P e rt e m u a n -10

Ik at an Kim ia & St ru k t u r M olek u l

TIM PENGAJAR KIM IA LIDA USU

Ca p a ia n P e m b e la ja ra n

Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan ini mahasiswa akan mampu

menjelaskan tentang ikatan kimia dan struktur molekul yang
berhubungan dengan struktur Lewis, ikatan kovalen,
keelektronegatifan, pengecualian aturan octet dan energi ikatan.
Ma t e ri ya n g D ip e la ja ri
1. St ru k t u r lew is (sen yaw a ion ik d an k ovalen , m u at an form al d an p em ilih an st ru k t u r lew is, st ru k t u r
reson an si)
2. Elek t ron eg at ivit as
3. Pen u lisan st ru k t u r Lew is
4 . M u at an form al d an st ru k t u r Lew is
5. Kon sep Reson an si
6. Pen g ecu alian at u ran ok t et
7. En erg i ik at an
 Pen d ah u lu an

Se lu ru h za t ya n g t e rb e n t u k s e c a ra a la m i
m e m ilik i a t o m a t a u io n ya n g t e rik a t s a t u
s a m a la in  IKATAN KIM IA

Ik a t a n k im ia m e n ye b a b k a n a t o m d a n io n
b e ra d a p a d a e n e rg i ya n g le b ih re n d a h
Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill

Tip e Ik at an

Tarik menarik Pemakaian Atom-atom logam terikat

elektrostatik antar bersama elektron dengan atom lainnya
ion-ion
 Ik a t a n Io n ik
Me lib a t k a n t ra n s fe r e le k t ro n d a ri a t om
log a m k e a t om n on log a m ya n g
m e n g h a s ilk a n t a rik m e n a rik
e le k t ro s t a t ik .
Um u m n ya u n s u r k im ia g o lo n g a n
u t a m a k e t ik a m e m b e n t u k k o n fig u ra s i
a k a n m e n g ik u t i k o n fig u ra s i u n s u r g a s
m u lia t e rd e k a t
Ik a t a n n ya le b ih k u a t d a ri ik a t a n k o va le n
 Sifa t Sifa t d a ri Se n ya w a Io n ik
• Me m ilik i Tit ik Le b u r d a n Tit ik D id ih
ya n g t in g g i.
• Ke ra s , u m u m n ya s u lit d ih a n c u rk a n
• D a p a t m e n g h a n t a rk a n a ru s lis t rik
d a la m b e n t u k le le h a n m a u p u n
d ila ru t k a n k a re n a io n io n n ya ya n g
b e rg e ra k b e b a s
• Io n io n n ya b e ra d a d a la m k is i k ris t a l
ya n g s a n g a t k u a t .
Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill

At o m Lo g a m - No n Lo g a m
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page) ABOVE UNITS: kJ/mol

P e m b e n t u k a n Ik a t a n
Kim ia

P e m b e n t u k a n Ka t ion 
Eksot erm is
En erg i Ion isa si : e n e rg i
ya n g d ib u t u h k a n u n t u k
m e le p a s k a n 1 e le k t ro n p a d a
ke a d a a n d a sa r su a tu g a s a tom
a t a u io n .

 D ip e rlu k a n e n e rg i e k t ra u n t u k
m e le p a s k a n e le k t ro n b e rik u t n ya
 http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Periodic/Affinity/Period05.htm

P e m b e n t u k a n Ik a t a n
Kim ia

P e m b e n t u k a n An ion 
En d ot erm is
Afin it a s Elekt ron :
p e ru b a h a n e n e rg i ya n g
d ip e ro le h k e t ik a a t o m
m e n e rim a e le k t ro n
 https://www.google.com/search?q=sodium+and+chlor+reaction

Ik a t a n Io n ik - P e m b e n t u k a n Na Cl

ΔHIE= 496 KJ/mol

ΔHEA= -349 KJ/mol

ΔH = 146 KJ/mol

Sangat
Eksotermis
 Hidden Puzzle- Energi Kisi
En erg i Kisi : En e rg i ya n g
d ib u t u h k a n u n t u k m e m is a h k a n s c r
s e m p u rn a 1 m o l s e n ya w a io n ik
p a d a t m e n ja d i io n -io n n ya d a la m
ke a d a n g a s.
En e rg i k is i m e n in g k a t d e n g a n
m e n in g k a t n ya m u a t a n io n d a n
m e n in g k a t d e n g a n m e n u ru n n ya
u k u ra n io n .
M en g ik u t i k a id a h Cou lom b
Kek u at an Ik at an Ion d ap at
d it en t u k an oleh 2 fak t or :
1. Mu a t a n d a ri io n
t e rs e b u t  Se m a k in
t in g g i n ila i m uatan
su a tu io n , m a ka
s e m a k in b e sa r p u la
d a ya t a rik n ya .
2. J a ra k an tar io n 
s e m a k in d e ka t ja ra k
a n t a r io n m a k a s e m a k in
k u a t ik a t a n n ya .
En e rg i Kis i d a ri Na Cl d a p a t
d ih it u n g d e n g a n Sik lu s
Bo rn Ha b e r
Tig a c a ra m e n je la s k a n p e m b e n t u k a n ik a t a n io n ic
(e x: LiF)
A. Kon fig u ra si Elekt ron
B. Dia g ra m Orb it a l
C. Sim b ol Lew is
 Kon fig u rasi Elek t ron - Ka id a h Okt et
Ke t ik a a t o b e rik a t a n , m a k a a t o m a k a n k e h ila n g a n , m e n e rim a d a n
s h a re e le k t ro n s a m p a i k u lit t e rlu a rn ya b e ris i 8 (a t a u 2) e le k t ro n

At u ran Kon fig u rasi

Gru p IA, IIA, Log a m d a n Alu m in iu m
keh ila n g a n elect ron seh in g g a m em en u h i kon fig u ra si n ob le g a s
Non Log a m
M en erim a elekt ron seh in g g a m em en u h i kon fig u ra si n ob le g a s
Log a m Tra n sisi d a n p ost t ra n sisi
Ab a ika n ka id a h oct et , lserin g a d a kem u n g kin a n t erb en t u k eb ih d a ri sa t u ion
Log a m t ra n sisi: keh ila n g a n elect ron d i ku lit s t erleb ih d a h u lu kem u d ia n eleckt ron d iku lit p
Log a m p ost t ra n sisi: keh ila n g a n elect ron d i ku lit p t erleb ih d a h u lu kem u d ia n eleckt ron d iku lit S
 Sim b ol Lew is
Sim b o l e le m e n ya n g d ik e lilin g i o le h
e le c t ro n va le n s i

Pract ice:
Gam b ark an st ru k t u r
lew is d ari:
KCl, CaCl 2, AlCl 3, CaO,
Na 2O, Al 2O 3, Zn Cl 2
Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill

Ik a t a n Ko va le n
Me lib a t k a n s h a rin g 1 a t a u le b ih
p a s a n g a n e le c t ro n a n t a r a t o m
n o n -lo g a m

3 in t e ra k s i e le k t ro s t a t ik p a d a
ik a t a n k o va le n :
• Ta rik m e n a rik a n t a ra e le k t ro n
d a n In t i
• To la k m e n o la k a n t a ra e le k t ro n
• To la k m e n o la k a n t a ra In t i
SIFAT SIFAT IKATAN KOVALEN :
1. Me m p u n ya i t it ik le b u r d a n t it ik d id ih re n d a h
2. P a d a u m u m n ya s e n ya w a k o va le n t id a k la ru t d a la m a ir t e t a p i la ru t
d a la m p e la ru t o rg a n ik s e p e rt i p ro p a n o n , t e t ra k lo ro m e t a n a a t a u
b e n ze n a .
3. Se n ya w a k o va le n a d a la h n o n e le k t ro lit d a la m k e a d a a n c a ir a t a u
d ila ru t k a n d a la m p e la ru t o rg a n ik .
4 . Se n ya w a k o va le n p o la r (u m u m n ya s e n ya w a a s a m ) d a p a t la ru t
d a la m a ir d a n la ru t a n n ya d a la m a ir d a p a t m e n g h a n t a rk a n a ru s
lis t rik .
TIP E IKATAN KO VALEN
 SENYAW A KOVALEN POLAR
• Se m a k in b e s a r p e rb e d a a n k e e le k ro n e g a t ifa n s u a t u s e n ya w a m a k a
s e m a k in p o la r s u a t u s e n ya w a t t e rs e b u t .
 IKATAN KOVALEN KOORDINASI (DATIVE BOND)
• Ik a t a n ya n g t e rb e n t u k d a ri p e n g g u n a a n b e rs a m a p a s a n g a n
e le k t ro n b e b a s ya n g b e ra s a l d a ri s a la h s a t u a t o m ya n g b e rik a t a n .
https://chem.libretexts.org/

P a n ja n g Ik a t a n (Bon d Len g t h )

P e n g g u n a a n e le k t ro n b e rs a m a
t id a k s e la lu m e ra t a

3,34 x 10-30 C-m

Ka re n a k e t id a k m e ra t a a n
t e rs e b u t , s e h in g g a t e rja d i d ip ol
ika t a n d a n m om en d ip ol d a p a t
d ih it u n g d e n g a n

Sa t u a n Deb ye (D)= 3.34 ˟ 10 -30 C-m

• Pem u t u san ik at an m em b u t u h k an en erg i
• Sa t u a n n ya a d a la h k J /m o l
• Ra d iu s a t o m a k a n m e m p e n g a ru h i p a n g ja n g ik a t a n , s e m a k in b e s a r
a t o m m a k a P a n ja n g ik a t a n n ya s e m a k in b e s a r.
• Pan jan g ik at an d an En erg i ik at an b erb an d in g t erb alik .
• Se m a k in b a n ya k ju m la h p a s a n g a n e le k t ro n ya n g s a lin g b e rk o n g s i
(s h a rin g ) m a k a P a n ja n g ik a t a n s e m a k in p e n d e k d a n e n e rg i ik a t a n
s e m a k in b e s a r.
Uru t k a n la h e n e rg i ik a t a n ya n g s e m a k in m e n in g k a t d a ri s e n ya w a
b e rik u t : HF, HCl d a n HBr.

Jaw ab an :

Uk u ra n At o m d a ri F k e Cl k e Br s e m a k in b e s a r d a ri a t a s k e b a w a h d a ri
s a t u g o lo n g a n , o le h k a re n a it u P a n ja n g ik a t a n n ya s e m a k in P a n ja n g
s e h in g g a e n e rg i ik a t a n n ya s e m a k in k e c il, m a k a u ru t a n n ya d a ri k e c il
k e b e s a r a d a la h :

H—Br H—Cl H—F

Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill

P a n d u a n P e n u lis a n Sim b o l Le w is p a d a Ik a t a n Ko va le n

1. Te n t u k a n a t o m ya n g
b e rik a t a n
2. Hit u n g s e m u a e le c t ro n va le n s i
3. Te m p a t k a n 2 e le c t ro n p a d a
s e t ia p ik a t a n
4 . P e rg u n a k a n k a id a h o c t e t
5. J ik a a t o m p u s a t b e lu m
m e m e n u h i k a id a h o c t e t , b e n t u k
ik a t a n ra n g k a p
Ma ri Be rla t ih : H 2
A = 1x 2 = 2
N=2x2=4
S = 4 - 2= 2 ÷ 2 = 1 b o n d
Sis a = A – S = 2 – 2 = 0
Ga m b a r St ru k t u r Le w is :
CH4
A = C 4x1 = 4 H 1x4 = 4 4 + 4 = 8
N = C 8x1 = 8 H 2x4 = 8 8 + 8 = 16
S = (A-N)16 – 8 = 8 ÷2 = 4 bonds
Sisa = A-S = 8 – 8 = 0
Gambar Struktur Lewis :
NH 3
A = N 5x1 = 5 H 1x3 = 3 = 8
N = N 8 x1 = 8 H 2x3 = 6 = 14
S = 14 -8 = 6 ÷2 = 3 b o n d s
Sis a = (A-S) 8 – 6 = 2
Ga m b a r St ru k t u r Le w is :
CO 2
A = C 4 x1 = 4 O 6 x2 = 12 = 16
N = C 8 x1 = 8 O 8 x2 = 16 = 24
S = 24 -16 = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 b o n d s
Sis a = (A-S) 16 – 8 = 8 n o t b o n d in g

Ga m b a r St ru k t u r Le w is :
 Mu a t a n Fo rm a l

Mu a t a n form a l a d a la h m u a t a n s u a t u a t o m d a la m m o le k u l
a t a u io n p o lia t o m ik jik a s e m u a e le k t ro n ya n g d ig u n a k a n
b e rik a t a n it u d ib a g i ra t a d i a n t a ra a t o m -a t o m ya n g b e rik a t a n
it u
𝟏𝟏
M u at an Form al = elek t ron valen si – Σelek t ron b eb as- Σelek t ron b erik at an
𝟐𝟐
Co n t o h : io n t io s ia n a t (SCN - ) d a p a t d ig a m b a rk a n t ig a b e n t u k ya it u :

MF S = 6 – 6 – 1 = -1 MF S = 6 – 2 – 3 = +1 MF S = 6 – 4 – 2 = 0
MF C = 4 –0 – 4 = 0 MF C = 4 – 0 – 4 = 0 MF C = 4 – 0 – 4 = 0
MF N = 5 – 2 – 3 = 0 MF N = 5 – 6 – 1 = -2 MF N = 5 – 4 – 2 = -1

D a ri p e rh it u n g a n m u a t a n fo rm a l s t ru k t u r ya n g le b ih s t a b il a d a la h
s t ru k t u r III k a re n a N a t o m ya n g le b ih e le k t ro n e g a t if m a k a ya n g
b e rm u a t a n n e g a t if a d a la h a t o m Nit ro g e n
Con t oh Soal:
Ga m b a rk a n s t ru k t u r Le w is m e n u ru t a t u ra n o k t e t u n t u k s p e s i b e rik u t .
Ta m b a h k a n m u a t a n fo rm a l u n t u k m a s in g -m a s in g a t o m !
A. O F 2
B. H 2 O 2
P e n ye le s a ia n :
 P e n g e c u a lia n Ka id a h O k t e t

O k t e t Tid a k Le n g k a p O k t e t ya n g D ip e rlu a s (Le b ih D a ri D e la p a n

Ele k t ro n Va le n s i D i Se k it a r At o m P u s a t )

Mo le k u l Me n g a n d u n g
J u m la h Ele k t ro n Ga n jil
 St ru k t u r Re s o n a n s i

D e lo k a lis a s i e le c t ro n d im a n a ik a t a n n ya t id a k d a p a t d it u lis k a n p a d a
s t ru k t u r le w is
Sa t u s t ru k t u r Le w is t id a k d a p a t s e c a ra a k u ra t m e n g g a m b a rk a n m o le k u l
s e p e rt i o zo n .
Ma k a k it a m e n g g u n a k a n b e b e ra p a s t ru k t u r ya it u s t ru k t u r re s o n a n s i,
u n t u k m e n g g a m b a rk a n m o le k u l.
 St ru k t u r Re s o n a n s i

Ga m b a rk a n s t ru k t u r re s o n a n s i d a ri HCO 2 - ?
Ilu st rasi:
W arn a h ijau d ib en t u k d ari
cam p u ran w arn a b iru d an
k u n in g .

…ozon e ad alah
d ib en t u k d ari d u a st ru k t u r
reson an si
Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill
Ele k t ro n e g a t ivit a s
Keelekt
. ron eg a t iva n a d a la h
ke m a m p u a n se b u a h a tom
d a la m m o le k u l m e n a rik
e le k t ro n p a d a d irin ya
s e n d iri
Ele k t ro n e g a t ivit a s
m e n in g k a t d a ri: Kiri k e
ka n a n ; a ta s ke b a w a h
Sem a kin b esa r
p e rb e d a a n
k e e le k t ro n e g a t ifa n s u a t u
ik a t a n m a k a sem a kin
p ola r ik a t a n t e rs e b u t .
M a kin b esa r n ila i keelekt ron eg a t ifa n su a t u u n su r m a ka d a ya t a rik
b on d in g a elekt ron n ya d id a la m ika t a n kova len sem a kin ku a t .
Pa u lin g sca le keelekt ron eg a t ifit a sa d a ri u n su r u n su r d i d a la m t a b el
p eriod ik d it u n ju kka n seb a g a i b eriku t :
Silberberg, Martin. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. 5thedition. Mc-Graw Hill

En e rg i Ik a t a n
` En e rg i ya n g d ilep a ska n p a d a s a a t p em b en t u ka n ika t a n d a n e n e rg i ya n g
d ib u t u h ka n p a d a s a a t p em u t u sa n ika t a n `
ΔH rx = Σ(e n t a lp i ik a t a n ya n g t e rp u s t u s ) - Σ(e n t a lp i ik a t a n ya n g t e rb e n t u k )
CH4(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
Jadi,
∆Hrxn = [D(C—H) + D(Cl—Cl) − [D(C—Cl) + D(H—Cl)
= [(413 kJ) + (242 kJ)] − [(328 kJ) + (431 kJ)]
= (655 kJ) − (759 kJ)
= −104 kJ
La t ih a n :
Hit u n g la h p e ru b a h a n e n t a lp i u n t u k re a k s i b e rik u t :
H 2 (g ) + F 2 (g )  HF (g )
D ik e t a h u i En e rg i ik a t a n H – H = 4 32 k J /m o l, F – F = 154 k J /m o l d a n H – F
= 56 5 k J /m o l.
( J a w a b a n : - 54 4 k J /m o l)
La t ih a n :
• Ga m b a rla h s t ru k t u r Le w is d a ri :
SO 4 2- , CO 3 2- ,
CHCl3 , CN 3 H 6 + (H t e rik a t d e n g a n N ).
SO 2 , P O 3 3- ,
NO 2 - , BrO 3 - ,
ClO 4 -.

• Ga m b a rla h s t ru k t u r re s o n a s i d a ri NO -
3