553-1046-1-SM
553-1046-1-SM
PRINSIP-PRINSIP DALAM
HUKUM LINGKUNGAN INTERNASIONAL"
I. Pendahuluan
A. Sejarah Pembentukan
Konvensi pertama yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan kehidupan
satwa liar adalah Konvensi Tahun 1902 tentang Perlindungan Atas
Burung-Burung yang Berguna untak Pertanian. Kriteria yang dipakai
adalah hanyalah kegunaan dari burung-burung yang akan dilindungi
terhadap pertanian dalam jangka waktu singkat, tanpa ada penyebutan
mengenai burung-burung lain yang ada dalam ekosistem.
Pemikiran mengenai perlindungan lingkungan secara mumi baru
dimulai pada tahun 1930-an. Hal ini ditandai dengan ditandatanganinya
"The 1933 London Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and
lKonvensi Afrika ini sangat komprehensif tentang pengaturan pelestarian dan pendayagunaan
tanah, air, tumbuhan dan hewan. Langkah maju yang dicapai dalam Konvensi Afrika adalah:
(1) pengakuan perlunya melindungi lingkungan daTi spesies yang terancam punah;
(2) pemyataan tentang tanggung jawab khusus dan negara yang wilayahnya adalah tempat
adanya spesies yang langka.
Nomor 2 Tahun XX IX
112 Hukum dan Pembangunan
Pasal3
All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shall be subject to these
principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique
areas, to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems
and to the habitats of rare or endangered species.
Prinsip 2
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and
the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their
own resources pursuant to their own environmental and develop-
mental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within
their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment
of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Prinsip 10
Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all
concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each
individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the
environment that is held by public authorities, including information
on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the
opportunity to participate in decision making processes. States shall
facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making
information widely available. Effective access to judicial and adminis-
trative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.
Prinsip 11
States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental
standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the
environmental and developmental context to which they apply ...
Prinsip 13
States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation
for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States
shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to
develop further international law regarding liability and compen-
sation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities
within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Prinsip 14
States should effectively co-operate to discourage or prevent the relo-
cation and transfer to other states of any activities and sub-stances
that cause severe environment degradation or are found to be harmful
to human health.
Prinsip 15
In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall
be widely applied by States according to their capabilities ...
Prinsip 16
National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization
of environment cost and use of economic instruments, taking into
account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the
cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without
distorting international trade and investment.
Prinsip 18
States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters
or other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects
on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the
inter-national community to help States so afflicted.
Prinsip 26
States shall resolve all their environment disputes peacefully and by
appropriate means accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.
Pasal1
(1) The Contracting Parties, within the frame:work of their respective national
laws, undertake to adopt singly, or where necessary and appropriate
through concerted actions, the measures necessary to maintain essential
ecological processes and life-support systems, to preserve genetic diversity,
and to ensure the sustainable utilization of harvested natural resources
under their jurisdiction in accordance with scientific principles and with
a view to attaining the goal of sustainable development.
Pasal2
(1) The contracting Parties shall take all necessary measures, within the
framework of their respective national laws, to ensure that conservation
and management of natural resources are treated as an integral part of
development planning at all stages and at all levels.
Pasal18
(a) The Contracting Parties shall co-operate together and with the competent
international organizations, with a view to co-ordinating their activities in
the field of conservation of nature and management of natural resources
and assisting each other in fulfilling their obligations under this
Agreement.
Pasal19
(1) Contracting Parties that share natural resources shall co-operate con-
cerning their conservation and harmonious utilization, taking into account
the sovereignty, rights and interests of the Contracting Parties concerned
in accordance with generally accepted principles of international law.
Nomor 2 Tahun XX IX
118 Hukum dan Pembangunan
Pasal20
(1) Contracting Parties have in accordance with generally accepted principles
of international law the responsibility of ensuring that activities under
their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment or the
natural resources under the jurisdiction of other Contracting Parties or of
areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Prinsip ini meminta perlakuan yang sarna baik kepada subyek hukum
nasional maupun subyek hukum asing tanpa adanya perbedaan.
v. Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan uraian di atas jelaslah bawah hukum lingkungan
internasional akhirnya rnendapatkan tempat yang cukup kuat dalarn
hukum internasionaI, terlepas dari pro dan kontra yang diajukan oleh
para sarjana hukurn internasional terkemuka. Perkembangan masya-
rakat internasional menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan tidak lagi dapat
diabaikan kedudukannya dalarn kehidupan manusia. Perhatian yang
cukup dan penanganan yang serius harus segera dilakukan, men gin gat
kerusakan lingkungan berarti ancaman bagi kelangsungan hid up
manusia.
Hukurn lingkungan internasional telah rnengembangkan prinsip-
prinsip yang dapat dipergunakan dalam pergaulan rnasyarakat inter-
nasional. Negara-negara diharapkan untuk dapat bekerjasama dalam
rnenerapkan prinsip-prinsip tersebut sehingga tujuan akhir untuk
tercapainya suatu kehidupan rnanusia di lingkungan yang sehat dan
asri dapat tercapai. Pada dasarnya negara-negara maju yang telah me-
nguasai teknologi tinggi dalarn hal pencegahan pencernaran maupun
penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan hendaknya dapat bekerjasama
dengan negara-negara berkembang, khususnya dalarn memberikan ban-
tuan teknik dan bantuan ekonomi.