek to influence
them in the discharge of their duties.
Article VII
Budget and Contributions
Budget, Finance and Administration the annual budget
on Budget, Finance and Administration shall review the

annual budget estimate and the financial statement presented
by the Director-General and make recommendations thereon
to the General Council. The annual budget estimate shall be
subject to approval by the General Council.
propose to the General Council financial regulations which
(a) the scale of contributions apportioning the expenses of

the WTO among its Members;and
(b) the measures to be taken in respect of Members in
arrears.
The financial regulations shall be based, as far as practicable,
on the regulations and practices of GATT 1947.
3. The General Council shall adopt the financial regulations
and the annual budget estimate by a two-thirds majority
comprising more than half of the Members of the WTO.
4. Each Member shall promptly contribute to the WTO its share
in the expenses of the WTO in accordance with the financial
regulations adopted by the General Council.
137
Article VIII
Status of the WTO
1. The WTO shall have legal personality, and shall be accorded
by each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary
for the exercise of its functions.
2. The WTO shall be accorded by each of its Members such
privileges and immunities as are necessary for the exercise of
its functions.
3. The officials of the WTO and the representatives of the
Members shall similarly be accorded by each of its Members
such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the
independent exercise of their functions in connection with
the WTO.
4. The privileges and immunities to be accorded by a Member to
the WTO, its officials, and the representatives of its Members
shall be similar to the privileges and immunities stipulated
in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the
Specialized Agencies, approved by the General Assembly of
the United Nations on 21 November 1947.
6. The WTO may conclude a headquarters agreement.
Article IX
Decision-Making
1. The WTO shall continue the practice of decision-making by
consensus followed underGATT 1947.1 Except as otherwise
provided, where a decision cannot be arrived at by consensus,
of the Ministerial Conference and the General Council,

each Member of the WTO shall have one vote. Where the
European Communities exercise their right to vote, they
shall have a number of votes equal to the number of their
member States2 which are Members of the WTO. Decisions
of the Ministerial Conference and the General Council shall
be taken by a majority of the votes cast, unless otherwise
138
provided in this Agreement or in the relevant Multilateral
Trade Agreement.3
2. The Ministerial Conference and the General Council shall
have the exclusive authority to adopt interpretations of this
Agreement and of the Multilateral Trade Agreements. In the
case of an interpretation of a Multilateral Trade Agreement
in Annex 1, they shall exercise their authority on the basis of
a recommendation by the Council overseeing the functioning
of that Agreement. The decision to adopt an interpretation
shall be taken by a three-fourths majority of the Members.
This paragraph shall not be used in a manner that would
undermine the amendment provisions in Article X.
3. In exceptional circumstances, the Ministerial Conference
may decide to waive an obligation imposed on a Member by
this Agreement or any of the Multilateral Trade Agreements,
provided that any such decision shall be taken by three
fourths4 of the Members unless otherwise provided for in
this paragraph.
a. A request for a waiver concerning this Agreement
consideration pursuant to the practice of decision-

making by consensus. The Ministerial Conference shall
establish a time-period, which shall not exceed 90 days,
to consider the request. If consensus is not reached
during the time-period, any decision to grant a waiver
shall be taken by three fourths4 of the Members.
1). The body concerned shall be deemed to have
consideration, if no Member, present at the meeting

when the decision is taken, formally objects to the
proposed decision.
2). The number of votes of the European Communities
and their member States shall in no case exceed
the number of the member States of the European
Communities.
139
3). Decisions by the General Council when convened
in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 4 of
4). A decision to grant a waiver in respect of any

obligation subject to a transition period or a period for
staged implementation that the requesting Member
has not performed by the end of the relevant period
shall be taken only by consensus.
(b) A request for a waiver concerning the Multilateral Trade
Agreements in Annexes 1A or 1B or 1C and their annexes
Goods, the Council for Trade in Services or the Council

for TRIPS, respectively, for consideration during a time-
period which shall not exceed 90 days. At the end of the
time-period, the relevant Council shall submit a report
to the Ministerial Conference.
4. A decision by the Ministerial Conference granting a waiver
shall state the exceptional circumstances justifying the
decision, the terms and conditions governing the application
of the waiver, and the date on which the waiver shall
terminate. Any waiver granted for a period of more than
one year shall be reviewed by the Ministerial Conference
annually until the waiver terminates. In each review, the

Ministerial Conference shall examine whether the exceptional
circumstances justifying the waiver still exist and whether
met. The Ministerial Conference, on the basis of the annual

review, may extend, modify or terminate the waiver.
5. Decisions under a Plurilateral Trade Agreement, including
any decisions on interpretations and waivers, shall be
governed by the provisions of that Agreement.
140
Article X
Amendments
1. Any Member of the WTO may initiate a proposal to amend
the provisions of this Agreement or the Multilateral Trade
Ministerial Conference. The Councils listed in paragraph 5

of Article IV may also submit to the Ministerial Conference
proposals to amend the provisions of the corresponding
Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annex 1 the functioning of
which they oversee. Unless the Ministerial Conference decides
has been tabled formally at the Ministerial Conference any

decision by the Ministerial Conference to submit the proposed
amendment to the Members for acceptance shall be taken
by consensus. Unless the provisions of paragraphs 2, 5 or 6
apply, that decision shall specify whether the provisions of
paragraphs 3 or 4 shall apply. If consensus is reached, the
Ministerial Conference shall forthwith submit the proposed
amendment to the Members for acceptance. If consensus is not
reached at a meeting of the Ministerial Conference within the
established period, the Ministerial Conference shall decide
by a two-thirds majority of the Members whether to submit
the proposed amendment to the Members for acceptance.
Except as provided in paragraphs 2, 5 and 6, the provisions
of paragraph 3 shall apply to the proposed amendment,
unless the Ministerial Conference decides by a three-fourths
majority of the Members that the provisions of paragraph 4
shall apply.
2. Amendments to the provisions of this Article and to the
provisions of the following Articles shall take effect only
upon acceptance by all Members:Article IX of this Agreement;
Articles I and II of GATT 1994; Article II:1 of GATS; Article 4
of the Agreement on TRIPS.
141
3. Amendments to provisions of this Agreement, or of the

Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annexes 1A and 1C, other
than those listed in paragraphs 2 and 6, of a nature that
would alter the rights and obligations of the Members, shall
take effect for the Members that have accepted them upon
each other Member upon acceptance by it. The Ministerial

Conference may decide by a three-fourths majority of the
Members that any amendment made effective under this
paragraph is of such a nature that any Member which has
not accepted it within a period specified by the Ministerial
Conference in each case shall be free to withdraw from
the WTO or to remain a Member with the consent of the
Ministerial Conference.
4. Amendments to provisions of this Agreement or of the
Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annexes 1A and 1C, other
than those listed in paragraphs 2 and 6, of a nature that would
not alter the rights and obligations of the Members, shall take
effect for all Members upon acceptance by two thirds of the
Members.
5. Except as provided in paragraph 2 above, amendments to
Parts I, II and III of GATS and the respective annexes shall
take effect for the Members that have accepted them upon
for each Member upon acceptance by it. The Ministerial

Conference may decide by a three-fourths majority of the
Members that any amendment made effective under the
preceding provision is of such a nature that any Member
which has not accepted it within a period specified by the
Ministerial Conference in each case shall be free to withdraw
from the WTO or to remain a Member with the consent of
the Ministerial Conference. Amendments to Parts IV, V and
VI of GATS and the respective annexes shall take effect for all
Members upon acceptance by two thirds of the Members.
142
6. Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Article,
amendments to the Agreement on TRIPS meeting the
requirements of paragraph 2 of Article 71 thereof may be
adopted by the Ministerial Conference without further formal
acceptance process. Any Member accepting an amendment
to this Agreement or to a Multilateral Trade Agreement in
Annex 1 shall deposit an instrument of acceptance with the
Director-General of the WTO within the period of acceptance
specified by the Ministerial Conference.
7. Any Member of the WTO may initiate a proposal to amend
the provisions of the Multilateral
proposal to the Ministerial Conference. The decision to

approve amendments to the Multilateral Trade Agreement in
Annex 2 shall be made by consensus and these amendments
shall take effect for all Members upon approval by the
Ministerial Conference. Decisions to approve amendments
to the Multilateral Trade Agreement in Annex 3 shall take
effect for all Members upon approval by the Ministerial
Conference.
9. The Ministerial Conference, upon the request of the Members
parties to a trade agreement, may decide exclusively by
consensus to add that agreement to Annex 4. The Ministerial
Conference, upon the request of the Members parties to a
Plurilateral Trade Agreement, may decide to delete that
Agreement from Annex 4.10. Amendments to a Plurilateral
Trade Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that
Agreement.
143
Article XI
Original Membership
1. The contracting parties to GATT 1947 as of the date of entry
into force of this Agreement, and the European Communities,
which accept this Agreement and the Multilateral Trade
Agreements and for which Schedules of Concessions and
Commitments are annexed to GATT 1994 and for which
Schedules of Specific Commitments are annexed to GATS
shall become original Members of the WTO.
2. The least-developed countries recognized as such by
the United Nations will only be required to undertake
commitments and concessions to the extent consistent with
their individual development, financial and trade needs or
their administrative and institutional capabilities.
Article XII
Accession
1. Any State or separate customs territory possessing full
autonomy in the conduct of its external commercial relations
and the Multilateral Trade Agreements may accede to

this Agreement, on terms to be agreed between it and the
WTO. Such accession shall apply to this Agreement and the
Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed thereto.
2. Decisions on accession shall be taken by the Ministerial
Conference. The Ministerial Conference shall approve the
agreement on the terms of accession by a two-thirds majority
of the Members of the WTO.
3. Accession to a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall be governed
by the provisions of that Agreement.
144
Article XIII
Non-Application of Multilateral Trade Agreements
between Particular Members
1. This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements in
Annexes 1 and 2 shall not apply as between any Member and
any other Member if either of the Members, at the time either
becomes a Member, does not consent to such application.
2. Paragraph 1 may be invoked between original Members of
the WTO which were contracting parties to GATT 1947 only
where Article XXXV of that Agreement had been invoked
earlier and was effective as between those contracting parties
at the time of entry into force for them of this Agreement.
3. Paragraph 1 shall apply between a Member and another
Member which has acceded under Article XII only if the
Member not consenting to the application has so notified the
Ministerial Conference before the approval of the agreement
on the terms of accession by the Ministerial Conference.
4. The Ministerial Conference may review the operation of this
Article in particular cases at the request of any Member and
make appropriate recommendations.
5. Non-application of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement between
parties to that Agreement shall be governed by the provisions
of that Agreement.
Article XIV
Acceptance, Entry into Force and Deposit
1. This Agreement shall be open for acceptance, by signature
or otherwise, by contracting parties to GATT 1947, and the
European Communities, which are eligible to become original
Members of the WTO in accordance with Article XI of this
Agreement. Such acceptance shall apply to this Agreement
and the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed hereto. This
Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements annexed
hereto shall enter into force on the date determined by
145
Ministers in accordance with paragraph 3 of the Final Act

Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral
Trade Negotiations and shall remain open for acceptance for
a period of two years following that date unless the Ministers
decide otherwise. An acceptance following the entry into
force of this Agreement shall enter into force on the 30th day
following the date of such acceptance.
force shall implement those concessions and obligations in

the Multilateral Trade Agreements that are to be implemented
over a period of time starting with the entry into force of this
Agreement as if it had accepted this Agreement on the date
of its entry into force.
3. Until the entry into force of this Agreement, the text of this
Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements shall be
deposited with the Director-General to the CONTRACTING
PARTIES to GATT 1947. The Director-General shall
promptly furnish a certified true copy of this Agreement
and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and a notification
of each acceptance thereof, to each government and the
European Communities having accepted this Agreement.
This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements, and
any amendments thereto, shall, upon the entry into force of
this Agreement, be deposited with the Director-General of
the WTO.
4. The acceptance and entry into force of a Plurilateral Trade
Agreement shall be governed by the provisions of that
Agreement. Such Agreements shall be deposited with the
Director-General to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT
1947. Upon the entry into force of this Agreement, such
Agreements shall be deposited with the Director-General of
the WTO.
146
Article XV
Withdrawal
1. Any Member may withdraw from this Agreement. Such
withdrawal shall apply both to this Agreement and the
Multilateral Trade Agreements and shall take effect upon
notice of withdrawal is received by the Director-General of

the WTO.
2. Withdrawal from a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall be
governed by the provisions of that Agreement.
Article XVI
Miscellaneous Provisions
1. Except as otherwise provided under this Agreement or the
Multilateral Trade Agreements, the WTO shall be guided by
the decisions, procedures and customary practices followed
by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 and the
bodies established in the framework of GATT 1947.
2. To the extent practicable, the Secretariat of GATT 1947 shall
become the Secretariat of the WTO, and the Director-General
to the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947, until such
time as the Ministerial Conference has appointed a Director-
General in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article VI of this
Agreement, shall serve as Director-General of the WTO.
3. 3. In the event of a conflict between a provision of this
Agreement and a provision of any of the Multilateral Trade
Agreements, the provision of this Agreement shall prevail to
the extent of the conflict.
4. Each Member shall ensure the conformity of its laws,
regulations and administrative procedures with its obligations
as provided in the annexed Agreements.
5. No reservations may be made in respect of any provision of this
Agreement. Reservations in respect of any of the provisions
of the Multilateral Trade Agreements may only be made to
147
the extent provided for in those Agreements. Reservations in

respect of a provision of a Plurilateral Trade Agreement shall
be governed by the provisions of that Agreement.
6. This Agreement shall be registered in accordance with
the provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United
thousand nine hundred and ninety-four, in a single copy,

in the English, French and Spanish languages, each text
being authentic. Explanatory Notes: The terms “country” or
“countries” as used in this Agreement and the Multilateral
Trade Agreements are to be understood to include any
separate customs territory Member of the WTO. In the
case of a separate customs territory Member of the WTO,
where an expression in this Agreement and the Multilateral
Trade Agreements is qualified by the term “national”,
such expression shall be read as pertaining to that customs
territory, unless otherwise specified.
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 1A: Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
Agreement on Agriculture
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures
Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
Agreement on Preshipment Inspection
148
Agreement on Rules of Origin
Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
Agreement on Safeguards
ANNEX 1B: General Agreement on Trade in Services and
Annexes
ANNEX 1C: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights
ANNEX 2
of Disputes
ANNEX 3
Trade Policy Review Mechanism
ANNEX 4
Plurilateral Trade Agreements
Agreement on Government Procurement

International Dairy Agreement
International Bovine Meat Agreement
149
150
LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
NUMBER 19 YEAR 2002

REGARDING
COPYRIGHT1
WITH THE MERCY OF GOD ALMIGHlY

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA,
Considering:
a. that Indonesia is a country which has diversity of ethnics/
tribes and culture as well as wealth in the field of arts
for the intellectual property origin nating from the

diversity;
b. that Indonesia has become a member of several
conventions/ international agreements in the field of
intellectual property rights in general, and particularly in
the field of Copyright, which needs further manifestation
in its national legal system
c. that the development in the field of trade, indus try,
and investment has grown so rapidly so that it needs
improvement on the protection for Authors and Owners
of Related Rights by considering the interest of the public
in general;
d. that by taking into account the experiences in
implementing the existing Copyright Law, it is necessary
to enact a new Copyright Law to replace Law no. 6 of
1982 on Copyright as amended by Law no. 7 of 1987, and
lastly by Law no. 12 of 1997;
e. that based on the considerations mentioned in points
a, b, c and d, Lawon Copyright is needed.
1 Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 19 Year 2002 Concerning Copyrights, taken
from f,
151
In view of:
i. Article 5 paragraph (1), Article 20 paragraph (1) and Article
28 C paragraph (1), and Article 33 of the Constitution of
1945;
ii. Law number 7 of 1994 regarding the Ratification of the
Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization,
no. 3564);
With the approval of

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
REPUBLICINDONESIA
DECIDES
to enact: LAW on COPYRIGHT
CHAPTERI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
1. Copyright shall mean an exclusive right for an Author or the

recipient of the right to publish or reproduce his Work or to
grant permission for said purposes, without decreasing the
limits according to the prevailing laws and regulations.
2. Author shall mean a person or several persons jointly
upon whose inspiration a Work is produced, based on the
intellectual ability, imagination, dexterity, skill or expertise
manifested in a distinctive form and is of a personal nature.
3. Work shall mean any result of works of an Author, which
shows originality in the field of science, arts and literature.
4. Copyright Holder shall mean the Author as the Owner of
the Copyright, or any person who receives the right from the
Author, or any other person who subsequently receives the
right from the aforesaid person.
152
5. Publication shall mean the reading, broadcasting, exhibition,
sale, distribution or dissemination of a Work, by utilising
whatever means including the Internet, or by any manner so
that such Work is capable of being read, heard or seen by any
other person.
6. Reproduction means to increase the number of a Work,
either as a whole or its substantial parts using either the same
or different material, including the changing of the form or
mode of a work permanently or termporarily.
7. Portrait shall mean any picture taken by whatever means and
with whatsoever equipment portraying the face of a person
together with or without other parts of the body.
8. Computer program shall mean a collection of instructions
manifested in the form of a language, codes, diagrams, or
any other forms, which when combined with media that
can be read by com puters will be able to make computers
work to execute certain functions or to obtain specific results,
including the preparation in designing the instructions.
9. Related Rights shall mean the rights which are related to
Copyright, that is, the exclusive right for a Performer to
reproduce or to broadcast his/ her performances; for a Producer
of Phonograms to reproduce or to rent phonographic works;
and for a Broadcasting Organization to produce, reproduce,
or to broadcast its broadcasting works.
10. Performer shall mean an actor/actress, singer, musician, dancer
or a person who performs, acts, shows, sings, communicates,
recites, or plays a music composition, drama, dance, literary
work, folklore or other kinds of artistic works.
11. Producer of Phonogram shall mean a person or legal corporate
body that first records and has the responsibility to conduct
the recording of sounds or voices, both the recording from a
performance and from other recording of sounds or voices.
12. Broadcasting Organisation shall mean an organization, which
runs broadcasting in the form of a legal body that broadcasts
153
a broadcasting work through wire or wireless transmissions

or other electromagnetic systems.
13. Application shall mean an Application for registration of
Copyright filed by an applicant at the Directorate General.
14. License shall mean a permission granted by the Copyright
Holder or the Holder of Related Right to another party to
announce and/or to reproduce his/her works or products of
his/her Related RightS under certain requirements.
15. Proxy shall mean a consultant of intellectual property rights
as provided for in this Law.
16. Minister shall mean the minister, whose scope of duties
and responsibilities includes the guidance in the field of
intellectual property rights, including Copyright.
17. Directorate General shall mean the Directorate General of
Intellectual Property Rights under a department presided
over by the Minister.
CHAPTERII
SCOPEOF COPYRIGHT
Part One
Function and Nature of Copyright
Article 2
a. Copyright shall mean the exclusive right of an Author or
a Copyright Holder to publish or reproduce his/her work,
without prejudice to restrictions pursuant to the prevailing

laws and regulations.
b. An Author and/or a Copyright Holder of a cinematographic
work and computer program shall have the right to give
permission or to prevent any other person whom without his/
her approval rents out the work concerned for commercial
purposes.
154
Article 3
(1) A Copyright shall be deemed to be a movable good.
(2) A Copyright may move or be transferred either in whole or
in part by:
a. inheritance;
b. donation;
c. testament;
e. other reasons justified by laws and regulations.
Article 4
Author passed away becomes the property of his heirs or the

recipient of his testament and may not be confiscated unless
the right is obtained in a manner against the law.
Author passed away becomes the property of his heirs or the

recipient of his testament and may not be confiscated unless
the right is obtained in a manner against the law
Part Two
Author
Article 5
(1) Unless proven otherwise, the person deemed to be the Author
is:
a. the person whose name is registered in the General
Register of Works at the Directorate General; or
b. the person whose name is mentioned in a Work or
published as the Author of a Work.
(2) Unless proven otherwise, the person giving a lecture shall
and for which there is no notification of the identity of the

Author.
155
Article 6
If a Work consists of several separate parts that were created by
two or more persons, the person deemed to be the Author shall
be the one who led and supervised the completion of the entire
Work, or if there is no such person, the person who compiled
them, without prejudice to individual Copyright to parts of the
Work.
Article 7
If a Work designed by someone is realised and worked out by
other persons under his guidance and supervision, the Author
shall be the person who has designed the Work.
Article 8
(1) If a work is made within an official service for another person
in the scope of employment, the Copyright Holder shall be
the party for whom and whose service the work was made,
unless there has been another arrangement between the two
parties, without prejudice to the right of the author if the use
of the work is expanded beyond the official service.
(2) The provision as referred to in paragraph (1) shall also apply
to any work made by another party based on an order, which
is carried out within an official relationship.
(3) If a work is made within the scope of employment or based
on an order, the party who create such a work shall be deemed
as the Author and the Copyright Holder, unless otherwise
agreed by the two parties.
Article 9
If a legal entity announces that a work has originated from it
without mentioning a person as the author, then the legal entity
shall be deemed to be the author, unless proven otherwise.
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Part Three
Copyright to Works of Unknown Authors
Article 10
(1) The State shall hold the Copyright for works from prehistoric
remains, historical and other national cultural objects.
(2) The State shall hold the Copyright for folklores and works of
popular culture that are commonly owned, such as stories,
dances, calligraphies and other artistic works.

(3) (3) To publish or reproduce the works as referred to in
paragraph (2), any person who is not the citizen of Indonesia
shall, firstly, seek permission from the institution related to
(4) Further provisions regarding Copyright that are held by

the State, as referred to in this Article, shall be regulated by
Government Regulation.
Article 11
(1) If the Author of a work is unknown and the work has not
been published, the State shall hold the Copyright on such a
work for the interest of the Author.
(2) If a work has been published and the Author of which
is unknown or the name printed on such work is only a
pseudonym, the publisher shall hold the Copyright on the
work for the interest of the Author.
(3) If a work has been published and the Author and/or the
publisher of which are unknown, the State shall hold the
Copyright on such a work for the interest of the Author.
157
Part Four
Works Protected under Copyright
Article 12
(1) In this Law, a work that is protected shall be the work in the
field of science, arts and literature which includes:
a. books, computer programs, pamphlets, typographical
works;
b. sermons, lecturers, addresses and other works of
c. visual aid made for educational and scientific purposes;

d. songs or music with or without lyrics;
e. dramas, musical dramas, dances, choreographic works,
puppet shows, pantomimes;
f. all forms of art, such as paintings, drawings, engravings,
calligraphy, carvings, sculptures, collage, and applied
arts;
g. architecture;
h. maps;
i. batik art;
j. photography;
k. cinematographic works;
l. translations, interpretations, adaptations, anthologies,
data-base and other works as a result of changing of
form of mode.
(2) Works as referred to in item I are protected as a work of its
own without prejudice to the Copyright over the original
work.
(3) The protection as referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) includes
all works that are not or have not yet been published but
have already been in an obvious form, which would enable
its reproduction.
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Article 13
There shall be no copyright to:
a. any result of open meetings of state institutions;
b. laws and regulations;
c. state addresses or government official speeches;
d. court decisions and judicial orders; or
e. decisions of arbitration boards or of other similar agencies.
Part Five
Copyright Restrictions
Article 14
There shall be no infringement of Copyright for:
a. publication and/or reproduction of the symbol of the State
and the national anthem in accordance with their original
nature;
b. publication and/or reproduction of anything which is
published by or on behalf of the Government, except if the
Copyright is declared to be protected by law or regulation
or by a statement on the work itself or at the time the work
is published; or repetition, either in whole or in part, of
news from a news agency, broadcasting organization, and
newspaper or any other resources, provided that the source
thereof shall be fully cited.
Article 15
Provided that the sources are fully cited, the following shall not
be deemed as
Copyright infringement:
a. the use of a work of another party for the purpose of
education, research, scientific thesis, report writing, criticising
or reviewingan issue, provided that it does not prejudice the
normal interest of the Author;
159
b. the excerpt of a work of another party, in whole or in part, for

the purposes of advocacy within or outside the court;
c. the excerpt of a work of another party, in whole or in part, for
the purposes of:
(i) lecturers of which the purpose is solely for education
and science; or
(ii) free-of-charge exhibitions or performances, provided
that they do not prejudice
the normal interests of the Author.
d. reproduction of a scientific, artistic and literary work in Braille
for the purposes of the blind, unless such reproduction is of
a commercial purpose;
e. limited reproduction of a work other than computer program
limitedly by using any means whatsoever or by employing
a similar process by a public library, scientific or educational
institution and documentation centre of non-commercial
nature, solely for the purpose of conducting their activities;
f. modification of any architectural works, such as building
construction, based on consideration of technical
implementation;
g. making of a back-up copy of a computer program by the
owner of the computer solely for his own use.
Article 16
(1) For the interests of education, science, and research and
development activities, upon a work in the field of science
of the Copyright Council may:

a. obligate the Copyright Holder to himself carry out the
translation and/or reproduction of such work in the
territory of the Republic of Indonesia within a stipulated
period of time;
b. obligate the Copyright Holder concerned to grant a
license to other parties to translate and/or to reproduce
160
such work in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia
within a stipulated period of time, where the Copyright
Holder concerned does not himself carry out the
obligations as referred to in item a;
c. designate other parties to carry out the translation and/
or reproduction of such work, where the Copyright
Holder does not carry out the obligations as referred to
in item b.
(2) The obligation to translate as referred to in paragraph (I) shall
years as of the publication of the work in the field of science

and literature, as long as the work has not been translated
into the Indonesian language.
(3) The obligation to reproduce as referred to in paragraph (1)
a. 3 (three) years as of the publication of books in the field

of math ematics and natural sciences and the books have
never been reproduced in the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia;
b. 5 (five) years as of the publication of books in the field of
social sciences and the books have never been reproduced
in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
c. 7 (seven) years as of the publication of books in the field
of arts and literature and the books have never been
reproduced in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
(4) The translation or reproduction as referred to in paragraph
(1) shall only be used within the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia and shall not be exported into the territory of other
countries.
amount of which shall be stipulated by Presidential Decree.

(6) Provisions regarding the procedure of filing a request to
translate and/or to reproduce as referred to in paragraphs
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(1), (2), (3), and (4) shall be further regulated in Presidential

Decree.
Article 17
Copyright Council, shall prohibit the publication of any work

which is contrary to government policy in the field of religion,
defence and state security, morals and public order.
Article 18
(1) The publication of a work by the Government through
a radio, television broadcast and/or other means for the
interests of the State may be carried out without having to
request permission from the Copyright Holder, provided
that the publication does not prejudice the normal interest
of the Copyright Holder and a reasonable compensation is
given to the Copyright Holder.
(2) The broadcasting organization which publishes the work
referred to in paragraph (1) shall have the authority to
preserve the work solely for its own, provided that for
subsequent broadcasts such broadcasting organization shall
give a reasonable compensation to the Copyright Holder
concerned.
Part Six
Copyright on Portraits
Article 19
(1) The Copyright Holder of a portrait of a person must obtain
the prior permission of the person portrayed to reproduce
or to publish his work, or the permission of that person’s
person portrayed.
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(2) If a portrait contains two or more persons, the Copyright
Holder must obtain the permission of each person in the
portrait to reproduce or to publish each one portrayed, if the
publication or reproduction also contains other people in the
portrait, or the permission of each such person’s heirs during
portrayed.
(3) This Article shall only be applicable to a portrait which is
made:
a. at the request of the person portrayed;
b. upon a request made on behalf of the person portrayed;
c. in the interest of the person portrayed.
Article 20
The Copyright Holder on a portrait shall not be allowed to publish
the portrait,
which was taken:
a. without the consent of the person portrayed;
b. without the consent of another person on behalf of the person
portrayed; or
c. not for the interest of the person portrayed, if the publication
is contrary to the normal interest of the per son portrayed,
or if that person has died, the normal interest of one of his
heirs.
Article 21
Photographing in order to publicise one or more performers in
a public performance, even though commercial in nature, shall
not be deemed to be an infringement of Copyright, except if it is
stated otherwise by the person concerned.
Article 22
For the interest of public security and/or for the purposes of the
criminal justice process, a portrait of a person in any condition
163
what so ever, may be reproduced and published by the competent

agency.
Article 23
Unless agreed otherwise between the Copyright Holder and the
Owner of a creative work in the form of a photograph, painting,
drawing, architecture, sculpture and/or other artworks, the owner
shall be entitled to without the consent of the Copyright Holder
to display the work in a public exhibition or to reproduce it in a
catalogue, without detracting from the provisions of Article 19
and Article 20 if said work of art is in the form of a portrait.
Part Seven
Moral Rights
Article 24
(1) An Author or his heir shall be entitled to require the Copyright
(2) It is forbidden to make changes to a Work although the

Copyright has been transferred to another party, except with
the consent of the Author or his heir if the Author has been
deceased.
(3) The provisions referred to in paragraph (2) shall also be
applicable to changes in the title and subtitle of a work,
inclusion and changes in the name or pseudonym of the
Author.
(4) The Author shall remain entitled to make changes to his
Work in accordance with social propriety.
Article 25
(1) The electronic information regarding the right management
(2) Further provisions as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be

regulated in Government Regulation.
164
Article 26
(1) The Copyright of a Work shall remain in the hands of the
Author as long as the entire Copyright is not transferred to
the purchaser of the Work.
(2) A Copyright which is sold in whole or in parts may not be
sold again in whole or in parts by the same seller.
(3) Where disputes arise between the purchasers of the same
Copyright of a Work, the protection shall be granted to the
purchaser who first obtained the Copyright.
Part Eight
Technological Control Measures
Article 27
Except with the permission of the Author, the technological
control measures to safeguard the right of the Author shall not be
damaged, destroyed or made malfunction.
Article 28
(1) Any works that use high-technology production facilities,
especially in the field of optical discs shall fulfil all licence
regulations and all production requirements as provided for
by the authorized agencies.
(2) Further provisions regarding high-technology production
facilities which produce optical discs as provided for in
paragraph (1) shall be regulated in Government Regulation
CHAPTER III
COPYRIGHT VAUDTIY
Article 29
(1) The Copyright on:
b. dramas, musical dramas, dances, choreographic works;

c. all forms of arts, such as paintings, engravings,
sculptures;
165
d. batik arts;
e. songs or music with or without lyrics;
f. architecture;
g. sermons, lecturers, addresses and other works of
h. visual aids for educational and scientific purposes;

i. maps;
j. translations, interpretations, adaptations, anthologies
( 2) When a Work as referred to in paragraph (1) is jointly owned

by 2 (two) persons or more, the Copyright shall be valid for the
life of the longest surviving Author and shall continue until
Author.
Article 30
(1) The Copyright on:
a. computer programs;
b. cinematographic works;
c. photographic works;
d. data-bases; and
years as of the first publication.

(2) The Copyright on typographical arrangement of a published
of the Work.
(3) The Copyright on works as referred to in paragraphs (1)
and (2) of this article, and Article 29 paragraph (1) which are
years as of from the first publication.
166
Article 31
(1) The Copyright on works which are held or exercised by the
State, pursuant to:
a. Article 10 paragraph (2), shall be valid without any time
limit;
b. Article 11 paragraph (1) and paragraph (3) shall be valid
to the public.
(2) The Copyright on works which are exercised by publishers
pursuant to Article 11 paragraph (2) shall be valid for 50
Article 32
(1) The period of validity of a Copyright to a work that is
published part by part shall be computed from the date of
publication of the final part.
(2) In determining the period of validity of a copyright to a work
consisting of 2 (two) or more volumes, likewise summaries
and news published periodically and not at the same time,
each of the volume or summary and news shall be respectively
deemed to be a separate work.
Article 33
The term of protection for the right of an Author as referred to
in:
a. Article 24 paragraph (1) shall be without any time limit;
b. Article 24 paragraphs (2) and (3) shall be for the period of
Copyright on the work concerned, except for the mentioning
and changing of name or pseudonym of the Author.
Article 34
Without prejudice to the right of an Author on the term of
Copyright protection which is computed from the date of a work
comes into existence, the computation of the term of protection
167
on the work which enjoys a protection for:
the work concerned has been published, or the work has
Author.
CHAPTERIV
REGISTRATION OF WORKS
Article 35
(1) The Directorate General shall administer the registration
of works and record the works in the General Register of
Works.
(2) The General Register of Works can be seen by anyone without
any payment of fee.
(3) Any person may obtain for his own use an excerpt of the
General Register of Works with the payment of fee.
(4) Provisions regarding the registration as referred to
in paragraph (1) shall not be an obligation to obtain a
Copyright.
Article 36
The registration of a work in the General Register of Works shall
not be construed to mean a validation of the content, meaning or
form of a registered work.
Article 37
(1) The registration of a work in the General Register of Works
by the Author or proxy.

(2) An application for registration of a work shall be filed at the
168
language and furnished with a sample of the work or its
substitute with the payment of fee.
(3) Upon the application as referred to in paragraph (1), the
Directorate General shall produce a decision at the latest 9
(nine) months computed from the date such application is
received completely.
(4) The proxy as referred to in paragraph (1) shall a consultant
who is registered at the Directorate General.
(5) Provisions regarding the requirements and procedure to be
elected and registered as a consultant as referred in paragraph
(4) shall be further regulated in Government Regulation.
(6) Further provisions regarding the requirements and procedure
of filing an application shall be stipulated by a Presidential
Decree.
Article 38
When an application for registration of a work is filed on behalf
of more than one person or legal entities that are jointly entitled
to the work, the application shall be furnished with an official
Article 39
The General Register of Works shall include, among others:
a. Name of the Author and Copyright Holder;
b. the date of receipt of the application;
c. the date of completion of the requirements in accordance
with Article 37; and
d. the number of registration of the work.
Article 40
(1) The registration of a work shall be deemed to have been
made at the time the Directorate General received the
complete application in accordance with Article 37 or the
complete application in accordance with Articles 37 and 38 if
169
the application is filed by more than one person or entities as

referred to in Article 38.
(2) The registration as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be
of Works.
Article 41
(1) The transfer of right to the registration of a work, which is
registered according to Article 39 and under one number,
is transferred to the recipient of the right.

(2) The transfer of right shall be recorded in the General Register
recipient of the right upon the payment of fee.

(3) The recording of transfer of right shall be announced by the
Article 42
When an application is registered in accordance with Article 37
paragraphs (1) and (2), and Article 39, the party who according
to Article 2 is entitled to the Copyright may file a request for
cancellation to the Commercial Court.
Article 43
(1) Any changes in the name and/or address of a person or legal
entity whose name is recorded in the General Register of
Works as the author or the Copyright Holder shall be recorded
Author or the Copyright Holder with the payment of fee.

(2) The change of name and/or address shall be announced by
170
Article 44
The legal force of the registration of a work shall become void
due to:
a. the cancellation upon the request of a person or legal entity
whose name is recorded as the Author or the Copyright
Holder;
b. expiry, as referred to in Article 29, Article 30, and Article 31
in view of Articles 32;
c. invalidation by a court decision which is final and legally
binding.
CHAPTERV
LICENSE
Article 45
(1) The Copyright Holder shall have the right to give a license to
another party based on a licensing agreement to carry out the
acts as referred to in Article 2.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, the scope of licence as referred to in
paragraph (1) shall cover all acts as referred to in Article 2 for
a period of the licensing agreement and is exercisable within
the entire territory of the Republic of Indonesia.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed, the implementation of acts as
referred to in Article (1) and (2) shall be accompanied by
the obligation to pay royalty to the Copyright Holder by the
licensee.
(4) The amount of royalty, which has to be paid by the licensee
to the Copyright Holder shall be based on the agreement
between the two parties by using the agreement of professional
organization as a guide.
Article 46
Unless otherwise agreed, the Copyright Holder shall reserve the
right to exercise or to give further licences to other third parties to
carry out acts as referred to in Article 2.
171
Article 47
(1) A licensing agreement shall not contain any clauses, which
may cause detrimental effect on the economy ofIndonesia or to
contain any clauses, which cause unfair business competition
as provided for in the prevailing laws and regulations.
(2) In order to have legal consequences against a third party,
a licensing agreement shall be recorded at the Directorate
General.
(3) The Directorate General shall refuse any request for the
recording of a licensing agreement, which contains clauses
as referred to in paragraph (1).
(4) Further provisions regarding the recording oflicensing
agreements shall be regulated in Presidential Decree.
CHAPTER VI
COPYRIGHT COUNCIL
Article 48
(1) In order to assist the Government in providing public
information and guidance as well as the promotion of
Copyright, a Copyright Council shall be established.
(2) The membership of the Copyright Council shall consist of
representatives of the government, representatives from
professional organisations, and members of the public who
have the competence in the field of Copyright, and shall
be appointed and dismissed by the President upon the
suggestion of the Minister.
(3) Further provisions regarding the duties, functions, structure,
working procedures, financing and time of service of the
Copyright Council shall be in Government Regulation.
(4) The expenses of the Copyright Council as referred to in
paragraph (3) shall be borne by the expenditure budget of
the ministry, which is responsible for the supervision of
intellectual property rights.
172
CHAPTER VII
RElATED RIGHTS
Article 49
(1) A Performer shall have the exclusive right to give consent to
or prevent another person who without his consent makes,
reproduces or broadcasts a phonogram and/or a visual
picture of his performance.
(2) A Producer of Phonogram shall have the exclusive right to
give consent or to prevent any other person who without his
consent reproduces and/ or rents phonographic works or
sound recording.
(3) A Broadcasting Organisation shall have the exclusive right
to give consent or to prevent any other person who without
his consent makes, reproduces, and/or rebroadcasts its
broadcasting works through transmission with or without
wire, or through any other electromagnetic system.
Article 50
(1) The term of protection for:
work is performed or fixed in audio or audiovisual

media;
c. a Broadcasting Organisation shall be valid for 20 (twenty)

years af ter the work is broadcast for the first time.
(2) The computation of the term of protection as referred to in
paragraph (1) shall be from 1 January of the following year
a. a performance is performed or fixed in audio or

audiovisual media;
b. a phonographic work is fixed;
c. a broadcasting work is broadcast for the first time.
173
Article 51
Provisions as referred to in Article 3, Article 4, Article 5, Article
6, Article 7, Article 8, Article 9, Article 10, Article 11, Article 14
items band c, Article 15, Article 17, Article 18, Article 24, Article
25, Article 26, Article 27, Article 28, Article 35, Article 36, Article
37, Article 38, Article 39, Articleao, Article 41, Article 42, Article
71, Article 74, Article 75, Article 76, Article 77 shall apply mutatis
mutandis to Related Rights.
CHAPTERVIII
ADMINISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT
Article 52
The Directorate General shall conduct the administration of
Copyright as regulated under this Law.
Article 53
The Directorate General shall administer a national Copyright
documentation system and information network capable of
providing information to the public regarding Copyright as
widely as possible.
CHAPTER IX
FEES
Article 54
(1) A fee, the amount of which shall be regulated by Government
Regulation, shall be paid upon the filing of an Application,
a request for excerpt of the General Register of Works, a
request for the recording of the transfer of Copyright, a
174
request for the recording of changes of name and/or address,
a request for the recording of a licensing agreement, a request
regulated in this Law.

(2) Further provisions regarding the requirements, periods and
methods of payment of fees as referred to in paragraph (1)
shall be regulated by Presidential Decree.
(3) The Directorate General with the approval from the Minister
and the Minister of Finance may use the income originating
from the fees as referred to in paragraph (1) and (2) in
accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations.
CHAPTER X
SETTLEMENr OF DISPUTES
Article 55
The submission of Copyright on the entirety of a work to any
other party shall not abridge the right of the Author or his heirs to
bring a lawsuit against those who without his consent:
work;
c. changes or replaces the title of the work; or

d. changes the content of a work.
Article 56
(1) The Copyright Holder shall be entitled to bring a lawsuit for
damages to the Commercial Court against an infringement
on his Copyright and request confiscation on the goods
published or the results of reproduction of the work.
(2) The Copyright Holder shall also be entitled to request to the
Commercial Court to issue an order for the delivery of all or
parts of income generating from the organization of lectures,
scientific meetings, performances or exhibitions of works
175
which resulted from the infringement of Copyright.

(3) Before issuing a final decision and in order to prevent greater
loss to the party whose right has been infringed, the judge
may order the infringer to stop any activities of publishing
and/or reproducing of works or goods which resulted from
the infringement of Copyright.
Article 57
The right of the Copyright Holder as referred to in Article 56 shall
not apply to any work which is in the hand of a party who has
good intention in obtaining the work solely for his own need and
not using it for any commercial purposes and/or any interests
related to commercial activities.
Article 58
The Author of a work or his heir may bring a lawsuit for damages
against any infringement as referred to in Article 24.
Article 59
The lawsuit as referred to in Article 55, Article 56, and Article 58
shall be given a decision within a period of 90 (ninety) days as of
it is filed at the relevant Commercial Court.
Article 60
(1) A lawsuit against infringement of Copyright shall be filed
and addressed to Head of the Commercial Court.
(2) The Clerk of the Court shall register the lawsuit as referred to
receipt signed by the competent authority and given the same

date with the date of filing of the lawsuit, to the plaintiff.
(3) The Clerk of the Court shall submit the lawsuit to Head of
the Commercial Court at the latest 2 (two) days from the date
the lawsuit is filed.
176
(4) Within the period of 3 (three) days at the latest from the date
the lawsuit is filed, the Commercial Court shall study the
lawsuit and determine the date for a hearing.
(5) The examination hearing of a lawsuit shall be commenced
within the period of 60 (sixty) days from the date the lawsuit
is filed.
Article 61
(1) The confiscation clerk’ shall summon the relevant parties at
the latest 7 (seven) days from the date the lawsuit is filed.
(2) A decision on the lawsuit shall be made at the latest 90
(ninety) days from the date the lawsuit is filed and can be
extended for 30 (thirty) days at the latest, with the approval
of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
(3) The decision on a lawsuit as referred to in paragraph (2),
which contains a complete legal reasoning as the basis of the
decision, shall be stated in a court session which is open to
the public, and when requested, the decision can be directly
implemented although a legal effort is being filed against the
decision.
(4) The Clerk of the Commercial COUlt shall forward the decision
to the relevant parties at the latest 14 (fourteen) days as of the
date on which the decision is made.
Article 62
(1) Upon the decision of the Commercial Court as referred to in
Article 61 paragraph (4) may only be filed a cassation.
(2) The request for a cassation as referred to in paragraph (1)
which the decision was made and delivered to the relevant

parties, and file the request to the Court that has made a
decision of the lawsuit.
(3) The Clerk of the Court shall register the request for a cassation
177
signed by him on the same date with the registration date, to

the Applicant of the cassation.
Article 63
(1) The Applicant for a cassation shall submit the brief for the
cassation to the Clerk of the Court within a period of 14
(fourteen) days commencing from the date of filing of request
for a cassation as referred to in Article 62 paragraph (2).
(2) The Clerk of the Court shall deliver the request for a cassation
and the brief for the cassation as referred to in paragraph (1)
to the defendant of the cassation at the latest 7 (seven) days
(3) The defendant of the cassation may submit a counter

against the cassation to the Clerk of the Court at the latest 14
for cassation as referred to in paragraph (2), and the Clerk of

the Court shall deliver the counter against the cassation to the
Applicant of the cassation
received the said counter.
(4) The Clerk of the Court shall deliver the documents of the
cassation to the Supreme Court at the latest 14 (fourteen) days
(3).
Article 64
(1) The Supreme Court shall study the documents of the cassation
and determine the date for a hearing at the latest 7 (seven)
cassation was received.
(2) The examination hearing on the request for cassation shall be
the Supreme Court received the request.

(3) A decision on the cassation shall be made at the latest 90
received the request.
178
(4) The decision on a cassation as referred to in paragraph (3)
that contains a complete legal reasoning as the basis of the
decision shall be stated in a court session that is open to the
public.
(5) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall deliver the decision of
cassation to the Clerk of the Commercial Court at the latest 7
(6) The confiscation clerk of the Court shall deliver the decision
of the cassation as referred to in paragraph (5) to the Applicant
of the cassation and the defendant of the cassation at the latest
Article 65
means of arbitration or an alternative dispute resolution.
Article 66
The right to bring lawsuit as referred to in Article 55, Article 56,
and Article 65 shall not abridge the right of the State to bring
criminal lawsuit on infringement of Copyright.
CHAPTER XI
PROVISIONAL DECISION BYTHE COURT
Article 67
Upon a request from the party who might have suffered a loss, the
Commercial Court may immediately issue a provisional decision
that is effective:
a. to prevent the continuation of infringement on Copyright,
particularly to prevent the entry of products allegedly
infringing the Copyright or Related Rights into the trade
channel, including importation;
179
b. to keep the evidence relating the infringement of Copyright

or Related Rights in order to prevent the elimination of
evidence;
c. to request the party who might have suffered a loss to provide
evidence that the party is truly entitled to the Copyright or
Related Rights and that such rights are being infringed.
Article 68
Where a provisional decision by the Court has been issued, the
parties concerned shall be notified thereof, including the right to
be heard for parties affected by the decision.
Article 69
(1) In the event the judge at the Commercial Court has issued
a provisional decision, he shall decide whether to amend,
cancel or reaffirm the decision as referred to in Article 67
items a and b within the period of 30 (thirty) days at the
latest as of the date of issuance of the relevant provisional
decision.
(2) If within the period of 30 (thirty) days the judge has not
implemented the provisions as referred to in paragraph (1),
the provisional decision of the court shall not have any legal
force.
Article 70
In the event a provisional decision is cancelled, the party who might
have suffered a loss may file a claim to the party that requested
the decision for damages he incurred due to the decision.
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CHAPTER XII
INVESTIGATION
Article 71
(1) In addition to investigating officers at the State Police of
the Republic of Indonesia, certain civil servants within the
ministry whose scope of duties and responsibilities include
the supervision of intellectual property rights shall be granted
special authority as investigators referred to in Act No.8 of
1981 on Criminal Proceedings, to conduct investigations on
criminal offences in the field of Copyright.
(2) The civil servant investigator referred to in paragraph (1)
shall be authorized
a. to conduct examination of the truth of reports or
information relat ing to criminal offences in the field of
Copyright;
b. to conduct examination of a person or legal entity
Copyright;
c. to collect information from persons or legal entities
in connection with criminal offences in the field of
Copyright;
d. to conduct examination of the books, records and other
documents relating to criminal offences in the field of
Copyright;
e. to inspect locations on which evidence, books, records,
and other documents to be found;
f. to confiscate, by working together with the police,
materials and goods resulting from infringements which
can used as evidence in the criminal trials in the field of
Copyright;
g. to request expert assistance in the scope of carrying out
the duties of investigation of criminal offences in the
field of Copyright.
181
(3) The civil servant investigator referred to in paragraph (1)

shall inform the investigating officers at the State Police of
the Republic of Indonesia about the initiation and the result
of an investigation, in accordance with Law No.8 of 1981 on
Criminal Proceedings.
CHAPTER XIII
CRIMINAL PROVISIONS
Article 72
(1) Any person who deliberately and without right conducts
any acts as referred to in Article 2 paragraph (1) or Article 49
paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be sentenced to imprisonment of
at least I (one) month and/or a fine of at least Rp. 1,000,000.-
(one million rupiah) or imprisonment of at most 7 (seven)
years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 5,000,000,000.( five billion
rupiahs)
(2) Any person who deliberately broadcasts, exhibits, distributes,
or sells to the public a work or goods resulting from an
infringement of copyright or related rights as referred to in
paragraph (I) shall be sentenced to imprisonment of at most
5 (five) years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 500,000,000.- (five
hundred million rupiahs).
(3) Any person who deliberately and without reproduce the
use of a computer program for commercial purposes shall
be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 5 (five) years and/
or a fine of at most Rp 500,000,000.- (five hundred million
rupiahs).
(4) Any person who deliberately violates the provisions of
Article 17shall be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 5
(five) years and/or a fine of at most Rp. 1,000,000,000.- (one
billion rupiahs).
(5) Any person who deliberately violates the provisions of Article
19, Article 20 or Article 49 paragraph (3) shall be sentenced to
182
imprisonment of at most 2 (two) years and/ or a fine of at most
(6) Any person who deliberately and without rights violates the
provisions of Article 24 or Article 55 shall be sentenced to
imprisonment of at most 2 (two) years and/ or a fine of at most
provisions of Article 25 shall be sentenced to imprisonment of
at most 2 (two) years and/ or a fine of at most Rp. 150,000,000.-
provisions ofArticle 27 shall be sentenced to imprisonment of
at most 2 (two) years and/ or a fine of at most Rp. 150,000,000.-
(9) Any person who deliberately violates the provisions of

Article 28 shall be sentenced to imprisonment of at most 5
(five) years and/ or a fine of at most Rp. 1,500,000,000.- (one
billion and five hundred million rupiahs).
Article 73
(1) A work or goods resulting from any criminal actions of
Copyright or Related Rights, including the tools used
to conduct the actions shall be seized for the State to be
destroyed;
(2) The work as referred to in paragraph (1) in the field of art and
unique in nature can be considered not to be destroyed.
CHAPTER XIV
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 74
With the effect of this Law, all regulations in the field of Copyright
that have existed on the date of effect of this Law shall continue
to be valid, provided that they are not contradictory with this
183
Law or they have not been replaced with new ones based on this
Law.
Article 75
issued by the Directorate General based on Law no. 6 of 1982

regarding Copyright as amended by Law no. 7 of 1987 and lastly
by Law no. 12 of 1997 and are still valid on the date of enactment of
this Lawshall be declared to be valid for the rest of the protection
period.
CHAPTER XV
CLOSING PROVISIONS
Article 76
This Law shall apply to
a. all works of any Indonesian citizens, residents, and legal
entities;
b. all works of any non-Indonesian citizens, non-Indonesian
residents and non-Indonesian legal entities that are published
for the first time in Indonesia;
c. all works of any non “Indonesian citizens, non-Indonesian
residents and non-Indonesian legal entities, provided that:
(i) their country has bilateral agreements on the protection
of Copyright with the Republic of Indonesia;
(ii) their country and the Republic of Indonesia are parties
or member countries of the same multilateral agreement
on the protection of Copyright.
Article 77
Upon the effectiveness of this Law, Law no. 6 of 1982 regarding
Copyright as amended by Law no. 7 of 1987 and lastly by Law no.
12 of 1997 shall be declared to no longer be valid.
184
Article 78
This Law shall take effect 12 (twelve) months from the date of its
enactment.
In order that every person may know of it, the promulgation of
the Republic of Indonesia.
Ratified in Jakarta
On July 29, 2002
PRESIDENf OF TIlE REPUBUC OF INDONESIA
(signed)
MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI
Promulgated in Jakarta
On July 29, 2002
STATE SECRETARY OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
(signed)
BAMBANG KESOWO
STATE GAZETTE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA OF 2002
NUMBER 85
1 Bahasa Indonesia = juru sita
2 Bahasa Indonesia = Penetapan Sementara oleh Pengad
185
UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA

NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002
TENTANG
HAK CIPTA
DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG MAHA ESA
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Menimbang :
a. bahwa Indonesia adalah negara yang memiliki
keanekaragaman etnik/suku bangsa dan budaya
serta kekayaan di bidang seni dan sastra dengan
pengembangan-pengembangannya yang memerlukan
perlindungan Hak Cipta terhadap kekayaan intelektual
yang lahir dari keanekaragaman tersebut;
b. bahwa Indonesia telah menjadi anggota berbagai
konvensi/perjanjian internasional di bidang hak
kekayaan intelektual pada umumnya dan Hak Cipta
pada khususnya yang memerlukan pengejawantahan
lebih lanjut dalam sistem hukum nasionalnya;
c. bahwa perkembangan di bidang perdagangan,
industri, dan investasi telah sedemikian pesat sehingga
memerlukan peningkatan perlindungan bagi Pencipta
dan Pemilik Hak Terkait dengan tetap memperhatikan
kepentingan masyarakat luas;
d. bahwa dengan memperhatikan pengalaman dalam
melaksanakan Undang undang Hak Cipta yang ada,
dipandang perlu untuk menetapkan Undangundang
Hak Cipta yang baru menggantikan Undang-undang
Nomor 6 Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta sebagaimana
telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun
1987 dan terakhir diubah dengan Undang-undang
Nomor 12 Tahun 1997;
186
d. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana tersebut
dalam huruf a, huruf b, huruf c, dan huruf d, dibutuhkan
Undang-undang tentang Hak Cipta.
Mengingat:
1. Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 20 ayat (1), Pasal 28 C ayat (1),
dan Pasal 33 Undang- Undang Dasar Negara Republik
Indonesia Tahun 1945;
2. Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 tentang
Pengesahan Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization (Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan
Dunia), (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1994 Nomor 57,
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3564).
Dengan Persetujuan
DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA
MEMUTUSKAN:
Menetapkan: UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG HAK CIPTA
BAB I
KETENTUAN UMUM
Pasal 1
Dalam Undang-undang ini yang dimaksud dengan:
1. Hak Cipta adalah hak eksklusif bagi Pencipta atau penerima
hak untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak Ciptaannya
atau memberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi
pembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku.
2. Pencipta adalah seorang atau beberapa orang secara bersama-
sama yang atas inspirasinya melahirkan suatu Ciptaan
berdasarkan kemampuan pikiran, imajinasi, kecekatan,
187
keterampilan, atau keahlian yang dituangkan ke dalam

bentuk yang khas dan bersifat pribadi.
3. Ciptaan adalah hasil setiap karya Pencipta yang menunjukkan
keasliannya dalam lapangan ilmu pengetahuan, seni, atau
sastra.
4. Pemegang Hak Cipta adalah Pencipta sebagai Pemilik Hak
Cipta, atau pihak yang menerima hak tersebut dari Pencipta,
atau pihak lain yang menerima lebih lanjut hak dari pihak
yang menerima hak tersebut.
5. Pengumuman adalah pembacaan, penyiaran, pameran,
penjualan, pengedaran, atau penyebaran suatu Ciptaan
dengan menggunakan alat apa pun, termasuk media internet,
atau melakukan dengan cara apa pun sehingga suatu Ciptaan
dapat dibaca, didengar, atau dilihat orang lain.
6. Perbanyakan adalah penambahan jumlah sesuatu Ciptaan,
baik secara keseluruhan maupun bagian yang sangat
substansial dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan yang sama
ataupun tidak sama, termasuk mengalihwujudkan secara
permanen atau temporer.
7. Potret adalah gambar dari wajah orang yang digambarkan,
baik bersama bagian tubuh lainnya ataupun tidak, yang
diciptakan dengan cara dan alat apa pun.
8. Program Komputer adalah sekumpulan instruksi yang
diwujudkan dalam bentuk bahasa, kode, skema, ataupun
bentuk lain, yang apabila digabungkan dengan media yang
dapat dibaca dengan komputer akan mampu membuat
komputer bekerja untuk melakukan fungsi-fungsi khusus
atau untuk mencapai hasil yang khusus, termasuk persiapan
dalam merancang instruksi- instruksi tersebut.
9. Hak Terkait adalah hak yang berkaitan dengan Hak Cipta,
yaitu hak eksklusif bagi Pelaku untuk memperbanyak atau
menyiarkan pertunjukannya; bagi Produser Rekaman Suara
untuk memperbanyak atau menyewakan karya rekaman
suara atau rekaman bunyinya; dan bagi Lembaga Penyiaran
188
untuk membuat, memperbanyak, atau menyiarkan karya
siarannya.
10. Pelaku adalah aktor, penyanyi, pemusik, penari, atau mereka
yang menampilkan, memperagakan, mempertunjukkan,
menyanyikan, menyampaikan, mendeklamasikan, atau
memainkan suatu karya musik, drama, tari, sastra, folklor,
atau karya seni lainnya.
11. Produser Rekaman Suara adalah orang atau badan hukum
yang pertama kali merekam dan memiliki tanggung jawab
untuk melaksanakan perekaman suara atau perekaman
bunyi, baik perekaman dari suatu pertunjukan maupun
perekaman suara atau perekaman bunyi lainnya.
12. Lembaga Penyiaran adalah organisasi penyelenggara
siaran yang berbentuk badan hukum, yang melakukan
penyiaran atas suatu karya siaran dengan menggunakan
transmisi dengan atau tanpa kabel atau melalui sistem
elektromagnetik.
diajukan oleh pemohon kepada Direktorat Jenderal.

14. Lisensi adalah izin yang diberikan oleh Pemegang Hak
Cipta atau Pemegang Hak Terkait kepada pihak lain untuk
mengumumkan dan/atau memperbanyak Ciptaannya atau
produk Hak Terkaitnya dengan persyaratan tertentu.
15. Kuasa adalah konsultan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
sebagaimana diatur dalam ketentuan Undang-undang ini.
16. Menteri adalah Menteri yang membawahkan departemen
yang salah satu lingkup tugas dan tanggung jawabnya
meliputi pembinaan di bidang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual,
termasuk Hak Cipta.
17. Direktorat Jenderal adalah Direktorat Jenderal Hak Kekayaan
Intelektual yang berada di bawah departemen yang dipimpin
oleh Menteri.
189
BAB II
LINGKUP HAK CIPTA
Bagian Pertama
Fungsi dan Sifat Hak Cipta
Pasal 2
(1) Hak Cipta merupakan hak eksklusif bagi Pencipta
atau Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk mengumumkan atau
memperbanyak Ciptaannya, yang timbul secara otomatis
setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan tanpa mengurangi
pembatasan menurut peraturan perundangundangan yang
berlaku.
(2) Pencipta dan/atau Pemegang Hak Cipta atas karya
sinematografi dan Program Komputer memiliki hak untuk
memberikan izin atau melarang orang lain yang tanpa
persetujuannya menyewakan Ciptaan tersebut unt uk
kepentingan yang bersifat komersial.
Pasal 3
(1) Hak Cipta dianggap sebagai benda bergerak.
(2) Hak Cipta dapat beralih atau dialihkan, baik seluruhnya
maupun sebagian karena
a. Pewarisan;
b. Hibah;
c. Wasiat;
d. Perjanjian tertulis; atau
e. Sebab-sebab lain yang dibenarkan oleh peraturan
perundang-undangan.
Pasal 4
(1) Hak Cipta yang dimiliki oleh Pencipta, yang setelah
Penciptanya meninggal dunia, menjadi milik ahli warisnya
atau milik penerima wasiat, dan Hak Cipta tersebut tidak
dapat disita, kecuali jika hak itu diperoleh secara melawan
hukum.
190
(2) Hak Cipta yang tidak atau belum diumumkan yang setelah
Penciptanya meninggal dunia, menjadi milik ahli warisnya
atau milik penerima wasiat, dan Hak Cipta tersebut tidak
dapat disita, kecuali jika hak itu diperoleh secara melawan
hukum.
Bagian Kedua
Pencipta
Pasal 5
(1) Kecuali terbukti sebaliknya, yang dianggap sebagai Pencipta
adalah:
Ciptaan pada Direktorat Jenderal; atau

b. orang yang namanya disebut dalam Ciptaan atau
diumumkan sebagai Pencipta pada suatu Ciptaan.
(2) Kecuali terbukti sebaliknya, pada ceramah yang tidak
menggunakan bahan tertulis dan tidak ada pemberitahuan
siapa Penciptanya, orang yang berceramah dianggap sebagai
Pencipta ceramah tersebut.
Pasal 6
Jika suatu Ciptaan terdiri atas beberapa bagian tersendiri
yang diciptakan oleh dua orang atau lebih, yang dianggap
sebagai Pencipta ialah orang yang memimpin serta mengawasi
penyelesaian seluruh Ciptaan itu, atau dalam hal tidak ada orang
tersebut, yang dianggap
sebagai Pencipta adalah orang yang menghimpunnya dengan
tidak mengurangi Hak Cipta
masing- masing atas bagian Ciptaannya itu.
Pasal 7
Jika suatu Ciptaan yang dirancang seseorang diwujudkan dan
dikerjakan oleh orang lain di bawah pimpinan dan pengawasan
191
orang yang merancang, Penciptanya adalah orang yang

merancang Ciptaan itu.
Pasal 8
(1) Jika suatu Ciptaan dibuat dalam hubungan dinas dengan
pihak lain dalam lingkungan pekerjaannya, Pemegang Hak
Cipta adalah pihak yang untuk dan dalam dinasnya Ciptaan
itu dikerjakan, kecuali ada perjanjian lain antara kedua pihak
dengan tidak mengurangi hak Pencipta apabila penggunaan
Ciptaan itu diperluas sampai ke luar hubungan dinas.
(2) Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berlaku pula
bagi Ciptaan yang dibuat pihak lain berdasarkan pesanan
yang dilakukan dalam hubungan dinas.
(3) Jika suatu Ciptaan dibuat dalam hubungan kerja atau
berdasarkan pesanan, pihak yang membuat karya cipta itu
dianggap sebagai Pencipta dan Pemegang Hak Cipta, kecuali
apabila diperjanjikan lain antara kedua pihak.
Pasal 9
Jika suatu badan hukum mengumumkan bahwa Ciptaan
berasal dari padanya dengan tidak menyebut seseorang
sebagai Penciptanya, badan hukum tersebut dianggap sebagai
Penciptanya, kecuali jika terbukti sebaliknya.
Bagian Ketiga
Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang Penciptanya Tidak Diketahui
Pasal 10
(1) Negara memegang Hak Cipta atas karya peninggalan
prasejarah, sejarah, dan benda budaya nasional lainnya.
(2) Negara memegang Hak Cipta atasfolklor dan hasil kebudayaan
rakyat yang menjadi milik bersama, seperti cerita, hikayat,
dongeng, legenda, babad, lagu, kerajinan tangan, koreografi,
tarian, kaligrafi, dan karya seni lainnya.
192
(3) Untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak Ciptaan tersebut
pada ayat (2), orang yang bukan warga negara Indonesia
harus terlebih dahulu mendapat izin dari instansi yang
terkait dalam masalah tersebut.
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai Hak Cipta yang dipegang
oleh Negara sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal ini, diatur
dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Pasal 11
(1) Jika suatu Ciptaan tidak diketahui Penciptanya dan Ciptaan
itu belum diterbitkan, Negara memegang Hak Cipta atas
Ciptaan tersebut untuk kepentingan Penciptanya.
(2) Jika suatu Ciptaan telah diterbitkan tetapi tidak diketahui
Penciptanya atau pada Ciptaan tersebut hanya tertera nama
samaran Penc iptanya, penerbit memegang Hak Cipta atas
Ciptaan tersebut untuk kepentingan Penciptanya.
(3) Jika suatu Ciptaan telah diterbitkan tetapi tidak diketahui
Penciptanya dan/atau penerbitnya, Negara memegang Hak
Cipta atas Ciptaan tersebut untuk kepentingan Penciptanya.
Bagian Keempat
Ciptaan yang Dilindungi
Pasal 12
(1) Dalam Undang-undang ini Ciptaan yang dilindungi adalah
Ciptaan dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan, seni, dan sastra,
yang mencakup:
a. buku, Program Komputer, pamflet, perwajahan (lay out)
karya tulis yang diterbitkan, dan semua hasil karya tulis
lain;
b. ceramah, kuliah, pidato, dan Ciptaan lain yang sejenis
dengan itu;
c. alat peraga yang dibuat untuk kepentingan pendidikan
dan ilmu pengetahuan;
193
d. lagu atau musik dengan atau tanpa teks;

e. drama atau drama musikal, tari, koreografi, pewayangan,
dan pantomim;
f. seni rupa dalam segala bentuk seperti seni lukis, gambar,
seni ukir, seni kaligrafi, seni pahat, seni patung, kolase,
dan seni terapan;
g. arsitektur;
h. peta;
i. seni batik;
j. fotografi;
k. sinematografi;
l. terjemahan, tafsir, saduran, bunga rampai, database, dan
karya lain dari hasil pengalihwujudan.
(2) Ciptaan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf l dilindungi
sebagai Ciptaan tersendiri dengan tidak mengurangi Hak
Cipta atas Ciptaan asli.
(3) Perlindungan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat
(2), termasuk juga semua Ciptaan yang tidak atau belum
diumumkan, tetapi sudah merupakan suatu bentuk kesatuan
yang nyata, yang memungkinkan Perbanyakan hasil karya
itu.
Pasal 13
Tidak ada Hak Cipta atas:
a. hasil rapat terbuka lembaga-lembaga Negara;
b. peraturan perundang-undangan;
c. pidato kenegaraan atau pidato pejabat Pemerintah;
d. putusan pengadilan atau penetapan hakim; atau
e. keputusan badan arbitrase atau keputusan badan-badan
sejenis lainnya.
194
Bagian Kelima
Pembatasan Hak Cipta
Pasal 14
Tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta:
a. Pengumuman dan/atau Perbanyakan lambang Negara dan
lagu kebangsaan menurut sifatnya yang asli;
b. Pengumuman dan/atau Perbanyakan segala sesuatu yang
diumumkan dan/atau diperbanyak oleh atau atas nama
Pemerintah, kecua li apabila Hak Cipta itu dinyatakan
dilindungi, baik dengan peraturan perundang-undangan
maupun dengan pernyataan pada Ciptaan itu sendiri atau
ketika Ciptaan itu diumumkan dan/atau diperbanyak; atau
c. Pengambilan berita aktual baik seluruhnya maupun sebagia
n dari kantor berita, Lembaga Penyiaran, dan surat kabar
atau sumber sejenis lain, dengan ketentuan sumbernya harus
disebutkan secara lengkap.
Pasal 15
Dengan syarat bahwa sumbernya harus disebutkan atau
dicantumkan, tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta:
a. penggunaan Ciptaan pihak lain untuk kepentingan
pendidikan, penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, penyusunan
laporan, penulisan kritik atau tinjauan suatu masalah dengan
tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pencipta;
b. pengambilan Ciptaan pihak lain, baik seluruhnya maupun
sebagian, guna keperluan pembelaan di dalam atau di luar
Pengadilan;
c. pengambilan Ciptaan pihak lain, baik seluruhnya maupun
sebagian, guna keperluan:
(i) ceramah yang semata-mata untuk tujuan pendidikan dan
ilmu pengetahuan; atau
(ii) pertunjukan atau pementasan yang tidak dipungut
bayaran dengan ketentuan tidak merugikan kepentingan
yang wajar dari Pencipta.
195
d. Perbanyakan suatu Ciptaan bidang ilmu pengetahuan,

seni, dan sastra dalam huruf braille guna keperluan para
tunanetra, kecuali jika Perbanyakan itu bersifat komersial;
e. Perbanyakan suatu Ciptaan selain Program Komputer,
secara terbatas dengan cara atau alat apa pun atau proses
yang serupa oleh perpustakaan umum, lembaga ilmu
pengetahuan atau pendidikan, dan pusat dokumentasi yang
no nkomersial semata-mata untuk keperluan aktivitasnya;
f. perubahan yang dilakukan berdasarkan pertimbangan
pelaksanaan teknis atas karya arsitektur, seperti Ciptaan
bangunan;
g. pembuatan salinan cadangan suatu Program Komputer oleh
pemilik Program Komputer yang dilakukan semata-mata
untuk digunakan sendiri.
Pasal 16
(1) Untuk kepentingan pendidikan, ilmu pengetahuan, serta
kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan, terhadap Ciptaan
dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan sastra, Menteri setelah
mendengar pertimbangan Dewan Hak Cipta dapat:
a. mewajibkan Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk melaksanakan
sendiri penerjemahan dan/atau Perbanyakan Ciptaan
tersebut di wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia dalam
waktu yang ditentukan;
b. mewajibkan Pemegang Hak Cipta yang bersangkutan
untuk memberikan izin kepada pihak lain untuk
menerjemahkan dan/atau memperbanyak Ciptaan
tersebut di wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia dalam
waktu yang ditentukan dalam hal Pemegang Hak Cipta
yang bersangkutan tidak melaksanakan sendiri atau
melaksanakan sendiri kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam huruf a;
c. menunjuk pihak lain untuk melakukan penerjemahan
dan/atau Perbanyakan Ciptaan tersebut dalam hal
196
Pemegang Hak Cipta tidak melaksanakan kewajiban
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf b.
(2) Kewajiban untuk menerjemahkan sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1), dilaksanakan setelah lewat jangka waktu 3
(tiga) tahun sejak diterbitkannya Ciptaan di bidang ilmu
pengetahuan dan sastra selama karya tersebut belum pernah
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia.
(3) Kewajiban untuk memperbanyak sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1), dilaksanakan setelah lewat jangka waktu:
a. 3 (tiga) tahun sejak diterbitkannya buku di bidang
matematika dan ilmu pengetahuan alam dan buku itu
belum pernah diperbanyak di wilayah Negara Republik
Indonesia;
b. 5 (lima) tahun sejak diterbitkannya buku di bidang
ilmu sosial dan buku itu belum pernah diperbanyak di
wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia;
c. 7 (tujuh) tahun sejak diumumkannya buku di bidang
seni dan sastra dan buku itu belum pernah diperbanyak
di wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia.
(4) Penerjemahan atau Perbanyakan sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1) hanya dapat digunakan untuk pemakaian di
dalam wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia dan tidak untuk
diekspor ke wilayah Negara lain.
(5) Pelaksanaan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat
(1) huruf b dan huruf c disertai pemberian imbalan yang
besarnya ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden.
(6) Ketentuan tentang tata cara pengajuan Permohonan untuk
menerjemahkan dan/atau memperbanyak sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat (4) diatur
lebih lanjut dengan Keputusan Presiden.
197
Pasal 17
Pemerintah melarang Pengumuman setiap Ciptaan yang
bertentangan dengan kebĳaksanaan Pemerintah di bidang agama,
pertahanan dan keamanan Negara, kesusilaan, serta ketertiban
umum setelah mendengar pertimbangan Dewan Hak Cipta.
Pasal 18
(1) Pengumuman suatu Ciptaan yang diselenggarakan oleh
Pemerintah untuk kepentingan nasional melalui radio,
televisi dan/atau sarana lain dapat dilakukan dengan tidak
meminta izin kepada Pemegang Hak Cipta dengan ketentuan
tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Pemegang Hak
Cipta, dan kepada Pemegang Hak Cipta diberikan imbalan
yang layak.
(2) Lembaga Penyiaran yang mengumumkan Ciptaan
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berwenang
mengabadikan Ciptaan itu semata-mata untuk Lembaga
Penyiaran itu sendiri dengan ketentuan bahwa untuk
penyiaran selanjutnya, Lembaga Penyiaran tersebut harus
memberikan imbalan yang layak kepada Pemegang Hak
Cipta yang bersangkutan.
Bagian Keenam
Hak Cipta atas Potret
Pasal 19
(1) Untuk memperbanyak atau mengumumkan Ciptaannya,
Pemegang Hak Cipta atas Potret seseorang harus terlebih
dahulu mendapatkan izin dari orang yang dipotret, atau izin
ahli warisnya dalam jangka waktu 10 (sepuluh) tahun setelah
orang yang dipotret meninggal dunia.
(2) Jika suatu Potret memuat gambar 2 (dua) orang atau lebih,
untuk perbanyakan atau pengumuman setiap orang yang
dipotret, apabila Pengumuman atau Perbanyakan itu memuat
198
juga orang lain dalam potret itu, Pemegang Hak Cipta harus
terlebih dahulu mendapatkan izin dari setiap orang dalam
Potret itu, atau izin ahli waris masing-masing dalam jangka
waktu 10 (sepuluh) tahun setelah yang dipotret meninggal
dunia.
(3) Ketentuan dalam pasal ini hanya berlaku terhadap Potret
yang dibuat:
a. atas nama permintaan sendiri dari orang ya ng dipotret;
b. atas permintaan yang dilakukan atas nama orang yang
dipotret; atau
c. untuk kepentingan orang yang dipotret.
Pasal 20
Pemegang Hak Cipta atas Potret tidak boleh mengumumkan
potret yang dibuat:
a. tanpa persetujuan dari orang yang dipotret;
b. tanpa persetujuan orang lain atas nama yang dipotret; atau
c. tidak untuk kepentingan yang dipotret, apabila Pengumuman
itu bertentangan dengan kepentingan yang wajar dari orang
yang dipotret, atau dari salah seorang ahli warisnya apabila
orang yang dipotret sudah meninggal dunia.
Pasal 21
Tidak dianggap sebagai pelanggaran Hak Cipta, pemotretan
untuk diumumkan atas seorang pelaku atau lebih dalam suatu
pertunjukan umum walaupun yang bersifat komersial, kecuali
dinyatakan lain oleh orang yang berkepentingan.
Pasal 22
Untuk kepentingan keamanan umum dan/atau untuk keperluan
proses peradilan pidana, potret seseorang dalam keadaan
bagaimanapun juga dapat diperbanyak dan diumumkan oleh
instansi yang berwenang.
199
Pasal 23
Kecuali terdapat persetujuan lain antara Pemegang Hak Cipta
dan pemilik Ciptaan fotografi, seni lukis, gambar, arsitektur, seni
pahat dan/atau hasil seni lain, pemilik berhak tanpa persetujuan
Pemegang Hak Cipta untuk mempertunjukkan Ciptaan di dalam
suatu pameran untuk umum atau memperbanyaknya dalam
satu katalog tanpa mengurangi ketentuan Pasal 19 dan Pasal 20
apabila hasil karya seni tersebut berupa Potret.
Bagian Ketujuh
Hak Moral
Pasal 24
(1) Pencipta atau ahli warisnya berhak menuntut Pemegang
Hak Cipta supaya nama Pencipta tetap dicantumkan dalam
Ciptaannya.
(2) Suatu Ciptaan tidak boleh diubah walaupun Hak Ciptanya
telah diserahkan kepada pihak lain, kecuali dengan
persetujuan Pencipta atau dengan persetujuan ahli warisnya
dalam hal Pencipta telah meninggal dunia.
(3) Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) berlaku
juga terhadap perubahan judul dan anak judul Ciptaan,
pencantuman dan perubahan nama atau nama samaran
Pencipta.
(4) Pencipta tetap berhak mengadakan perubahan pada
Ciptaannya sesuai dengan kepatutan dalam masyarakat.
Pasal 25
(1) Informasi elektronik tentang informasi manajemen hak
Pencipta tidak boleh ditiadakan atau diubah.
(2) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
200
Pasal 26
(1) Hak Cipta atas suatu Ciptaan tetap berada di tangan Pencipta
selama kepada pembeli Ciptaan itu tidak diserahkan seluruh
Hak Cipta dari Pencipta itu.
(2) Hak Cipta yang dĳual untuk seluruh atau sebagian tidak
dapat dĳual untuk kedua kalinya oleh penjual yang sama.
(3) Dalam hal timbul sengketa antara beberapa pembeli Hak
Cipta yang sama atas suatu Ciptaan, perlindungan diberikan
kepada pembeli yang lebih dahulu memperoleh Hak Cipta
itu.
Bagian Kedelapan
Sarana Kontrol Teknologi
Pasal 27
Kecuali atas izin Pencipta, sarana kontrol teknologi sebagai
pengaman hak Pencipta tidak diperbolehkan dirusak, ditiadakan,
atau dibuat tidak berfungsi.
Pasal 28
(1) Ciptaan-ciptaan yang menggunakan sarana produksi
berteknologi tinggi, khususnya di bidang cakram optik
(optical disc), wajib memenuhi semua peraturan perizinan
dan persyaratan produksi yang ditetapkan oleh instansi yang
berwenang.
(2) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai sarana produksi berteknologi
tinggi yang memproduksi cakram optik sebagaimana diatur
pada ayat (1) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
201
BAB III
MASA BERLAKU HAK CIPTA
Pasal 29
(1) Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan:
a. buku, pamflet, dan semua hasil karya tulis lain;
b. drama atau drama musikal, tari, koreografi;
c. segala bentuk seni rupa, seperti seni lukis, seni pahat,
dan seni patung;
d. seni batik;
e. lagu atau musik dengan atau tanpa teks;
f. arsitektur;
g. ceramah, kuliah, pidato dan Ciptaan sejenis lain;
h. alat peraga;
i. peta;
j. terjemahan, tafsir, saduran, dan bunga rampai berlaku
selama hidup Pencipta dan terus berlangsung hingga 50
(lima puluh) tahun setelah Pencipta meninggal dunia.
(2) Untuk Ciptaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) yang
dimiliki oleh 2 (dua) orang atau lebih, Hak Cipta berlaku
selama hidup Pencipta yang meninggal dunia paling akhir
dan berlangsung hingga 50 (lima puluh) tahun sesudahnya.
Pasal 30
(1) Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan:
a. Program Komputer;
b. sinematografi;
c. fotografi;
d. database; dan
e. karya hasil pengalihwujudan, berlaku selama 50 (lima
puluh) tahun sejak pertama kali diumumkan.
(2) Hak Cipta atas perwajahan karya tulis yang diterbitkan
berlaku selama 50 (lima puluh) tahun sejak pertama kali
diterbitkan.
202
(3) Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
dan ayat (2) pasal ini serta Pasal 29 ayat (1) yang dimiliki atau
dipegang oleh suatu badan hukum berlaku selama 50 (lima
puluh) tahun sejak pertama kali diumumkan.
Pasal 31
(1) Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang dipegang atau dilaksanakan
oleh Negara berdasarkan:
a. Pasal 10 ayat (2) berlaku tanpa batas waktu;
b. Pasal 11 ayat (1) dan ayat (3) berlaku selama 50 (lima
puluh) tahun sejak Ciptaan tersebut pertama kali
diketahui umum.
(2) Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang dilaksanakan oleh penerbit
berdasarkan Pasal 11 ayat (2) berlaku selama 50 (lima puluh)
tahun sejak Ciptaan tersebut pertama kali diterbitkan.
Pasal 32
(1) Jangka waktu berlakunya Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang
diumumkan bagian demi bagian dihitung mulai tanggal
Pengumuman bagian yang terakhir.
(2) Dalam menentukan jangka waktu berlakunya Hak Cipta atas
Ciptaan yang terdiri atas 2 (dua) jilid atau lebih, demikian
pula ikhtisar dan berita yang diumumkan secara berkala dan
tidak bersamaan waktunya, setiap jilid atau ikhtisar dan berita
itu masing-masing dianggap sebagai Ciptaan tersendiri.
Pasal 33
Jangka waktu perlindungan bagi hak Pencipta sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam:
a. Pasal 24 ayat (1) berlaku tanpa batas waktu;
b. Pasal 24 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) berlaku selama berlangsungnya
jangka waktu Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang bersangkutan,
kecuali untuk pencantuman dan perubahan nama atau nama
samaran Penciptanya.
203
Pasal 34
Tanpa mengurangi hak Pencipta atas jangka waktu perlindungan
Hak Cipta yang dihitung
sejak lahirnya suatu Ciptaan, penghitungan jangka waktu
perlindungan bagi Ciptaan yang
dilindungi:
a. selama 50 (lima puluh) tahun;
b. selama hidup Pencipta dan terus berlangsung hingga 50 (lima
puluh) tahun setelah Pencipta meninggal dunia dimulai sejak
1 Januari untuk tahun berikutnya setelah Ciptaan tersebut
diumumkan, diketahui oleh umum, diterbitkan, atau setelah
Pencipta meninggal dunia.
BAB IV
PENDAFTARAN CIPTAAN
Pasal 35
orang tanpa dikenai biaya.

(3) Setiap orang dapat memperoleh untuk dirinya sendiri suatu
biaya.
ayat (1) tidak merupakan kewajiban untuk mendapatkan

Hak Cipta.
Pasal 36
mengandung arti sebagai pengesahan atas isi, arti, maksud, atau
204
Pasal 37
atas Permohonan yang diajukan oleh Pencipta atau oleh

Pemegang Hak Cipta atau Kuasa.
(2) Permohonan diajukan kepada Direktorat Jenderal dengan
surat rangkap 2 (dua) yang ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia
dan disertai contoh Ciptaan atau penggantinya dengan
dikenai biaya.
(3) Terhadap Permohonan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat
(1), Direktorat Jenderal akan memberikan keputusan paling
lama 9 (sembilan) bulan terhitung sejak tanggal diterimanya
permohonan secara lengkap.
(4) Kuasa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) adalah konsultan
(5) Ketentuan mengenai syarat-syarat dan tata cara untuk dapat
dimaksud pada ayat (4) diatur lebih lanjut dalam Peraturan

Pemerintah.
(6) Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang syarat dan tata cara
Permohonan ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden.
Pasal 38
Dalam hal permohonan diajukan oleh lebih dari seorang atau
suatu badan hukum yang secara bersama-sama berhak atas suatu
Ciptaan, Permohonan tersebut dilampiri salinan resmi akta atau
keterangan tertulis yang membuktikan hak tersebut.
Pasal 39
a. nama Pencipta dan Pemegang Hak Cipta;

b. tanggal penerimaan surat Permohonan;
c. tanggal lengkapnya persyaratan menurut Pasal 37; dan
205
Pasal 40
diterimanya Permohonan oleh Direktorat Jenderal dengan

lengkap menurut Pasal 37, atau pada saat diterimanya
Permohonan dengan lengkap menurut Pasal 37 dan Pasal 38
jika Permohonan diajukan oleh lebih dari seorang atau satu
badan hukum sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 38.
diumumkan dalam Berita Resmi Ciptaan oleh Direktorat

Jenderal.
Pasal 41
dipindahkan haknya kepada penerima hak.
Ciptaan atas permohonan tertulis dari kedua belah pihak

atau dari penerima hak dengan dikenai biaya.
(3) Pencatatan pemindahan hak tersebut diumumkan dalam
Berita Resmi Ciptaan oleh Direktorat Jenderal.
Pasal 42
serta Pasal 39, pihak lain yang menurut Pasal 2 berhak atas Hak
Cipta dapat mengajukan gugatan pembatalan melalui Pengadilan
Niaga.
Pasal 43
(1) Perubahan nama dan/atau perubahan alamat orang atau
Ciptaan sebagai Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta, dicatat
Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta yang mempunyai nama

dan alamat itu dengan dikenai biaya.
206
(2) Perubahan nama dan/atau perubahan alamat tersebut
diumumkan dalam Berita Resmi Ciptaan oleh Direktorat
Jenderal.
Pasal 44
a. penghapusan atas permohonan orang atau badan hukum

yang namanya tercatat sebagai Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak
Cipta;
b. lampau waktu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 29, Pasal
30, dan Pasal 31 dengan mengingat Pasal 32;
c. dinyatakan batal oleh putusan pengadilan yang telah
memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap.
BAB V
LISENSI
Pasal 45
(1) Pemegang Hak Cipta berhak memberikan Lisensi kepada
pihak lain berdasarkan surat perjanjian lisensi untuk
melaksanakan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal 2.
(2) Kecuali diperjanjikan lain, lingkup Lisensi sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi semua perbuatan
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 berlangsung selama
jangka waktu Lisensi diberikan dan berlaku untuk seluruh
wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia.
(3) Kecuali diperjanjikan lain, pelaksanaan perbuatan
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) disertai
dengan kewajiban pemberian royalti kepada Pemegang Hak
Cipta oleh penerima Lisensi.
(4) Jumlah royalti yang wajib dibayarkan kepada Pemegang Hak
Cipta oleh penerima Lisensi adalah berdasarkan kesepakatan
kedua belah pihak dengan berpedoman kepada kesepakatan
organisasi profesi.
207
Pasal 46
Kecuali diperjanjikan lain, Pemegang Hak Cipta tetap boleh
melaksanakan sendiri atau memberikan Lisensi kepada pihak
ketiga untuk melaksanakan perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 2.
Pasal 47
(1) Perjanjian Lisensi dilarang memuat ketentuan yang dapat
menimbulkan akibat yang merugikan perekonomian
Indonesia atau memuat ketentuan yang mengakibatkan
persaingan usaha tidak sehat sebagaimana diatur dalam
peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
(2) Agar dapat mempunyai akibat hukum terhadap pihak ketiga,
perjanjian Lisensi wajib dicatatkan di Direktorat Jenderal.
(3) Direktorat Jenderal wajib menolak pencatatan perjanjian
Lisensi yang memuat ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1).
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pencatatan perjanjian
Lisensi diatur dengan Keputusan Presiden.
BAB VI
DEWAN HAK CIPTA
Pasal 48
(1) Untuk membantu Pemerintah dalam memberikan
penyuluhan dan pembimbingan serta pembinaan Hak Cipta,
dibentuk Dewan Hak Cipta.
(2) Keanggotaan Dewan Hak Cipta terdiri atas wakil pemerintah,
wakil organisasi profesi, dan anggota masyarakat yang
memiliki kompetensi di bidang Hak Cipta, yang diangkat
dan diberhentikan oleh Presiden atas usul Menteri.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai tugas, fungsi, susunan, tata
kerja, pembiayaan, masa bakti Dewan Hak Cipta ditetapkan
dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
208
(4) Biaya untuk Dewan Hak Cipta sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (3) dibebankan kepada anggaran belanja departemen
yang melakukan pembinaan di bidang Hak Kekayaan
Intelektual.
BAB VII
HAK TERKAIT
Pasal 49
(1) Pelaku memiliki hak eksklusif untuk memberikan izin atau
melarang pihak lain yang tanpa persetujuannya membuat,
memperbanyak, atau menyiarkan rekaman suara dan/atau
gambar pertunjukannya.
(2) Produser Rekaman Suara memiliki hak eksklusif untuk
memberikan izin atau melarang pihak lain yang tanpa
persetujuannya memperbanyak dan/atau menyewakan
Karya Rekaman suara atau rekaman bunyi.
(3) Lembaga Penyiaran memiliki hak eksklusif untuk memberikan
izin atau melarang pihak lain yang tanpa persetujuannya
membuat, memperbanyak, dan/atau menyiarkan ulang
karya siarannya melalui transmisi dengan atau tanpa kabel,
atau melalui sistem elektromagnetik lain.
Pasal 50
(1) Jangka waktu perlindungan bagi:
a. Pelaku, berlaku selama 50 (lima puluh) tahun sejak karya
tersebut pertama kali dipertunjukkan atau dimasukkan
ke dalam media audio atau media audiovisual;
b. Produser Rekaman Suara, berlaku selama 50 (lima
puluh) tahun sejak karya tersebut selesai direkam;
c. Lembaga Penyiaran, berlaku selama 20 (dua puluh) tahun
sejak karya siaran tersebut pertama kali disiarkan.
(2) Penghitungan jangka waktu perlindungan sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (1) dimulai sejak tanggal 1 Januari
209
tahun berikutnya setelah:

a. karya pertunjukan selesai dipertunjukkan atau
dimasukkan ke dalam media audio atau media
audiovisual;
b. karya rekaman suara selesai direkam;
c. karya siaran selesai disiarkan untuk pertama kali.
Pasal 51
Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 3, Pasal 4, Pasal 5,
Pasal 6, Pasal 7, Pasal 8, Pasal 9, Pasal 10, Pasal 11, Pasal 14 huruf
b dan huruf c, Pasal 15, Pasal 17, Pasal 18, Pasal 24, Pasal 25, Pasal
26, Pasal 27, Pasal 28, Pasal 35, Pasal 36, Pasal 37, Pasal 38, Pasal
71, Pasal 74, Pasal 75, Pasal 76, Pasal 77 berlaku mutatis mutandis
terhadap Hak Terkait.
BAB VIII
PENGELOLAAN HAK CIPTA
Pasal 52
Penyelenggaraan administrasi Hak Cipta sebagaimana diatur
dalam Undang-undang ini
dilaksanakan oleh Direktorat Jenderal.
Pasal 53
Direktorat Jenderal menyelenggarakan sistem jaringan
dokumentasi dan informasi Hak Cipta yang bersifat nasional,
yang mampu menyediakan informasi tentang Hak Cipta seluas
mungkin kepada masyarakat.
210
BAB IX
BIAYA
Pasal 54
(1) Untuk setiap pengajuan Permohonan, permintaan petikan
pencatatan perubahan nama dan/atau alamat, pencatatan

perjanjian Lisensi, pencatatan Lisensi wajib, serta lain-lain
yang ditentukan dalam Undangundang ini dikenai biaya
yang besarnya ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
(2) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai persyaratan, jangka waktu,
dan tata cara pembayaran biaya sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1) diatur dengan Keputusan Presiden.
(3) Direktorat Jenderal dengan persetujuan Menteri dan Menteri
Keuangan dapat menggunakan penerimaan yang berasal
dari biaya sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2)
berdasarkan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
BAB X
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA
Pasal 55
Penyerahan Hak Cipta atas seluruh Ciptaan kepada pihak
lain tidak mengurangi hak Pencipta atau ahli warisnya untuk
menggugat yang tanpa persetujuannya:
a. meniadakan nama Pencipta yang tercantum pada Ciptaan
itu;
b. mencantumkan nama Pencipta pada Ciptaannya;
c. mengganti atau mengubah judul Ciptaan; atau
d. mengubah isi Ciptaan.
211
Pasal 56
(1) Pemegang Hak Cipta berhak mengajukan gugatan ganti rugi
kepada Pengadilan Niaga atas pelanggaran Hak Ciptaannya
dan meminta penyitaan terhadap benda yang diumumkan
atau hasil Perbanyakan Ciptaan itu.
(2) Pemegang Hak Cipta juga berhak memohon kepada
Pengadilan Niaga agar memerintahkan penyerahan
seluruh atau sebagian penghasilan yang diperoleh dari
penyelenggaraan ceramah, pertemuan ilmiah, pertunjukan
atau pameran karya, yang merupakan hasil pelanggaran
Hak Cipta.
(3) Sebelum menjatuhkan putusan akhir dan untuk mencegah
kerugian yang lebih besar pada pihak yang haknya dilanggar,
hakim dapat memerintahkan pelanggar untuk menghentikan
kegiatan Pengumuman dan/atau Perbanyakan Ciptaan atau
barang yang merupakan hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta.
Pasal 57
Hak dari Pemegang Hak Cipta sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal 56 tidak berlaku terhadap Ciptaan yang berada pada
pihak yang dengan itikad baik memperoleh Ciptaan tersebut
sematamata untuk keperluan sendiri dan tidak digunakan untuk
suatu kegiatan komersial dan/atau kepentingan yang berkaitan
dengan kegiatan komersial.
Pasal 58
Pencipta atau ahli waris suatu Ciptaan dapat mengajukan gugatan
ganti rugi atas pelanggaran sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
24.
Pasal 59
Gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 55, Pasal 56, dan
Pasal 58 wajib diputus dalam tenggang waktu 90 (sembilan
Niaga yang bersangkutan.
212
Pasal 60
(1) Gugatan atas pelanggaran Hak Cipta diajukan kepada Ketua
Pengadilan Niaga.
tanggal gugatan diajukan dan kepada penggugat diberikan

tanda terima tertulis yang ditandatangani oleh pejabat yang
berwenang dengan tanggal yang sama dengan tanggal
(3) Panitera menyampaikan gugatan kepada Ketua Pengadilan

Niaga paling lama 2 (dua) hari terhitung setelah gugatan
(4) Dalam jangka waktu paling lama 3 (tiga) hari setelah gugatan
menetapkan hari sidang.

(5) Sidang pemeriksaan atas gugatan dimulai dalam jangka
waktu paling lama 60 (enam puluh) hari setelah gugatan
Pasal 61
(1) Pemanggilan para pihak dilakukan oleh juru sita paling lama
(2) Putusan atas gugatan harus diucapkan paling lama 90
dapat diperpanjang paling lama 30 (tiga puluh) hari atas

persetujuan Ketua Mahkamah Agung.
(3) Putusan atas gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2)
yang memuat secara lengkap pertimbangan hukum yang
mendasari putusan tersebut harus diucapkan dalam sidang
terbuka untuk umum dan apabila diminta dapat dĳalankan
terlebih dahulu meskipun terhadap putusan tersebut
diajukan suatu upaya hukum.
(4) Isi putusan Pengadilan Niaga sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (3) wajib disampaikan oleh juru sita kepada para pihak
paling lama 14 (empat belas) hari setelah putusan atas
gugatan diucapkan.
213
Pasal 62
(1) Terhadap putusan Pengadilan Niaga sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 61 ayat (4) hanya dapat diajukan kasasi.
(2) Permohonan kasasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat
(1) diajukan paling lama 14 (empat belas) hari setelah
tanggal putusan yang dimohonkan kasasi diucapkan atau
kepada Pengadilan yang telah memutus gugatan tersebut.
permohonan yang bersangkutan diajukan dan kepada

pemohon kasasi diberikan tanda terima tertulis yang
ditandatangani oleh panitera dengan tanggal yang sama
Pasal 63
(1) Pemohon kasasi wajib menyampaikan memori kasasi kepada
panitera dalam waktu 14 (empat belas) hari sejak tanggal
dalam Pasal 62 ayat (2).

(2) Panitera wajib mengirimkan permohonan kasasi dan memori
kasasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) kepada pihak
termohon kasasi paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari setelah memori
kasasi diterima oleh panitera.
(3) Termohon kasasi dapat mengajukan kontra memori
kasasi kepada panitera paling lama 14 (empat belas) hari
setelah tanggal termohon kasasi mene rima memori kasasi
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dan panitera wajib
menyampaikan kontra memori kasasi kepada pemohon
kasasi paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari setelah kontra memori
(4) Panitera wajib mengirimkan berkas perkara kasasi yang
bersangkutan kepada Mahkamah Agung paling lama 14
(empat belas) hari setelah lewat jangka waktu sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (3).
214
Pasal 64
(1) Mahkamah Agung wajib mempelajari berkas perkara kasasi
dan menetapkan hari sidang paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari setelah
permohonan kasasi diterima oleh Mahkamah Agung.
(2) Sidang pemeriksaan atas permohonan kasasi mulai dilakukan
paling lama 60 (enam puluh) hari setelah permohonan kasasi
diterima oleh Mahkamah Agung.
(3) Putusan atas permohonan kasasi harus diucapkan paling
lama 90 (sembilan puluh) hari setelah permohonan kasasi
diterima oleh Mahkamah Agung.
(4) Putusan atas permohonan kasasi sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (3) yang memuat secara lengkap pertimbangan
hukum yang mendasari putusan tersebut harus diucapkan
dalam sidang yang terbuka untuk umum.
(5) Panitera Mahkamah Agung wajib menyampaikan salinan
putusan kasasi kepada panitera paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari
setelah putusan atas permohonan kasasi diucapkan. Juru sita
wajib menyampaikan salinan putusan kasasi sebagaimana
dimaksud pada ayat (5) kepada pemohon kasasi dan
termohon kasasi paling lama 7 (tujuh) hari setelah putusan
Pasal 65
Selain penyelesaian sengketa sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
55 dan Pasal 56, para pihak dapat menyelesaikan perselisihan
tersebut melalui arbitrase atau alternatif penyelesaian sengketa.
Pasal 66
Hak untuk mengajukan gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal 55, Pasal 56, dan Pasal 65 tidak mengurangi hak Negara
untuk melakukan tuntutan pidana terhadap pelanggaran Hak
Cipta.
215
BAB XI
PENETAPAN SEMENTARA PENGADILAN
Pasal 67
Atas permintaan pihak yang merasa dirugikan, Pengadilan Niaga
dapat menerbitkan surat
penetapan dengan segera dan efektif untuk:
a. mencegah berlanjutnya pelanggaran Hak Cipta, khususnya
mencegah masuknya barang yang diduga melanggar Hak
Cipta atau Hak Terkait ke dalam jalur perdagangan, termasuk
tindakan importasi;
b. menyimpan bukti yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran Hak
Cipta atau Hak Terkait tersebut guna menghindari terjadinya
penghilangan barang bukti;
c. meminta kepada pihak yang merasa dirugikan, untuk
memberikan bukti yang menyatakan bahwa pihak tersebut
memang berhak atas Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait, dan hak
Pemohon tersebut memang sedang dilanggar.
Pasal 68
Dalam hal penetapan sementara pengadilan tersebut telah
dilakukan, para pihak harus segera diberitahukan mengenai
hal itu, termasuk hak untuk didengar bagi pihak yang dikenai
penetapan sementara tersebut.
Pasal 69
(1) Dalam hal hakim Pengadilan Niaga telah menerbitkan
penetapan sementara pengadilan, hakim Pengadilan Niaga
harus memutuskan apakah mengubah, membatalkan, atau
menguatkan penetapan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
67 huruf a dan huruf b dalam waktu paling lama 30 (tiga
puluh) hari sejak dikeluarkannya penetapan sementara
pengadilan tersebut.
216
(2) Apabila dalam jangka waktu 30 (tiga puluh) hari hakim
tidak melaksanakan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (1), penetapan sementara pengadilan tidak mempunyai
kekuatan hukum.
Pasal 70
Dalam hal penetapan sementara dibatalkan, pihak yang merasa
dirugikan dapat menuntut ganti rugi kepada pihak yang meminta
penetapan sementara atas segala kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh
penetapan sementara tersebut.
BAB XII
PENYIDIKAN
Pasal 71
(1) Selain Penyidik Pejabat Polisi Negara Republik Indonesia,
Pejabat Pegawai Negeri Sipil tertentu di lingkungan
departemen yang lingkup tugas dan tanggung jawabnya
meliputi pembinaan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual diberi
wewenang khusus sebagai Penyidik sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum
Acara Pidana untuk melakukan penyidikan tindak pidana di
bidang Hak Cipta.
(2) Penyidik sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) berwenang:
a. melakukan pemeriksaan atas kebenaran laporan atau
keterangan berkenaan dengan tindak pidana di bidang
Hak Cipta;
b. melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap pihak atau badan
hukum yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana di bidang
Hak Cipta;
c. meminta keterangan dari pihak atau badan hukum
sehubungan dengan tindak pidana di bidang Hak
Cipta;
217
d. melakukan pemeriksaan atas pembukuan, pencatatan,

dan dokumen lain berkenaan dengan tindak pidana di
bidang Hak Cipta;
e. melakukan pemeriksaan di tempat tertentu yang diduga
terdapat barang bukti pembukuan, pencatatan, dan
dokumen lain;
f. melakukan penyitaan bersama-sama dengan pihak
Kepolisian terhadap bahan dan barang hasil pelanggaran
yang dapat dĳadikan bukti dalam perkara tindak pidana
di bidang Hak Cipta; dan meminta bantuan ahli dalam
rangka pelaksanaan tugas penyidikan tindak pidana di
bidang Hak Cipta.
(3) Penyidik sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
memberitahukan dimulainya penyidikan dan menyampaikan
hasil penyidikannya kepada penyidik pejabat polisi negara
Republik Indonesia sesuai dengan ketentuan yang diatur
dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Hukum
Acara Pidana.
BAB XIII
KETENTUAN PIDANA
Pasal 72
(1) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan
perbuatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau
Pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara
masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda
paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana
penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling
banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah).
(2) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan,
mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu Ciptaan
atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dipidana dengan
218
pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda
paling banyak Rp 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah).
(3) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak memperbanyak
penggunaan untuk kepentingan komersial suatu Program
Komputer dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5
(lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 500.000.000,00
(lima ratus juta rup iah).
(4) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja melanggar Pasal 17 dipidana
dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/
atau denda paling banyak Rp 1.000.000.000,00 (satu miliar
rupiah).
(5) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja melanggar Pasal 19, Pasal
20, atau Pasal 49 ayat (3) dipidana dengan pidana penjara
paling lama 2 (dua) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp
150.000.000,00 (seratus lima puluh juta rupiah).
(6) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melanggar Pasal
24 atau Pasal 55 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2
(dua) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 150.000.000,00
(seratus lima puluh juta rupiah).
25 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun
dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 150.000.000,00 (seratus
lima puluh juta rupiah).
27 dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 (dua) tahun
dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp 150.000.000,00 (seratus
lima puluh juta rupiah).
(9) Barangsiapa dengan sengaja melanggar Pasal 28 dipidana
dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau
denda paling banyak Rp 1.500.000.000,00 (satu miliar lima
ratus juta rupiah).
219
Pasal 73
(1) Ciptaan atau barang yang merupakan ha sil tindak pidana
Hak Cipta atau Hak Terkait serta alat-alat yang digunakan
untuk melakukan tindak pidana tersebut dirampas oleh
Negara untuk dimusnahkan.
(2) Ciptaan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) di bidang
seni dan bersifat unik, dapat dipertimbangkan untuk tidak
dimusnahkan.
BAB XIV
KETENTUAN PERALIHAN
Pasal 74
Dengan berlakunya Undang-undang ini segala peraturan
perundang-undangan di bidang Hak Cipta yang telah ada
pada tanggal berlakunya Undang- undang ini, tetap berlaku
selama tidak bertentangan atau belum diganti dengan yang baru
berdasarkan Undang-undang ini.
Pasal 75
oleh Direktorat Jenderal berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 6

Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta sebagaimana diubah dengan
Undang-undang No.7 Tahun 1987 dan terakhir diubah dengan
Undang-undang No.12 Tahun 1997 yang masih berlaku pada saat
diundangkannya undang-undang ini, dinyatakan tetap berlaku
untuk selama sisa jangka waktu perlindungannya.
BAB XV
KETENTUAN PENUTUP
Pasal 76
Undang-undang ini berlaku terhadap:
a. semua Ciptaan warga negara, penduduk, dan badan hukum
Indonesia;
220
b. semua Ciptaan bukan warga negara Indonesia, bukan
penduduk Indonesia, dan bukan badan hukum Indonesia
yang diumumkan untuk pertama kali di Indonesia;
c. semua Ciptaan bukan warga negara Indonesia, bukan
penduduk Indonesia, dan bukan badan hukum Indonesia,
dengan ketentuan:
(i) negaranya mempunyai perjanjian bilateral mengenai
perlindungan Hak Cipta dengan Negara Republik
Indonesia; atau
(ii) negaranya dan Negara Republik Indonesia merupakan
pihak atau peserta dalam perjanjian multilateral yang
sama mengenai perlindungan Hak Cipta.
Pasal 77
Dengan berlakunya undang-undang ini, Undang-undang Nomor
6 Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta sebagaimana diubah dengan
Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1987 dan terakhir diubah
dengan Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1997 dinyatakan tidak
berlaku.
Pasal 78
Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku 12 (dua belas) bulan sejak tanggal
diundangkan. Agar setiap orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan
pengundangan Undang-undang ini denganpenempatannya
dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia.
221
Disahkan di Jakarta
pada tanggal 29 Juli 2002
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA
MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI
Diundangkan di Jakarta
pada tanggal 29 Juli 2002
SEKRETARIS NEGARA
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
BAMBANG KESOWO
LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 2002

NOMOR 85
Salinan sesuai dengan aslinya

SEKRETARIAT KABINET RI.
Kepala Biro Peraturan
Perundang-undangan II,
Ttd.
EDY SUDIBYO
222
PENJELASAN
ATAS
UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA
NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002
TENTANG
HAK CIPTA
I. UMUM
Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan memiliki
keanekaragaman seni dan budaya yang sangat kaya. Hal itu
sejalan dengan keanekaragaman etnik, suku bangsa, dan agama
yang secara keseluruhan merupakan potensi nasional yang perlu
dilindungi. Kekayaan seni dan budaya itu merupakan salah satu
sumber dari karya intelektual yang dapat dan perlu dilindungi
oleh undang-undang. Kekayaan itu tidak semata-mata untuk
seni dan budaya itu sendiri, tetapi dapat dimanfaatkan untuk
meningkatkan kemampuan di bidang perdagangan dan industri
yang melibatkan para Penciptanya. Dengan demikian, kekayaan
seni dan budaya yang dilindungi itu dapat meningkatkan
kesejahteraan tidak hanya bagi para Penciptanya saja, tetapi juga
bagi bangsa dan negara.
Indonesia telah ikut serta dalam pergaulan masyarakat
dunia dengan menjadi anggota dalam Agreement Establishing the
World Trade Organization (Persetujua n Pembentukan Organisasi
Perdagangan Dunia) yang mencakup pula Agreement on Trade
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (Persetujuan tentang
Aspek-aspek Dagang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual), selanjutnya
disebut TRIPs, melalui Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994.
Selain itu, Indonesia juga meratifikasi Berne Convention for the
Protection of Artistic and Literary Works (Konvensi Berne tentang
Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra) melalui Keputusan Presiden
Nomor 18 Tahun 1997 dan World Intellectual Property Organization
Copyrights Treaty (Perjanjian Hak Cipta WIPO), selanjutnya
223
disebut WCT, melalui Keputusan Presiden Nomor 19 Tahun

1997.
Saat ini Indonesia telah memiliki Undang-undang Nomor
6 Tahun 1982 tentang Hak Cipta sebagaimana telah diubah
dengan Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1987 dan terakhir
diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1997 yang
selanjutnya disebut Undangundang Hak Cipta. Walaupun
perubahan itu telah memuat beberapa penyesuaian pasal yang
sesuai dengan TRIPs, namun masih terdapat beberapa hal yang
perlu disempurnakan untuk memberi perlindungan bagi karya-
karya intelektual di bidang Hak Cipta, termasuk upaya untuk
memajukan perkembangan karya intelektual yang berasal dari
keanekaragaman seni dan budaya tersebut di atas. Dari beberapa
konvensi di bidang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual yang disebut di
atas, masih terdapat beberapa ketentuan yang sudah sepatutnya
dimanfaatkan. Selain itu, kita perlu menegaskan dan memilah
kedudukan Hak Cipta di satu pihak dan Hak Terkait di lain pihak
dalam rangka memberikan perlindungan bagi karya intelektual
yang bersangkutan secara lebih jelas.
Dengan memperhatikan hal-hal di atas dipandang perlu
untuk mengganti Undang-undang Hak Cipta dengan yang
baru. Hal itu disadari karena kekayaan seni dan budaya, serta
pengembangan kemampuan intelektual masyarakat Indonesia
memerlukan perlindungan hukum yang memadai agar terdapat
iklim persaingan usaha yang sehat yang diperlukan dalam
melaksanakan pembangunan nasional. Hak Cipta terdiri atas
hak ekonomi (economic rights) dan hak moral (moral rights). Hak
ekonomi adalah hak untuk mendapatkan manfaat ekonomi
atas Ciptaan serta produk Hak Terkait. Hak moral adalah hak
yang melekat pada diri Pencipta atau Pelaku yang tidak dapat
dihilangkan atau dihapus tanpa alasan apa pun, walaupun Hak
Cipta atau Hak Terkait telah dialihkan.
Perlindungan Hak Cipta tidak diberikan kepada ide atau
gagasan karena karya cipta harus memiliki bentuk yang khas,
224
bersifat pribadi dan menunjukkan keaslian sebagai Ciptaan
yang lahir berdasarkan kemamp uan, kreativitas, atau keahlian
sehingga Ciptaan itu dapat dilihat, dibaca, atau didengar.
Undang-undang ini memuat beberapa ketentuan baru,
antara lain, mengenai:
1. database merupakan salah satu Ciptaan yang dilindungi;
2. penggunaan alat apa pun baik melalui kabel maupun tanpa
kabel, termasuk media internet, untuk pemutaran produk-
produk cakram optik (optical disc) melalui media audio,
media audiovisual dan/atau sarana telekomunikasi;
3. penyelesaian sengketa oleh Pengadilan Niaga, arbitrase, atau
alternatif penyelesaian sengketa;
4. penetapan sementara pengadilan untuk mencegah kerugian
lebih besar bagi pemegang hak;
5. batas waktu proses perkara perdata di bidang Hak Cipta dan
Hak Terkait, baik di Pengadilan Niaga maupun di Mahkamah
Agung;
6. pencantuman hak informasi manajemen elektronik dan
sarana kontrol teknologi;
7. pencantuman mekanisme pengawasan dan perlindungan
terhadap produk-produk yang menggunakan sarana
produksi berteknologi tinggi;
8. ancaman pidana atas pelanggaran Hak Terkait;
9. ancaman pidana dan denda minimal;
10. ancaman pidana terhadap perbanyakan penggunaan
Program Komputer untuk kepentingan komersial secara
tidak sah dan melawan hukum.
II. PASAL DEMI PASAL
Pasal 1
Cukup jelas.
225
Pasal 2
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan hak eksklusif adalah hak yang
semata-mata diperuntukkan bagi pemegangnya sehingga
tidak ada pihak lain yang boleh memanfaatkan hak
tersebut tanpa izin pemegangnya. Dalam pengertian
“mengumumkan atau memperbanyak”, termasuk
kegiatan menerjemahkan, mengadaptasi, mengaransemen,
mengalihwujudkan, menjual, menyewakan, meminjamkan,
mengimpor, memamerkan, mempertunjukkan kepada
publik, menyiarkan, merekam, dan mengomunikasikan
Ciptaan kepada publik melalui sarana apa pun.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 3
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Beralih atau dialihkannya Hak Cipta tidak dapat dilakukan
secara lisan, tetapi harus dilakukan secara tertulis baik
dengan maupun tanpa akta notariil.
Huruf a
Cukup jelas.
Huruf b
Cukup jelas.
Huruf c
Cukup jelas.
Huruf d
Cukup jelas.
Huruf e
Sebab-sebab lain yang dibenarkan oleh peraturan
perundang-undangan, misalnya pengalihan yang
disebabkan oleh putusan pengadilan yang telah
memperoleh kekuatan hukum tetap.
226
Pasal 4
Ayat (1)
Karena manunggal dengan Penciptanya dan bersifat tidak
berwujud, Hak Cipta pada prinsipnya tidak dapat disita,
kecuali Hak Cipta tersebut diperoleh secara melawan
hukum.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 5
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Pada prinsipnya Hak Cipta diperoleh bukan karena
ayat (1) huruf a dan huruf b serta apabila pihak-pihak yang

berkepentingan dapat membuktikan kebenarannya, hakim
dapat menentukan Pencipta yang sebenarnya berdasarkan
pembuktian tersebut.
Pasal 6
Yang dimaksud dengan bagian tersendiri, misalnya suatu
ciptaan berupa film serial, yangisi setiap seri dapat lepas dari
isi seri yang lain, demikian juga dengan buku, yang untuk isi
setiap bagian dapat dipisahkan dari isi bagian yang lain.
Pasal 7
Rancangan yang dimaksud adalah gagasan berupa gambar
atau kata atau gabungan keduanya, yang akan diwujudkan
dalam bentuk yang dikehendaki pemilik rancangan. Oleh
karena itu, perancang disebut Pencipta, apabila rancangannya
itu dikerjakan secara detail menurut desain yang sudah
227
ditentukannya dan tidak sekadar gagasan atau ide saja.Yang

dimaksud dengan di bawah pimpinan dan pengawasan
adalah yang dilakukan dengan bimbingan, pengarahan,
ataupun koreksi dari orang yang memiliki rancangan
tersebut.
Pasal 8
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan hubungan dinas adalah hubungan
kepegawaian antara pegawai negeri dengan instansinya.
Ayat (2)
Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk menegaskan bahwa Hak
Cipta yang dibuat oleh seseorang berdasarkan pesanan dari
instansi Pemerintah tetap dipegang oleh instansi Pemerintah
tersebut selaku pemesan, kecuali diperjanjikan lain.
Ayat (3)
Yang dimaksud dengan hubungan kerja atau berdasarkan
pesanan di sini adalah Ciptaan yang dibuat atas dasar
hubungan kerja di lembaga swasta atau atas dasar pesanan
pihak lain.
Pasal 9
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 10
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Dalam rangka melindungi folklor dan hasil kebudayaan rakyat
lain, Pemerintah dapat mencegah adanya monopoli atau
komersialisasi serta tindakan yang merusak atau pemanfaatan
komersial tanpa seizin negara Republik Indonesia sebagai
Pemegang Hak Cipta. Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk
menghindari tindakan pihak asing yang dapat merusak
228
nilai kebudayaan tersebut. Folklor dimaksudkan sebagai
sekumpulan ciptaan tradisional, baik yang dibuat oleh
kelompok maupun perorangan dalam masyarakat, yang
menunjukkan identitas sosial dan budayanya berdasarkan
standar dan nilai-nilai yang diucapkan atau diikuti secara
turun temurun, termasuk:
a. cerita rakyat, puisi rakyat;
b. lagu-lagu rakyat dan musik instrumen tradisional;
c. tari-tarian rakyat, permainan tradisional;
d. hasil seni antara lain berupa: lukisan, gambar, ukiran-
ukiran, pahatan, mosaik, perhiasan, kerajinan tangan,
pakaian, instrumen musik dan tenun tradisional.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (4)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 11
Ayat (1)
Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk menegaskan status Hak
Cipta dalam hal suatu karya yang Penciptanya tidak diketahui
dan tidak atau belum diterbitkan, sebagaimana layaknya
Ciptaan itu diwujudkan. Misalnya, dalam hal karya tulis
atau karya musik, Ciptaan tersebut belum diterbitkan dalam
bentuk buku atau belum direkam. Dalam hal demikian,
Hak Cipta atas karya tersebut dipegang oleh Negara untuk
melindungi Hak Cipta bagi kepentingan Penciptanya,
sedangkan apabila karya tersebut berupa karya tulis dan
telah diterbitkan, Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang bersangkutan
dipegang oleh Penerbit.
Ayat (2)
Penerbit dianggap Pemegang Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang
diterbitkan dengan menggunakan nama samaran Penciptanya.
Dengan demikian, suatu Ciptaan yang diterbitkan tetapi
229
tidak diketahui siapa Penciptanya atau terhadap Ciptaan

yang hanya tertera nama samaran Penciptanya, penerbit yang
namanya tertera di dalam Ciptaan dan dapat membuktikan
sebagai Penerbit yang pertama kali menerbitkan Ciptaan
tersebut dianggap sebagai Pemegang Hak Cipta. Hal ini
tidak berlaku apabila Pencipta di kemudian hari menyatakan
identitasnya dan ia dapat membuktikan bahwa Ciptaan
tersebut adalah Ciptaannya.
Ayat (3)
Penerbit dianggap Pemegang Hak Cipta atas Ciptaan yang
telah diterbitkan tetapi tidak diketahui Penciptanya atau pada
Ciptaan tersebut hanya tertera nama samaran Penciptanya,
penerbit yang pertama kali menerbitkan Ciptaan tersebut
dianggap mewakili Pencipta. Hal ini tidak berlaku apabila
Pencipta dikemudian hari menyatakan identitasnya dan
ia dapat membuktikan bahwa Ciptaan tersebut adalah
Ciptaannya.
Pasal 12
Ayat (1)
Huruf a
Yang dimaksud dengan perwajahan karya tulis adalah
karya cipta yang lazim dikenal dengan ”typholographical
arrangement”, yaitu aspek seni pada susunan dan bentuk
penulisan karya tulis. Hal ini mencakup antara lain
format, hiasan, warna dan susunan atau tata letak huruf
indah yang secara keseluruhan menampilkan wujud
yang khas.
Huruf b
Yang dimaksud dengan Ciptaan lain yang sejenis adalah
Ciptaan-ciptaan yang belum disebutkan, tetapi dapat
disamakan dengan Ciptaan-ciptaan seperti ceramah,
kuliah, dan pidato.
230
Huruf c
Yang dimaksud dengan alat peraga adalah Ciptaan yang
berbentuk dua ataupun tiga dimensi yang berkaitan
dengan geografi, topografi, arsitektur, biologi atau ilmu
pengetahuan lain.
Huruf d
Lagu atau musik dalam undang-undang ini diartikan
sebagai karya yang bersifat utuh, sekalipun terdiri
atas unsur lagu atau melodi, syair atau lirik, dan
aransemennya termasuk notasi. Yang dimaksud dengan
utuh adalah bahwa lagu atau musik tersebut merupakan
satu kesatuan karya cipta.
Huruf e
Cukup jelas.
Huruf f
Yang dimaksud dengan gambar antara lain meliputi:
motif, diagram, sketsa, logo dan bentuk huruf indah,
dan gambar tersebut dibuat bukan untuk tujuan desain
industri. Yang dimaksud dengan kolase adalah komposisi
artistik yang dibuat dari berbagai bahan (misalnya dari
kain, kertas, kayu) yang ditempelkan pada permukaan
gambar. Seni terapan yang berupa kerajinan tangan
sejauh tujuan pembuatannya bukan untuk diproduksi
secara massal merupakan suatu Ciptaan.
Huruf g
Yang dimaksud dengan arsitektur antara lain meliputi:
seni gambar bangunan, seni gambar miniatur, dan seni
gambar maket bangunan.
Huruf h
Yang dimaksud dengan peta adalah suatu gambaran
dari unsur-unsur alam dan/atau buatan manusia yang
berada di atas ataupun di bawah permukaan bumi yang
digambarkan pada suatu bidang datar dengan skala
tertentu.
231
Huruf i
Batik yang dibuat secara konvensional dilindungi dalam
undang-undang ini sebagai bentuk Ciptaan tersendiri.
Karya-karya seperti itu memperoleh perlindungan
karena mempunyai nilai seni, baik pada Ciptaan
motif atau gambar maupun komposisi warnanya.
Disamakan dengan pengertian seni batik adalah karya
tradisional lainnya yang merupakan kekayaan bangsa
Indonesia yang terdapat di berbagai daerah, seperti
seni songket, ikat, dan lain- lain yang dewasa ini terus
dikembangkan.
Huruf j
Cukup jelas.
Huruf k
Karya sinematografi yang merupakan media komunikasi
massa gambar gerak (moving images) antara lain meliputi:
film dokumenter, film iklan, reportase atau film cerita
yang dibuat dengan skenario, dan film kartun. Karya
sinematografi dapat dibuat dalam pita seluloid, pita
video, piringan video, cakram optik dan/atau media lain
yang memungkinkan untuk dipertunjukkan di bioskop,
di layar lebar atau ditayangkan di televisi atau di media
lainnya. Karya serupa itu dibuat oleh perusahaan
pembuat film, stasiun televisi atau perorangan.
Huruf l
Yang dimaksud dengan bunga rampai meliputi: Ciptaan
dalam bentuk buku yang berisi kumpulan karya tulis
pilihan, himpunan lagu-lagu pilihan yang direkam
dalam satu kaset, cakram optik atau media lain, serta
komposisi berbagai karya tari pilihan. Yang dimaksud
dengan database adalah kompilasi data dalam bentuk
apapun yang dapat dibaca oleh mesin (komputer) atau
dalam bentuk lain, yang karena alasan pemilihan atau
pengaturan atas isi data itu merupakan kreasi intelektual.
232
Perlindungan terhadap database diberikan dengan
tidak mengurangi hak Pencipta lain yang Ciptaannya
dimasukkan dalam database tersebut. Yang dimaksud
dengan pengalihwujudan adalah pengubahan bentuk,
misalnya dari bentuk patung menjadi lukisan, cerita
roman menjadi drama, drama menjadi sandiwara radio
dan novel menjadi film.
Pasal 12 Ayat (2)

Cukup jelas.
Pasal 12 Ayat (3)

Ciptaan yang belum diumumkan, sebagai contoh sketsa,
manuskrip, cetak biru (blue print) dan yang sejenisnya
dianggap Ciptaan yang sudah merupakan suatu kesatuan
yang lengkap.
Pasal 13
Huruf a
Cukup jelas.
Huruf b
Cukup jelas.
Huruf c
Cukup jelas.
Huruf d
Cukup jelas.
Huruf e
Yang dimaksud dengan keputusan badan-badan sejenis
lain, misalnya keputusankeputusan yang memutuskan
suatu sengketa, termasuk keputusan–keputusan Panitia
Penyelesaian Perselisihan Perburuhan, dan Mahkamah
Pelayaran.
233
Pasal 14
Huruf a
Cukup jelas.
Huruf b
Contoh dari Pengumuman dan Perbanyakan atas nama
Pemerintah adalah Pengumuman dan Perbanyakan
mengenai suatu hasil riset yang dilakukan dengan biaya
Negara.
Huruf c
Yang dimaksud dengan berita aktual adalah berita yang
diumumkan dalam waktu 1 x 24 jam sejak pertama kali
diumumkan.
Pasal 15
Huruf a
Pembatasan ini perlu dilakukan karena ukuran
kuantitatif untuk menentukan pelanggaran Hak Cipta
sulit diterapkan. Dalam hal ini akan lebih tepat apabila
penentuan pelanggaran Hak Cipta didasarkan pada
ukuran kualitatif. Misalnya, pengambilan bagian yang
paling substansial dan khas yang menjadi ciri dari Ciptaan,
meskipun pemakaian itu kurang dari 10 %. Pemakaian
seperti itu secara substantif merupakan pelanggaran
Hak Cipta. Pemakaian Ciptaan tidak dianggap sebagai
pelanggaran Hak Cipta apabila sumbernya disebut atau
dicantumkan dengan jelas dan hal itu dilakukan terbatas
untuk kegiatan yang bersifat nonkomersial termasuk
untuk kegiatan sosial. Misalnya, kegiatan dalam
lingkup pendidikan dan ilmu pengetahuan, kegiatan
penelitian dan pengembangan, dengan ketentuan tidak
merugikan kepentingan yang wajar dari Penciptanya.
Termasuk dalam pengertian ini adalah pengambilan
Ciptaan untuk pertunjukan atau pementasan yang tidak
dikenakan bayaran. Khusus untuk pengutipan karya
234
tulis, penyebutan atau pencantuman sumber Ciptaan
yang dikutip harus dilakukan secara lengkap. Artinya,
dengan mencantumkan sekurang-kurangnya nama
Pencipta, judul atau nama Ciptaan, dan nama penerbit
jika ada. Yang dimaksud dengan kepentingan yang
wajar dari Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta adalah
suatu kepentingan yang didasarkan pada keseimbangan
dalam menikmati manfaat ekonomi atas suatu ciptaan.
Huruf b
Cukup jelas.
Huruf c
Cukup jelas.
Huruf d
Cukup jelas.
Huruf e
Cukup jelas.
Huruf f
Cukup jelas.
Huruf g
Seorang pemilik (bukan Pemegang Hak Cipta) Program
Komputer dibolehkan membuat salinan atas Program
Komputer yang dimilikinya, untuk dĳadikan cadangan
semata-mata untuk digunakan sendiri. Pembuatan
salinan cadangan seperti di atas tidak dianggap sebagai
pelanggaran Hak Cipta.
Pasal 16
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 17
Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk mencegah beredarnya
Ciptaan yang apabila diumumkan dapat merendahkan nilai-
nilai keagamaan, ataupun menimbulkan masalah kesukuan
atau ras, dapat menimbulkan gangguan atau bahaya terhadap
235
pertahanan keamanan negara, bertentangan dengan norma

kesusilaan umum yang berlaku dalam masyarakat, dan
ketertiban umum. Misalnya, buku-buku atau karya-karya
sastra atau karya-karya fotografi.
Pasal 18
Ayat (1)
Maksud ketentuan ini adalah Pengumuman suatu
ciptaan melalui penyiaran radio, televisi dan sarana
lainnya yang diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah haruslah
diutamakan untuk kepentingan publik yang secara nyata
dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat umum.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 19
Ayat (1)
Tidak selalu orang yang dipotret akan setuju bahwa
potretnya diumumkan tanpa diminta persetujuannya.
Oleh karena itu ditentukan bahwa harus dimintakan
persetujuan yang bersangkutan atau ahli warisnya.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 20
Dalam suatu pemotretan dapat terjadi bahwa seseorang
telah dipotret tanpa diketahuinya dalam keadaan yang dapat
merugikan dirinya.
Pasal 21
Misalnya, seorang penyanyi dalam suatu pertunjukan
musik dapat berkeberatan jika diambil potretnya untuk
diumumkan.
236
Pasal 22
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 23
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 24
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Dengan hak moral, Pencipta dari suatu karya cipta
memiliki hak untuk:
a. dicantumkan nama atau nama samarannya di dalam
Ciptaannya ataupun salinannya dalam hubungan
dengan penggunaan secara umum;
b. mencegah bentuk-bentuk distorsi, mutilasi
atau bentuk perubahan lainnya yang meliputi
pemutarbalikan, pemotongan, perusakan,
penggantian yang berhubungan dengan karya
cipta yang pada akhirnya akan merusak apresiasi
dan reputasi Pencipta. Selain itu tidak satupun
dari hak-hak tersebut di atas dapat dipindahkan
selama Penciptanya masih hidup, kecuali atas
wasiat Pencipta berdasarkan peraturan perundang-
undangan.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (4)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 25
Yang dimaksud dengan informasi manajemen hak Pencipta
adalah informasi yang melekat secara elektronik pada
suatu ciptaan atau muncul dalam hubungan dengan
kegiatan Pengumuman yang menerangkan tentang suatu
237
Ciptaan, Pencipta, dan kepemilikan hak maupun informasi

persyaratan penggunaan, nomor atau kode informasi. Siapa
pun dilarang mendistribusikan, mengimpor, menyiarkan,
mengkomunikasikan kepada publik karya-karya pertunjukan,
rekaman suara atau siaran yang diketahui bahwa perangkat
informasi manajemen hak Pencipta telah ditiadakan, dirusak,
atau diubah tanpa izin pemegang hak.
Pasal 26
Ayat (1)
Pembelian hasil Ciptaan tidak berarti bahwa status Hak
Ciptanya berpindah kepada pembeli, akan tetapi Hak
Cipta atas suatu Ciptaan tersebut tetap ada di tangan
Penciptanya. Misalnya, pembelian buku, kaset, dan
lukisan.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 27
Yang dimaksud dengan sarana kontrol teknologi adalah
instrumen teknologi dalam bentuk antara lain kode rahasia,
password, bar code, serial number, teknologi dekripsi
(decryption) dan enkripsi (encryption) yang digunakan
untuk melindungi Ciptaan. Semua tindakan yang dianggap
pelanggaran hukum meliputi: memproduksi atau mengimpor
atau menyewakan peralatan apa pun yang dirancang khusus
untuk meniadakan sarana kontrol teknologi atau untuk
mencegah, membatasi Perbanyakan dari suatu Ciptaan.
238
Pasal 28
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan ketentuan persyaratan sarana
produksi berteknologi tinggi, misalnya, izin lokasi
produksi, kewajiban membuat pembukuan produksi,
membubuhkan tanda pengenal produsen pada
produknya, pajak atau cukai serta memenuhi syarat
inspeksi oleh pihak yang berwenang.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 29
Cukup jelas
Pasal 30
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 31
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 32
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 33
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 34
Ketentuan ini menegaskan bahwa tanggal 1 Januari sebagai
dasar perhitungan jangka waktu perlindungan Hak Cipta,
dimaksudkan semata-mata untuk memudahkan perhitungan
berakhirnya jangka perlindungan. Titik tolaknya adalah
tanggal 1 Januari tahun berikutnya setelah Ciptaan tersebut
diumumkan, diketahui oleh umum, diterbitkan atau
Penciptanya meninggal dunia. Cara perhitungan seperti itu
239
tetap tidak mengurangi prinsip perhitungan jangka waktu

perlindungan yang didasarkan pada saat dihasilkannya
suatu Ciptaan apabila tanggal tersebut diketahui secara
jelas.
Pasal 35
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (4)
bagi Pencipta atau Pemegang Hak Cipta, dan timbulnya

perlindungan suatu Ciptaan dimulai sejak Ciptaan itu
Pasal 36
Ciptaan tidak bertanggungjawab atas isi, arti, maksud, atau
Pasal 37
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan kuasa adalah Konsultan Hak
Kekayaan Intelektual yaitu orang yang memiliki keahlian
di bidang Hak Kekayaan Intelektual dan secara khusus
memberikan jasa mengurus permohonan Hak Cipta,
Paten, Merek, Desain Industri serta bidang-bidang
Konsultan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual di Direktorat
240
Jenderal.
Ayat (2)
Yang dimaksud dengan pengganti Ciptaan adalah
contoh Ciptaan yang dilampirkan karena Ciptaan itu
sendiri secara teknis tidak mungkin untuk dilampirkan
dalam Permohonan, misalnya, patung yang berukuran
besar diganti dengan miniatur atau fotonya.
Ayat (3)
Jangka waktu proses permohonan dimaksudkan untuk
memberi kepastian hukum kepada Pemohon.
Ayat (4)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (5)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (6)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 38
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 39
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 40
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 41
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 42
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 43
Cukup jelas.
241
Pasal 44
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 45
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 46
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 47
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 48
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 49
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan menyiarkan termasuk
menyewakan, melakukan pertunjukan umum (public
performance), mengomunikasikan pertunjukan langsung
(life performance), dan mengomunikasikan secara
interaktif suatu karya rekaman Pelaku.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 50
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 51
Cukup jelas.
242
Pasal 52
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 53
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 54
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Yang dimaksud dengan menggunakan penerimaan
adalah penggunaan Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak
(PNBP) sesuai dengan sistem dan mekanisme yang
berlaku. Dalam hal ini seluruh penerimaan disetorkan
langsung ke kas negara sebagai PNBP. Kemudian,
Direktorat Jenderal melalui Menteri mengajukan
permohonan kepada Menteri Keuangan untuk
menggunakan sebagian PNBP sesuai dengan keperluan
yang dibenarkan oleh Undang-undang, yang saat ini
diatur dengan Undang-undang Nomor 20 Tahun 1997
tentang Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak (Lembaran
Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1997 Nomor 43,
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor
3687).
Pasal 55
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 56
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 57
Cukup jelas.
243
Pasal 58
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 59
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 60
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan Ketua Pengadilan Niaga adalah
Ketua Pengadilan Negeri/Pengadilan Niaga.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (4)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (5)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 61
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 62
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Kecuali dinyatakan lain, yang dimaksud dengan
“panitera” pada ayat ini adalah panitera Pengadilan
Negeri/Pengadilan Niaga.
244
Pasal 63
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 64
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 65
Yang dimaksud dengan alternatif penyelesaian sengketa
adalah negosiasi, mediasi, konsiliasi, dan cara lain yang
dipilih oleh para pihak sesuai dengan Undang-undang yang
berlaku.
Pasal 66
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 67
Huruf a
Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk mencegah kerugian
yang lebih besar pada pihak yang haknya dilanggar,
sehingga hakim Pengadilan Niaga diberi kewenangan
untuk menerbitkan penetapan sementara guna mencegah
berlanjutnya pelanggaran dan masuknya barang yang
diduga melanggar Hak Cipta dan Hak Terkait ke jalur
perdagangan termasuk tindakan importasi.
Huruf b
Ketentuan ini dimaksudkan untuk mencegah penghilangan
barang bukti oleh pihak pelanggar.
Huruf c
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 68
Cukup jelas.
245
Pasal 69
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 70
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 71
Ayat (1)
Yang dimaksud dengan Pejabat Pegawai Negeri Sipil
tertentu adalah pegawai yang diangkat sebagai penyidik
berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 72
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (3)
Yang dimaksud dengan memperbanyak penggunaan
adalah menggandakan, atau menyalin program
komputer dalam bentuk kode sumber (source code) atau
program aplikasinya.Yang dimaksud dengan kode
sumber adalah sebuah arsip (file) program yang berisi
pernyataan-pernyataan (statements) pemrograman, kode-
kode instruksi/perintah, fungsi, prosedur dan objek yang
dibuat oleh seorang pemrogram (programmer). Misalnya:
A membeli program komputer dengan hak Lisensi untuk
digunakan pada satu unit komputer, atau B mengadakan
perjanjian Lisensi untuk pengunaan aplikasi program
246
komputer pada 10 (sepuluh) unit komputer. Apabila A
atau B menggandakan atau menyalin aplikasi program
komputer di atas untuk lebih dari yang telah ditentukan
atau diperjanjikan, tindakan itu merupakan pelanggaran,
kecuali untuk arsip.
Ayat (4)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (5)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (6)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (7)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (8)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (9)
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 73
Ayat (1)
Cukup jelas.
Ayat (2)
Yang dimaksud dengan “bersifat unik” adalah bersifat
lain daripada yang lain, tidak ada persamaan dengan
yang lain, atau yang bersifat khusus.
Pasal 74
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 75
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 76
Cukup jelas.
247
Pasal 77
Cukup jelas.
Pasal 78
Diberlakukan 12 (dua belas) bulan sejak tanggal diundangkan
dimaksudkan agar undan-gundang ini dapat disosialisasikan
terutama kepada pihak-pihak yang terkait dengan Hak Cipta,
misalnya, perguruan tinggi, asosiasi-asosiasi di bidang Hak
Cipta, dan lain- lain.
TAMBAHAN LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA

NOMOR 4220
248
249
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AND
REFERENCES
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Regarding Copyright
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BAHASA INGGRIS HUKUM

Legal English & TOEFL-Like Approach

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta

Lingkup Hak Cipta

Dr. Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, SH, MHum, LLM

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY PRESS

BAHASA INGGRIS HUKUM

Cover & Ilustrasi:

Hak Cipta pada Penulis.

Dekan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana

K ami menyambut gembira dengan diterbitkannya karya

Denpasar, 1 September 2012.

Prof. Dr. I Gusti Ngurah Wairocana,SH.MH.

Legal English atau dalam Mata Kuliah di Fakultas Hukum

dengan mudah dapat menangkap isi (contents ) dari sebuah

buku ini diharapkan akan dapat membawa nuansa baru dalam

Denpasar, 27 Agustus 2012

SAMBUTAN DEKAN FAKULTAS HUKUM

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................... vii

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ..................................... 246

WHAT IS LEGAL ENGLISH

L egal English is the style of English used by lawyers and

as Statutes, Laws or Acts of parliament, Treaties, Conventions,

peculiar structure, functional is used insuﬃciently, and foreign

1 Legal English, h, the free encyclopedia,

As a set of phrase, Null and void, actually both words have

Answer all questions about the information in a passage on

1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

(D) The sources of legal English

2. What is the purpose of this passage?

3. The word it in line 3 paragraph 1 refers to

(C) Legal Research

4. The style of legal English commonly used by

5. The word views in line 9 paragraph 1 is closest in meaning

6. The style of legal English is slightly diﬀerent from general

7. The sources of legal English are

8. The meaning of phrases Null and void is

TENTANG READING COMPREHENSION 1

Reading Comprehension adalah salah satu bentuk Model Tests

Bahasa Inggris Hukum seringkali memiliki style yang

Syarat 1 dan 2 merupakan syarat subyektif, jika salah

Patent dan Royalty suatu “legal terms of art” merupakan suatu

Write one paragraph using legal term “ “, “

...............................Therefore, the licensor or the patent owner

Write a paragraph using legal term ,

The copyright owner has an exclusive rights to use and to give..

TWO MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEM IN THE WORLD

T wo major legal systems developed in the world are

as the primary source of law in this system. Consequently, when

Common law system is the system of laws originated and

law such as codiﬁed law. Under the common-law system, when

a court decides and reports its decision concerning a particular

This use of precedents is known as stare decisis. In the US, this

enacted by the legislative branch or the House of Representative

of modern law in the United States are Constitutions, Statutes

and governed by international law10.

Question and Answers using the TOEFL-like

Answer all questions about the information in the passage on the

1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

2. What is the purpose of the passage?

3. The words “ Civil Law ” in paragraph 2 line 6-7 refers to

5. According to this passage, which country follows The Civil

6. In Common Law System the important source of the law is :

7. The phrase “the legislative branch” in line 10 paragraph 4 is