TEORI DAN PARADIGMA PEMBANGUNAN

DR. MICHAEL MAMENTU, MA

PASCASARJANA - UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT ?
 Pembangunan

Pembangunan sering kali dikait-kaitkan dengan bidang ekonomi, bidang politik, mental, tata negara, dan bisang-bidang
lainnya. Istilah ini sering kali dikait-kaitkan dengan perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik ataupun perubahan hal-hal lama ke
berbagai hal baru.

“Suatu usaha atau rangkaian usaha pertumbuhan dan perubahan yang berencana dan dilakukan secara sadar oleh suatu
bangsa, negara dan pemerintah, menuju modernitas dalam rangka pembinaan bangsa (nation building)” (Siagian, 1994)

“suatu proses perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik melalui upaya yang dilakukan secara terencana” Kartasasmita,
Ginandjar, 1994 .
 WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT ?

Development means improving the conditions of life. Basically economics is

knowledge about the effective use of resources in producing the material
basis of life. Therefore, development is fundamentally an economic process.
Economics has an abiding interest in development, and all theories of
development have significant economic dimensions (Richard Peet., 1999.,
Theories Of Development., New York : The Guilford Press)
 LOGIKA PEMBANGUNAN

Tugas utama dari negara-negara yang baru ada pasca Perang Dunia ke II adalah membuat rancangan model
masyarakat yang akan diwujudkan, dan kemudian merumuskan strategi untuk mewujudkan hal tersebut

WUJUD YANG DIHARAPKAN

A conscious and
institutionalized attempt Identifikasi Isu / Kebutuhan Value content
at societal development Identifikasi Potensi / SDA-SDM
(Misra, 1981)

Perumusan /penetapan konsep /desain Pembangunan

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN / PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN

Development means using the productive
resources of society to improve the living
conditions of the poorest people.
Development means more everything for
everyone in the contecxt of all more for am few
(Richard Peet, 1999. Theory of Development)

Given this broad definition, “development” is a multi-dimensional concept in its nature, because
any improvement of complex systems, as indeed actual socio-economic systems are, can occur
in different parts or ways, at different speeds and driven by different forces. Additionally, the
development of one part of the system may be detrimental to the development of other parts,
giving rise to conflicting objectives (trade-offs) and conflicts. Consequently, measuring
development, i.e. determining whether and to what extent a system is developing, is an
intrinsically multidimensional exercise.
 APA PERBEDAAN ANTARA PEMBANGUNAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN ?

Pertumbuhan merupakan transformasi kuantitatif dalam kerangka sistem atau struktur yang ada.
pertumbuhan dengan demikian menyangkut pengertian-pengetian kuantitas.
Contohnya : - Kenaikan angka pertumbuhan ekonomi
- kenaikan pendapatan per capita
- peningkatan daya beli

Pembangunan merupakan transformasi kualitatif yang seringkali terkaitdengan

perubahan struktur, atau perubahan sistem yang ada.
Contoh : Perubahan dari masyarakat agraris ke masyarakat industri.

Moeljarto Tjokrowinoto., 1996., Pembangunan : Dilema dan Tantangan., Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar
 ❑ ECONOMIC THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
❑ SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF MODERNIZATION
❑ MARXIST AND NEO MARXIST
❑ POSTSTRUCTURALISM, POST COLONIALISM, AND
TEORI-TEORI POST DEVELOPMENTALISM
❑ FEMINIST THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
DAN ❑ CRITICAL MODERNISM, RADICAL DEMOCRACY,
PENDEKATAN DEVELOPMENT

PEMBANGUNAN
 What Should be developed ? / Dimensions of Development
Even if the development of a socio-economic system can be viewed as a holistic exercise, i.e. as
an all-encompassing endeavour; for practical purposes, in particular for policy making and
development management, the focus of the agents aiming at development is almost always on
selected parts of the system or on specific features. To this end, “development” is qualified and
specified in different ways. A summary (non-exhaustive) list of possible qualifications
comprises:
Economic Development
Human Development
Sustainable Development
Territorial Development
(Richard Peet, 1999).
Economic Development :
improvement of the way endowments and goods and services are used within
(or by) the system to generate new goods and services in order to provide
additional consumption and/or investment possibilities to the members of the
system.

Human development :
people-centred development, where the focus is put on the improvement of the
various dimensions affecting the well-being of individuals and their relationships
with the society (health, education, entitlements, capabilities, empowerment
etc.)
Sustainable development: development which considers the long term
perspectives of the socio-economic system, to ensure that improvements
occurring in the short term will not be determint to the future status or
development potential of the system, i.e. development will be “sustainable” on
environmental, social, financial and other grounds.

Territorial development: development of a specific region (space)

achievable by exploiting the specific socio-economic, environmental and
institutional potential of the area, and its relationships with external subjects.
Economic development
has traditionally been seen as the first form of development.
often been strictly associated with the concept of economic growth, as an increase in the per capita
income of the economic system.
growth defined in this way can be seen more as the result of an economic development process :
transformation of the structure of an economic system, rather than as a development process per se.
Countless economists provided insights and proposed models to explain how economic systems develop
(or should develop) to generate growth. it is worth mentioning the contributions of Shumpeter (1911)3,
who suggested that economic systems evolve through subsequent disequilibria due to agents which
introduce innovations, more than “developing” according to a pre-determined path. Ramsey (1928)4 set
a model to maximise the consumption of future generations with endogenous savings, disutility of work
and individuals with an infinite time horizon. Allais (1947)5 (and, later, P. Samuelson) set the first
“overlapping generations model”, where individuals have a finite time horizon but overlap with other
individuals living longer.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
the links between human capital and growth constituted a step towards a multi-
dimensional concept of development, where knowledge is not only fundamental to economic
growth but an end per se, as it generates empowerment, self-reliance and a general
improvement in community and social relationships. Nowadays the concept of development
encompasses a set of elements comprised in more than one of the above-mentioned
qualifications. UNDP provides an aggregate concept of human development on the basis of
three criteria: (i) “Long and healthy life”, (ii) “knowledge” and (iii) “A decent standard of
living”, respectively measured by life expectancy at birth, mean years and expected years
of schooling and gross national income per capita at purchasing parity. The associated
Human Development Index (HDI) is then adjusted on the basis of (iv) the inequality in the
distribution of the specific features within countries, assuming that the unequal
distribution of wealth is an undesirable feature of the development processes.
TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT.
This dimension of development refers to a territorial system, intended as a set of
interrelationships between rural and urban areas, in a space characterised by the
existence of poles of attraction for human activities (production and consumption of
goods and services, but also culture and social life), and connected by information
systems and transport infrastructures. When referring to production activities, poles of
attraction can be characterised as “Clusters” where, for various reasons, homogeneous
or closely interlinked activities are implemented. Territorial systems are open to
influences from the national and supra-national contexts and from the interrelationships
between territories. Territorial development implies focusing on the assets of the
territory, its potential and constraints (FAO, 2005). Polices to exploit and enhance this
potential play an important role in the development process.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. The concept of “sustainable development” was first introduced by
Brundtland (1987)12, who defines development as “sustainable” if it “meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Sustainable development
implies minimizing the use of exhaustible resources, or at least, ensuring that revenues obtained from
them are used to create a constant flow of income across generations, and making an appropriate use of
renewable resources. This applies to energy (oil and oil products in particular) but also to fish stock,
wildlife, forests, water, land and air. Land degradation, due to soil erosion and salinisation, persistent
water and air pollution, depletion of fish stock and deforestation are all examples of consequences of non-
sustainable activities. Soil conservation practices; Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) based on reduced
use of energy, pesticides and chemicals; waste management and recycling, waste water treatment, use of
renewable energy sources such as biomasses and solar panels, are frequently cited as techniques for
sustainable development. The concept of sustainability has also been extended beyond environmental
concerns, to include social sustainability, i.e. long term acceptance and ownership of development changes
by the citizens, their organizations and associations (civil society), and financial and economic
sustainability.
 Theories related to Developments Field

Economic Theories
Sociological Theories
Marxist and Neo Marxist Theories, Poststructuralism,
PostColonialism, and Postdevelopmentalism
Feminist Theories of Development
Ilustrasi Posisi Strategis Sulut dan kualitas
pembangunan di wilayah Perbatasan (Talaud)
Pacific as a Center of Gravity
 GEOPOSISI DAN KEUNGGULAN
SULAWESI UTARA

Courtessy of : Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Prov. Sulut

INDONESIAN FISHES IN GENERAL SANTOS
Pasar di Melonguane – ibukota Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud
Sirip Ikan Hiu Di Jual Bebas Di Pasar Di Pulau Marore
Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe
MICHAEL MAMENTU
 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

What is Theory of development ?

a collection of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such
theories draw on a variety of social science disciplines and approaches.

1. Teori Modernisme : Development Contemporary Theories :

a. Perspektif Sosiologis. 1. Post Development Theory
b. Perspektif Antropologi 2. Sustainable Development
2. Structuralisme (Strukturalisme) 3. Human Development Theory

3. Dependency Theory (Teori Ketergantungan)

4. Basic need Theory (Teori Kebutuhan Dasar)
5. Neo Classical Theory (Teori Neo Klasik)