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Prospek pemanfaatan limbah pisang dalam pengolahan air limbah: Tinjauan

Artikel di Jurnal Manajemen Lingkungan · Januari 2018

DOI: 10.1016 / j.jenvman.2017.10.061

CITATIONS BACA

44 3,216

2 penulis:

Ahmad Mohammed Denmark

Universitas Copperbelt Universitas Kuala Lumpur

28 PUBLIKASI 576 CITATIONS 51 PUBLIKASI 857 CITATIONS

Beberapa penulis publikasi ini juga mengerjakan proyek-proyek terkait ini:

Peningkatan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbasis Biomassa Lihat proyek

pengolahan air limbah Lihat proyek Tanweer

Semua konten yang mengikuti halaman ini diunggah oleh Tanweer Ahmad pada 05 Desember 2017.

Pengguna telah meminta peningkatan file yang diunduh.

 Jurnal Manajemen Lingkungan 206 (2018) 330 e 348

Daftar isi tersedia di ScienceDirect

Jurnal Manajemen Lingkungan

beranda jurnal: www.elsevier .com / temukan / jenvman

Ulasan

Prospek pemanfaatan limbah pisang dalam pengolahan air limbah: Tinjauan

Tanweer Ahmad Sebuah , Mohammed Denmark b , *

Sebuah Departemen Kimia, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dan Komputasi, Universitas Madda Walabu, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
b Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Institut Teknologi Kimia dan Bioteknologi Malaysia, Lot No. 1988, Vendor Bandar Perindustrian Kawasan, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, 78000, Melaka, Malaysia

artikel info
abstrak
Sejarah artikel:
Diterima 11 Juli 2017 Diterima dalam Artikel ulasan ini membahas pemanfaatan limbah pisang (kulit buah, batang semu, batang, dan daun) sebagai bahan prekursor untuk
bentuk revisi 19 September 2017 menghasilkan adsorben, dan penerapannya terhadap polutan lingkungan seperti logam berat, pewarna, polutan organik, pestisida, dan
Diterima 26 Oktober 2017 berbagai lainnya. polutan gas. Di masa lalu baru-baru ini, cukup banyak artikel penelitian telah diterbitkan tentang pemanfaatan adsorben
berbiaya rendah yang berasal dari limbah biomassa. Survei literatur tentang adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang menunjukkan bahwa
karena banyaknya limbah pisang di seluruh dunia, ia juga dianggap sebagai adsorben berbiaya rendah dengan aplikasi yang menjanjikan di
masa depan terhadap berbagai polutan lingkungan. Selanjutnya, biomassa pisang mentah dapat dimodifikasi secara kimia fi ed untuk
Kata kunci:
mempersiapkan ef fi adsorben cient sesuai kebutuhan; modi kelompok fungsional permukaan kimia fi kation dapat meningkatkan beberapa
Adsorpsi limbah
penggunaan adsorben dengan standar industri. Terbukti dari survei literatur bahwa penyerap yang berasal dari limbah pisang memiliki arti yang
Pisang Ion logam
signifikan fi tidak bisa menghapus ef akhir
Pewarna

Radionuklida efisiensi terhadap berbagai polutan. Sebagian besar artikel yang dipublikasikan tentang adsorben turunan limbah pisang telah dibahas secara
Pestisida kritis, dan kesimpulannya diambil berdasarkan hasil yang dilaporkan. Beberapa hasil dengan eksperimen yang berkinerja buruk juga dibahas dan
menunjukkan kurangnya pelaporan. Berdasarkan survei literatur, prospek penelitian di masa depan tentang limbah pisang memiliki signifikansi fi tidak
dapat berdampak pada strategi penelitian yang akan datang.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Isi

1. Pengantar..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................330
2. Pemanfaatan limbah pisang berasal dari adsorben terhadap pencemar lingkungan........................................................................................................................332
2.1. Penghapusan ion logam melalui adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang........................................................................................................................................ 332

2.2. Penghapusan zat warna dari air limbah menggunakan adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang................................................................................................................ 334
2.3. Penghapusan pestisida dari air yang terkontaminasi menggunakan adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang............................................................................................ 336
2.4. Penghapusan bermacam-macam senyawa organik yang larut dalam air menggunakan adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang...............................................................337

2.5. Penghapusan anion anorganik yang larut dalam air menggunakan adsorben turunan limbah pisang.............................................................................................. 339
2.6. Penghapusan nuklida radioaktif yang larut dalam air menggunakan adsorben turunan limbah pisang............................................................................................. 340
2.7. Penghapusan polutan lain-lain menggunakan adsorben turunan limbah pisang......................................................................................................................341
2.8. Kemungkinan mekanisme adsorpsi ke adsorben limbah pisang..............................................................................................................................................................................................................342
3. Kesimpulan dan perspektif penelitian di masa depan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Pengakuan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Referensi...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................346

1. Perkenalan
* Penulis yang sesuai.
Surel alamat: mdanishchem@gmail.com , mdanish@unikl.edu.my
(M. Denmark). Air murni adalah pelarut penting bagi semua makhluk hidup yang sedang tumbuh

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.061
0301-4797 / © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
 T. Ahmad, M. Denmark / Jurnal Manajemen Lingkungan 206 (2018) 330 e 348
3
di planet bumi, meskipun populasi miliaran bawah di bumi berjuang untuk mendapatkan air minum
kapasitas adsorpsi. Tidak diragukan lagi, karbon aktif dengan luas permukaan yang besar dianggap
segar. Kelangkaan air adalah perhatian utama dunia kontemporer. Selama beberapa dekade terakhir,
sangat efektif fi adsorben terhadap berbagai racun ( Bansal dan Goyal, 2005 ). Namun demikian,
permintaan akan air minum telah meningkat secara eksponensial karena pertumbuhan populasi yang
penggunaannya yang luas dalam ef fl pengobatan biasanya dibatasi karena kelangkaan karbon aktif
cepat, pertumbuhan industri yang terus meningkat dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
yang lebih murah.
tidak

dan la ni ~ na berpengaruh pada curah hujan reguler. Dengan modernisasi peradaban, banyak
Adsorben tidak konvensional dari limbah biomassa dan sumber kaya karbon lainnya telah diuji
produk industri dimasukkan ke dalam gaya hidup kita seperti plastik, produk fenolik, mobil yang
terhadap kontaminan yang larut dalam air; karya penelitian yang dilaporkan telah ditinjau secara luas
dioperasikan dengan bensin, unit pemrosesan makanan tingkat industri. Industri-industri ini dan
( Ahmad et al., 2011, 2010, 2012; Patel, 2012; Rafatullah et al., 2013; Nor et al., 2013; Abdolali et al.,
produk-produknya secara efektif mendegradasi sumber air bersih yang ada dan mencemari tanah,
2014; Mohan et al., 2014; Anastopoulos dan Kyzas, 2014; Yahya et al., 2015; Bhatnagar et al., 2015;
udara, dan badan air sedemikian rupa sehingga berdampak pada kehidupan manusia. Saat ini,
Jain et al., 2016; Gupta et al., 2015; Adegoke dan Bello, 2015; Bhatnagar et al., 2010 ). Telah
efeknya terlihat melalui beberapa speci fi c penyakit yang terjadi di seluruh dunia seperti kontaminasi
dilaporkan bahwa dalam kondisi biasa, karbon aktif yang dihasilkan dari berbagai bahan baku murah
arsenik di banyak bagian petani goni Bengal Barat yang sedang tumbuh di India, kontaminasi merkuri
memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang kecil atau buruk terhadap berbagai polutan dibandingkan dengan
di Teluk Minamata fi sh di Jepang, karena penggunaan kontaminasi DDT di air banyak burung
karbon aktif berbasis batubara komersial ( Bhatnagar et al., 2015; DeMessie et al., 2015 ). Oleh karena
menjadi spesies yang terancam punah. Di banyak negara, air tanah adalah sumber utama air minum
itu, pencarian bahan baku berbiaya rendah serta metode produksi karbon aktif sedang berlangsung.
untuk penduduk lokal mereka di desa-desa, kota-kota kecil dan menengah. Namun, kualitas air tanah
dan permukaan semakin memburuk karena penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida dalam kegiatan
pertanian, antibiotik, pewarna, dan logam berat dalam kegiatan industri. Berbagai ef industri fl Penguapan
terus menerus ke sungai dan tambak mengandung berbagai macam polutan yang perlahan-lahan
masuk ke ekosistem alami, ia memiliki fi tidak dapat berdampak toksik pada kesehatan manusia,
habitat perairan, dan spesies tanaman. Baru-baru ini, beberapa bahan kimia yang sangat beracun
Banyak limbah pertanian diadili sebagai adsorben, di antaranya, limbah pisang memiliki arti
telah terdeteksi pada tingkat yang mengkhawatirkan dalam air minum di berbagai bagian negara
penting fi tidak penting karena memiliki berbagai bagian yang dapat dimanfaatkan seperti kulit buah
berkembang, yang merupakan ancaman serius bagi kehidupan manusia dan perairan. Awalnya,
pisang, batang, pseudo-batang, daun, dan empulur. Bagian-bagian limbah pisang ini telah dipelajari
ketika muatan kimianya kurang, tanah berfungsi sebagai adsorben untuk memisahkan racun dari air
secara luas sebagai adsorben terhadap berbagai polutan. Pisang telah menarik perhatian peneliti
dan air bersih mengalir ke akuifer bawah tanah, tetapi dengan meningkatnya populasi dan
sebagai bahan baku yang efektif untuk adsorben karena banyak tersedia, pasca panen buah tidak
konsentrasi racun, kapasitas adsorpsi tanah habis dan sekarang toksikan meresap ke air tanah.
ada pemanfaatan yang tepat dari limbah pisang oleh petani, dan fi jumlah senyawa karbon yang ada di
Masalah kesehatan yang serius seperti kanker, gagal ginjal, gangguan hati, dll., Timbul karena
dalamnya tidak bisa. Selain itu, limbah pohon pisang dapat menyebabkan ancaman lingkungan yang
tingginya konsentrasi bahan kimia pencemar.
serius jika limbahnya tidak dikelola dengan baik, dapat menghasilkan gas rumah kaca jika dibuang
dalam kondisi basah. Biasanya, petani membuang limbah pohon pisang di sungai dan kolam di mana
ia terdegradasi secara perlahan dan membentuk metana, dan gas-gas lain menyebarkan bau busuk
dan mempengaruhi ekosistem di dekatnya. Oleh karena itu pemilihan pohon pisang dan limbah buah
sebagai bahan adsorben yang efektif adalah pilihan cerdas untuk masa depan yang berkelanjutan.

Tanaman pisang milik keluarga Musaceae. Spesies pisang yang cocok untuk dikonsumsi,
termasuk dalam Australimusa dan Eumusa
Berbagai macam ilmuwan fi Metode c dapat diakses oleh peneliti dengan berbagai tingkat
seri yang memiliki asal berbeda dari genus yang sama. Pisang konsumsi manusia yang tersedia
keberhasilan untuk meminimalkan kontaminasi air. Beberapa teknik yang dilaporkan adalah reverse
secara umum adalah anggota
osmosis, ekstraksi pelarut, fl okulasi, pemisahan membran, fi ltrasi, presipitasi kimia, oksidasi, reduksi,
Musa akumata jenis. Spesies Musa yang tumbuh di seluruh dunia adalah M. cavendishii, M.
koagulasi, pertukaran ion, penguapan, elektrolisis ( Ali dan Jain, 2005; Gupta dan Ali, 2003;
paradisiaca, dan M. sapientum ( Mohapatra et al., 2010 ). Pohon pisang dapat berbuah (hampir 20
Wojnarovits et al., 2010 ), reaksi fotokimia ( Fox dan Dulay, 1993 ), lumpur aktif ( Bromley-Challenor et
buah pisang tumbuh menjadi tangan (tier) dan 3 e 20 tangan dapat tumbuh berkelompok) sekali
al., 2000 ), pengobatan anaerobik dan aerobik ( dos Santos et al., 2007 ), reduksi mikroba ( Shen dan
seumur hidup, sehingga banyak limbah biomassa yang dihasilkan dari pohon. Tanaman pisang
Wang, 1994 ), pengobatan bakteri ( LaPara et al., 2000 ), iradiasi oleh radiasi nuklir ( Basfar dan Abdel
awalnya telah tumbuh di India, dan wilayah Asia Tenggara (Malaysia dan Jepang). Padahal,
Rehim, 2002 ), elektrodialisis ( Ali et al., 2011 ), perawatan ultrasonik ( Suzuki et al., 2000 ), pemisahan
beberapa spesies pisang dianggap secara genetik terhubung dengan beberapa spesies pisang Afrika
magnetik ( Karapinar, 2003 ), dan adsorpsi ( Gupta dan Ali, 2008; Danish et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2016a,
( Anwar et al., 2010; De Langhe et al., 2009 ). Buah pisang adalah salah satu tanaman buah paling
2016b; Li et al., 2016; Hashemand Amin, 2016 ) digunakan untuk menghilangkan dan / atau
populer dan sangat bergizi yang dibudidayakan di lebih dari 130 negara; negara penghasil pisang
memisahkan kontaminan beracun dari larutan berair. Namun, beberapa teknik yang disebutkan di
terbesar terletak di daerah tropis dan sub-tropis. India, Cina, Filipina, Brasil, dan Ekuador adalah 5
atas memiliki biaya operasional yang tinggi, membutuhkan tenaga kerja yang sangat terampil, dan
negara penghasil pisang teratas menurut data 2016. Produksi pisang memiliki kepentingan ekonomi
menghasilkan lumpur di akhir operasi. Dibandingkan dengan teknik lain metode adsorpsi memiliki
yang cukup besar. Di India, produksi pisang pada tahun 2016 adalah sekitar 27,6 juta metrik ton,
keunggulan. Teknik adsorpsi melalui adsorben yang efektif menawarkan beberapa keuntungan fi ts
sedangkan total produksi pisang dunia selama 2016 adalah sekitar 144 juta metrik ton ( Vezina dan
seperti mudah dioperasikan, sehingga tidak diperlukan tenaga kerja terampil tinggi, aman lingkungan,
den Bergh, 2016; Ali dan Saeed, 2015 ). Di antara beberapa limbah yang dihasilkan karena pohon
tidak ada risiko kesehatan bagi operator, dan prosesnya tidak merusak sehingga kontaminan dapat
pisang dan buah, kulit pisang merupakan salah satu limbah penting yang dihasilkan dalam jumlah
dipisahkan dan didaur ulang ( Ahmad et al., 2011 ). Makropori, mesopori, dan mikropori dalam
besar karena konsumsi buah pisang. Kulit pisang berkontribusi sekitar 40% dari total berat buah
adsorben dapat berfungsi sebagai saringan molekuler. Oleh karena itu, dapat digunakan untuk
pisang segar ( Anhwange et al., 2008 ). Menurut data produksi pisang yang disebutkan dalam paragraf
adsorpsi polutan terlarut dan tidak larut dengan besar
di atas, jelas bahwa industri pisang menghasilkan kulit pisang lebih dari 57,6 juta metrik ton per
tahun. pisang
kulitnya mengandung senyawa organik kaya karbon seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa, zat pektin,
peleburan, permukaan fi nishing industri, produksi energi dan bahan bakar, industri pupuk dan
pigmen klorofil, dan beberapa senyawa berat molekul rendah lainnya ( Xiaomin et al., 2007 ). Secara
pestisida dan aplikasi, metalurgi, industri kedirgantaraan dan instalasi energi atom. Karena sifat
eksperimental veri fi ed menjadi sumber pektin yang baik (10 e 21%), lignin (6 e 12%), selulosa (7,6 e 9,6%),nonbiodegradable dari ion logam, ia menumpuk dan dipindahkan ke organisme hidup yang berbeda
hemiselulosa (6,4 e 9,4%), dan asam galakturonat ( Mohapatra et al., 2010 ). Beberapa ton limbah kulit
bersama dengan rantai makanan mereka. Oleh karena itu, efek toksiknya lebih diekspresikan pada
pisang diproduksi setiap hari di pasar buah-buahan dan sampah rumah tangga, menciptakan bau
hewan di tingkat trofik yang lebih tinggi. Mereka menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang serius dan
menyengat karena pencernaan biomassa secara anaerob menghasilkan gas yang juga
kronis bagi manusia. Limbah pisang telah banyak dieksplorasi oleh peneliti, sebagai adsorben
mempengaruhi keseimbangan alami gas atmosfer. Meskipun pisang matang dikonsumsi tanpa
terhadap berbagai ion logam.
pengolahan apa pun, pisang dalam volume besar diproses secara industri untuk mengubahnya
menjadi keripik pisang dan produk rak-panjang lainnya yang menghasilkan sejumlah besar limbah
kulit pisang. Pabrik pengolahan makanan digunakan untuk membuang kulit pisang di tanah yang
DeMessie et al. (2015) membandingkan sifat permukaan dan kapasitas adsorpsi kulit pisang
khas fi ll. Konversi kulit pisang menjadi bahan yang bermanfaat akan membawa keuntungan ekonomi
yang diaktifkan secara pirolisa dan dikeringkan dengan karbon aktif komersial (F-400) terhadap
tambahan untuk industri pertanian.
larutan ion Cu (II). Aktivasi pirolitik kulit pisang kering menghasilkan mesopori yang lebih besar (49 Å)
tetapi luas permukaan yang lebih kecil (38,49 m) 2 / g) adsorben dengan muatan permukaan yang
dominan negatif dibandingkan dengan karbon aktif komersial (F-400) yang memiliki mesopori yang
lebih kecil (30 Å) dan luas permukaan yang besar (819 m 2 / g). Kapasitas adsorpsi karbon aktif
komersial (F-400) (2,39 mg / g) dan kulit pisang kering aktif (38,4 mg / g) dibandingkan dan
dilaporkan memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang lebih baik. Meskipun kulit pisang kering memiliki luas
Batang semu pisang menghasilkan sekelompok buah pisang sebelum dikeringkan dan diganti
permukaan lebih kecil, alasan untuk kapasitas adsorpsi yang lebih baik adalah adanya muatan
dengan batang semu baru. Batang semu adalah batang pohon pisang yang memasok nutrisi dari
berlawanan pada permukaan adsorben. Adsorben yang berasal dari kulit pisang mencapai hasil ef fi efisiensi
tanah ke buah-buahan; itu menjadi limbah setelah buah pisang dipanen. Diperkirakan setiap hektar
96% pada larutan konsentrasi awal yang lebih rendah. Isotermdata lebih baik fi menurut isoterm
perkebunan pisang menghasilkan hampir 220 ton limbah biomassa. Limbah pisang ini dibuang oleh
Langmuir. Penyerapan terhadap data waktu fi persamaan persamaan kinetik orde kedua untuk kedua
para petani ke sungai, danau, atau dibuang di daerah dataran rendah; itu menyebabkan ancaman
adsorben. Mekanisme adsorpsi terhadap ion Cu (II) dijelaskan melalui pertukaran ion dan interaksi
serius bagi biosfer karena pelepasan gas rumah kaca ( Shah et al., 2005 ). Peneliti ilmu dan teknik
elektrostatik.
lingkungan di seluruh dunia terlibat dalam percobaan untuk memanfaatkan bahan biomassa tersebut
untuk mengubahnya menjadi bahan yang berguna untuk mencegah racun lingkungan yang
dihasilkannya, dan pada saat yang sama menyediakan teknik pembuangan limbah yang terjangkau.
Oleh karena itu, adalah rasional bahwa opsi yang layak secara komersial untuk masalah ini harus
mencakup pemanfaatan limbah pisang dalam pembentukan produk baru untuk perbaikan lingkungan
daripada pembuangan. Dibandingkan dengan limbah biomassa lain yang digunakan sebagai
adsorben, limbah pisang sangat penting, karena berbagai bagian pohon pisang telah dipelajari secara
Adsorben dari kulit pisang dan batang oleh pengeringan sinar matahari langsung dan kemudian
luas sebagai adsorben terhadap polutan kationik, anionik, dan netral. Limbah pohon pisang telah
diaktifkan dengan larutan natrium hidroksida dan formalin ( Hasanah et al., 2012 ). Adsorben yang
mendapatkan minat luas dari peneliti karena banyak tersedia dan signifikan fi tidak bisa kapasitas
disiapkan diuji terhadap ion Cu (II) yang ada di industri tekstil ef fl uent. Eksperimen adsorpsi batch
adsorpsi terhadap polutan yang larut dalam air.
dijalankan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis zat pengaktif yang sesuai, ukuran partikel adsorben, pH
larutan adsorbat, dan waktu kontak. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum untuk adsorpsi
maksimum ion Cu (II) (kapasitas adsorpsi, 19,70 mg / g, penghilangan fi efisiensi, 89,01%) adalah
batang pisang yang diberi formalin, dengan ukuran partikel 30 mesh, pH larutan ion Cu (II) 4.0, dan
waktu kontak 12 jam. Adsorben kulit pisang yang diolah dengan NaOH memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi
13,24 mg / g dan penghilangan ef akhir

Menurut survey kami melalui berbagai online dan of fl Sebagai sumber, tidak ada ulasan tentang
adsorben turunan limbah pisang tersedia bagi para peneliti untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum
efisiensi 59,81%, pada ukuran partikel 20 mesh, pH larutan ion Cu (II) 5.0, dan waktu kontak 24 jam.
pemanfaatan limbah pisang di industri pengolahan air limbah. Dalam artikel ulasan ini, kami mencoba
Adsorpsi ion logam tembaga ke kulit pisang kering diuji secara eksperimental dengan memvariasikan
untuk memberikan studi detail pemanfaatan adsorben turunan bananawaste terhadap berbagai
parameter independen seperti ukuran partikel, dosis adsorben, pH larutan, waktu kontak, kecepatan
polutan yang larut dalam air seperti pewarna, logam berat, pestisida, minyak, senyawa organik, dll.
pengadukan, dan suhu ( Hossain et al., 2012 ). Ditemukan bahwa larutan asam rendah (pH ¼ 6)
signi fi tidak bisa
disukai penghilangan ion Cu (II) melalui kulit pisang kering. Data isoterm diikuti model monolayer;
kapasitas adsorpsi dihitung menjadi 27,78 mg / g. Model kinetik orde pseudosecond diikuti oleh
adsorpsi ion Cu (II) ke kulit pisang kering. Untuk pemulihan ion logam Cu (II) dari permukaan
fi Temuan dibahas secara rinci. Para penulis menyebutkan kapasitas adsorpsi pohon pisang, dan
adsorben, larutan asam sulfat 0,10 N terbukti efektif untuk desorpsi. Sekitar 94% ion Cu (II) yang
adsorben turunan limbah buah, harus diambil pada serangkaian kondisi percobaan tertentu daripada
teradsorpsi dapat diperoleh melalui pencucian asam sulfat 0,1 N.
sebagai kapasitas adsorpsi absolut.

2. Pemanfaatan adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang terhadap pencemar lingkungan

2.1. Penghapusan ion logam melalui adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang
Renata et al. (2011) melaporkan kapasitas adsorpsi kulit pisang yang dibumikan untuk
menghilangkan timbal dan ion tembaga. Keseimbangan adsorpsi tembaga dan timah dicapai dalam
Pencampuran kontaminan yang larut dalam air dalam akuifer karena pembuangan ion logam
waktu 10 menit, dan penghilangan ion Cu (II) dan Pb (II) menguntungkan pada pH> 3. Teknik FTIR
berat tanpa pandang bulu telah menjadi masalah di seluruh dunia. Ion logam berat beracun bagi
digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi bubuk kulit pisang, spektra menunjukkan puncak transmitansi
spesies air ( fl ora dan fauna) dan manusia bahkan pada konsentrasi rendah. Polusi ion logam berat
gugus karboksilat dan amina pada 1730 cm 1 dan 889 cm 1, masing-masing. Data isoterm dari tembaga
terutama berasal dari fotografi, besi dan baja, pelapisan baja, pengerjaan kulit, pembuatan alat listrik,
dan timah ditemukan mengikuti model Langmuir dengan kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum 20,97 mg / g
pengolahan permukaan logam, penambangan dan
dan 41,44 mg / g untuk
Cu (II) dan Pb (II), masing-masing. Bubuk kulit pisang juga digunakan dalam percobaan
pra-konsentrasi dan menemukan faktor pengayaan hampir 20 kali lipat, dan masih, kolom dapat
digunakan kembali untuk 11 siklus tanpa banyak kehilangan dalam pemulihan. Metode terjadwal
digunakan untuk estimasi Cu (II) dan Pb (II) dalam sampel nyata air sungai. Hasil yang diperoleh
divalidasi dengan membandingkan dengan adsorben referensi standar. Busa kulit pisang karbon
(BPCF) digunakan terhadap berbagai ion logam berat seperti Cu 2 þ,
Pb 2 þ, CD 2 þ dan Cr 6 þ ion ( Li et al., 2016 ). Peran parameter adsorpsi seperti pH, waktu kontak, suhu,
dan konsentrasi awal diselidiki dalam percobaan batch. Data kinetik dan kesetimbangan
menunjukkan bahwa perilaku adsorpsi lebih baik dijelaskan oleh model kinetik orde kedua dan model
isoterm Langmuir. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum BPCF terhadap Cu 2 þ, Pb 2 þ, CD 2 þ, dan Cr 6 þ diperkirakanpseudo-second-order adalah model umum untuk ketiga adsorben untuk menggambarkan laju
49,5, 45,6, 30,7 dan 25,2 mg / g dalam waktu kesetimbangan 5 menit. Adsorpsi terhadap data suhu
menunjukkan bahwa penyerapan ion logam ke BPCF adalah proses reaksi endotermik dan spontan.
Penghapusan ef fi efisiensi adsorben (BPCF) untuk menghilangkan ion logam dilaporkan 98,00%
setelah 1 jam waktu kontak. Dibandingkan dengan kulit pisang lainnya yang berasal dari adsorben
lain, BPCF menunjukkan signifikan fi secara tidak langsung meningkatkan kapasitas adsorpsi terhadap
empat ion logam ini. Peningkatan kapasitas adsorpsi BPCF ini dapat dikaitkan dengan kapasitas
pertukaran ion dan pengendapan mikro ion logam yang menguntungkan di permukaan.
Penghapusan ion Pb (II) dan Cd (II) melalui adsorben serbuk kulit pisang telah dipelajari dalam
percobaan batch ( Anwar et al., 2010 ). Parameter eksperimental seperti dosis bubuk kulit pisang, pH,
waktu kontak, dan kecepatan agitasi dievaluasi untuk mendapatkan kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum.
Data isoterm yang diperoleh diaplikasikan pada isoterm Langmuir, Freundlich, dan Temkin untuk
menggambarkan perilaku adsorpsi ion Pb (II) dan Cd (II) pada bubuk kulit pisang. Data isoterm diikuti
model Langmuir, kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum (qm) bubuk kulit pisang terhadap ion Pb (II) dan Cd
(II) ditemukan masing-masing 2,18mg / g dan 5,71 mg / g.
Batang pisang fi bers (BTF) digunakan sebagai adsorben untuk menghilangkan Cd (II), Cu (II), Fe
(II), dan Zn (II) dari larutan berair ( Sathasivam dan Haris, 2010 ). Perubahan kapasitas adsorpsi BTF
diselidiki dengan variasi pH, waktu kontak, ion logam (Cd (II), Cu (II), Fe (II), dan Zn (II)) konsentrasi
awal, dosis BTF, dan rasio [M 2 þ] / biomassa pada suhu kamar (25 C). Data isoterm dijelaskan dengan
baik oleh model isoterm Freundlich, kapasitas adsorpsi BTF terhadap Cd (II), Cu (II), Fe (II), dan Zn
(II) dihitung melalui konstanta model Freundlich (K f) ditemukan masing-masing 8,49, 2,68, 6,58, dan
1,74 mg / g. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa kapasitas adsorpsi BTF sangat dipandu oleh konsentrasi ion
logam awal dan pH larutan. Kinetika adsorpsi ion logam (Cd (II), Cu (II), Fe (II), dan Zn (II)) ke BTF
telah mengikuti model pseudo-second-order. BTF dicoba untuk dimodifikasi dengan metode kimia
yang berbeda (asetilasi, mercerisasi, pengolahan peroksida, pengolahan asam sulfat, pengolahan
asam stearat, dan pengolahan formaldehida) untuk meningkatkan kapasitas adsorpsi (q e) terhadap ion
logam. Tetapi hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada peningkatan nyata dalam kapasitas adsorpsi (q
dari modi kimia fi ed BTF. Dari hasil ini, ditarik kesimpulan bahwa kedua permukaan BTF tidak efektif fi untuk
meningkatkan penyerapan ion logam atau permukaan BTF yang sudah memiliki komposisi kimia
yang sesuai untuk penghilangan ion logam berat secara optimal.
Tangkai pisang telah diaktifkan dengan zat pengaktif asam dan basa dan membandingkan
kapasitas adsorpsi mereka untuk menghilangkan ion Pb (II) dari larutan berair ( Ogunleye et al., 2014 ).
Sampel tangkai pisang mentah (RBS), tangkai pisang teraktivasi asam (AABS), dan tangkai pisang
teraktivasi basa (BABS) juga
ditandai dengan spektroskopi fotoelektron x-ray (komposisi unsur) dan FTIR (gugus fungsi
permukaan). Analisis gugus fungsi permukaan menunjukkan bahwa RBS, AABS, dan BABS
didekorasi dengan gugus fungsi karboksil, hidroksil, dan fenolik. Adsorpsi ion Pb (II) pada RBS,
AABS, dan BABS diuji dengan perubahan dalam dosis adsorben, suhu, konsentrasi ion Pb (II) awal,
waktu kontak, dan pH larutan. Waktu kesetimbangan untuk adsorpsi ditetapkan dalam 180 menit dan
penghilangan ef fi kewarganegaraan RBS, AABS, dan BABS ditemukan
63,97%, 96,13%, dan 66,90% untuk ion Pb (II). Adsorben tangkai batang asam yang diolah (AABS)
telah meningkatkan efisiensi penyerapan fi efisiensi terhadap ion Pb (II), dan model kinetik
adsorpsi ion Pb (II) ke RBS, AABS, dan BABS. Kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum melalui model isoterm
Langmuir dilaporkan untuk AABS ( q maks ¼ 13,53 mg / g). Parameter termodinamika menunjukkan
bahwa adsorpsi Pb (II) ke adsorben tangkai pisang bersifat spontan ( D G 0 nilai-nilai negatif) dan
endotermik (positif D H 0 dan D S 0) di alam. Dari fi Pada penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa biosorben
tangkai pisang yang teraktivasi asam efektif untuk menghilangkan ion timbal dari larutan berair.
Pembilasan sampel Cd (II) dari akuifer air alami (sungai, danau, dan kolam) dan industri fl uent
(dari Sindh, Pakistan) oleh adsorben turunan kulit pisang diselidiki ( Memon et al., 2008 ). Kulit pisang
dikeringkan dan dihaluskan untuk digunakan sebagai adsorben. Para penulis juga mencoba untuk
memodifikasi kelompok fungsional permukaan kulit pisang bubuk melalui esteri fi reaksi kation dan
membandingkan adsorpsi mereka dengan larutan ion Cd (II). Hasil percobaan mengungkapkan
bahwa setelah esteri fi kation kulit pisang kering kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben berkurang dari 99%
menjadi 00%. Jadi, itu disimpulkan dari hasil FTIR yang hadir e Kelompok COOH dalam kulit pisang
kering bertanggung jawab atas adsorpsi ion Cd (II), ketika dikonversi menjadi e COOR, adsorpsi ion
logam terpengaruh. Serbuk kulit pisang kering dieksplorasi untuk adsorpsi ion Cd (II) dengan
memvariasikan parameter seperti pH, waktu kontak, konsentrasi ion Cd (II) awal, dan suhu.
Dilaporkan bahwa adsorpsi Cd (II) pada bubuk kulit pisang kering adalah ef fi cient dan cepat (~ 97%
dalam 10 menit) pada nilai pH yang sesuai. Adsorpsi ditemukan sangat tergantung pH. Pada pH 1.0,
tidak ada signifikan fi jumlah Cd (II) yang tidak dapat diadsorpsi pada bubuk kulit pisang kering.
Dengan naiknya pH larutan adsorpsi Cd (II) meningkat hingga pH 8,0, sekitar 80% adsorpsi terjadi
pada pH 3,0, kemudian secara bertahap adsorpsi meningkat hingga 96% pada pH 8,0, setelah
adsorpsi pH 8,0 mulai turun lagi. Pengikatan logam ke situs permukaan kulit pisang kering dikaitkan
dengan kehadiran kelompok R-COO yang memiliki pKa dalam kisaran 3,5 e 5.0. Kelompok hidroksil
juga dapat ditemukan di sebagian besar polisakarida, tetapi kurang berlimpah di kulit pisang,
kelompok hidroksil memperoleh muatan negatif pada nilai pH tinggi. Karenanya, gugus-gugus fungsi
ini berfungsi sebagai situs penyerapan untuk ion logam Cd (II) yang sangat tergantung pH. Di fl Pengaruh
waktu kontak pada sorpsi Cd (II) mengungkapkan bahwa adsorpsi maksimum terjadi dalam 10 menit,
dan hanya sedikit peningkatan dalam adsorpsi yang diamati dalam 20 menit berikutnya. Model kinetik
orde dua orde dua lebih baik menjelaskan perilaku adsorpsi ion Cd (II) ke adsorben kulit pisang
kering. Pengaruh studi suhu menunjukkan bahwa adsorpsi Cd (II) diamati meningkat dengan
kenaikan suhu, perubahan entalpi standar dan perubahan energi bebas Gibbs standar menunjukkan
bahwa adsorpsi adalah endotermik dan spontan, masing-masing. Studi isoterm dilakukan dalam
e)
rentang konsentrasi
0,10 e 500 mg / L, dan diamati bahwa data isoterm diikuti dengan adsorpsi satu warna (model
Langmuir) pada suhu kamar. Kapasitas adsorpsi (q e) kulit pisang kering dihitung melalui Langmuir
isotherm, dan dilaporkan
35,53mg / g, yang mempertimbangkan kapasitas adsorpsi yang baik untuk bahan limbah tanpa pembuangan air limbah tekstil ke badan air adalah masalah umum bagi banyak negara berkembang.
proses kimia atau fisik. Kemampuan desorpsi adsorben kulit pisang kering dicoba dengan HNO 3, H 2 BEGITUMereka menimbulkan ancaman bagi lingkungan dan ekosistem yang mengakibatkan toksisitas pada
4, HCl, NaOH, dan NH 3, dan dilaporkan bahwa 5 mL 0,005 MHNO 3 solusi dapat memulihkan 100% ion
organisme manusia dan perairan. Pelepasan pewarna sintetis melalui ef industri fl masuk ke saluran
Cd (II) yang teradsorpsi. Penghapusan Cd (II) dari larutan air juga dicoba dengan karbon aktif kulit
air mempengaruhi orang-orang, yang menggunakan air ini untuk mencuci, mandi, dan minum dalam
pisang (BPAC) dalam percobaan batch ( Mohammad et al., 2015a ). Parameter adsorpsi yang sama
kegiatan sehari-hari mereka ( Sharma dan Sobti, 2000 ). Air yang terkontaminasi zat pewarna sangat
seperti bubuk kulit pisang kering diuji untuk kapasitas adsorpsi karbon aktif kulit pisang (BPAC) pada
beracun bagi air fl ora dan fauna. Ini dapat memicu aktivitas mutagenik dan karsinogenik di dalam sel
25 Suhu C. Persentase pemindahan ion Cd (II) dilaporkan 98,35% untuk larutan Cd (II) sintetik 20 mg
hidup. Ini dapat menyebabkan kerusakan parah pada sistem endokrin manusia seperti disfungsi
/ L dengan dosis adsorben 0,80 g. Penghapusan persen eksperimental Cd (II) ditemukan maksimum
ginjal, sistem reproduksi, sistem saraf pusat, otak, dan hati ( Foo et al., 2013; Shen et al., 2009 ).
pada pH
Dengan demikian, perbaikan pewarna dari limbah industri dan air limbah rumah tangga adalah
panggilan mendesak sebelum mencemari permukaan air dan sumber air tanah kita. Di masa lalu,
adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang telah diselidiki karena kapasitas adsorpsinya terhadap
berbagai kelas pewarna sintetis.

4.0, dan kinetika adsorpsi diikuti, model kinetik orde pseudosecond. Data isoterm diikuti dengan
model Langmuir, yang mengindikasikan perilaku penyerapan warna tunggal. Karakterisasi
permukaan BPAC menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi utama seperti, -OH, -C ¼ O dan cincin aromatik
hadir.

Di bawah speci fi kondisi pH (4.0 e 8.0) dan suhu

Memon et al. (2009) melaporkan adsorpsi dan pemulihan Cr (VI) dari air limbah industri
(20) C), kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum bubuk kulit pisang kering dan karbon kulit pisang aktif
menggunakan kulit pisang kering sebagai adsorben. Dilaporkan bahwa adsorpsi Cr (VI) pada kulit
ditemukan
pisang kering ditemukan ef fi cient dan cepat (95% dalam 10 menit) dengan kapasitas adsorpsi 131,56
18.647 mg / g dan 19.671 mg / g, masing-masing ( Amel et al., 2012 ). Dengan meningkatnya
mg / g pada kisaran konsentrasi awal
konsentrasi awal larutan pewarna, kapasitas penyerapan dari adsorben (bubuk kulit pisang kering
dan karbon aktif kulit pisang) ditemukan meningkat. Data isoterm adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa
0,10 e 100 ppm dan dosis adsorben 0,1 g. Adsorpsi disukai pada pH yang lebih rendah (pH optimum
adsorpsi metilen biru pada karbon kulit pisang yang diaktifkan adalah multilayer (mengikuti isoterm
adalah 2,0) dan dengan meningkatnya pH larutan adsorpsi ditemukan menurun. Adsorpsi cepat
Freundlich). Sedangkan, adsorpsi ke bubuk kulit pisang kering adalah monolayer (diikuti Langmuir
diikuti model kinetik orde kedua. Data isoterm diikuti Langmuir dan Dubinin e Radushkevich (D e R)
isoterm). Laju adsorpsi metilen biru mengikuti model kinetik orde dua semu untuk kedua adsorben.
model berbeda
Karakterisasi permukaan adsorben melalui Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analisis
menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsional amina, hidroksil, dan karbonil, yang merupakan situs
isotermal
pengikatan aktif untuk biosorpsi molekul pewarna dari larutan berair. Hameed et al. (2008) melaporkan
suhu.
penyerapan metilen biru menggunakan adsorben limbah batang pisang. Adsorben dari batang pisang
Studi termodinamika mengungkapkan bahwa adsorpsi Cr (VI) bersifat spontan (perubahan
disiapkan dengan mengeringkannya pada suhu 60 C selama 48 jam, lalu giling menjadi a fi ne bubuk,
energi bebas negatif) dan eksotermik (perubahan entalpi negatif) di alam. Ion Cr (VI) yang teradsorpsi
menggunakannya tanpa modifikasi fisik atau kimia fi kation. Eksperimen batch digunakan untuk
diperoleh kembali dengan 5 mL 2,0 MH 2 BEGITU 4 larutan. Kehadiran ion besi (Fe (II)) dalam larutan
mengamati pengaruh pH dan konsentrasi zat warna awal untuk menghilangkan zat warna dasar
menekan adsorpsi ion Cr (VI) ke dalam adsorben kulit pisang yang dikeringkan, karena adsorpsi ion
(metilen biru) maksimum. Dilaporkan bahwa pada pH 2.0, kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben tangkai
logam yang kompetitif. Adsorpsi ion Cr (VI) dan Ni (II) dari air ke kulit pisang yang biasanya kering
pisang kering ditemukan buruk (~ 30 mg / g). Namun, kapasitas adsorpsi meningkat signifikan fi cantly
(BPD) dan adsorben kulit pisang yang diaktifkan microwave (BPM) dibandingkan dalam percobaan
pada pH 4.0 dan tetap hampir konstan sampai pH 12.0 (~ 85mg / g) untuk larutan pewarna 100mg / L
batch ( Liu et al., 2014 ). Hasil percobaan mengungkapkan bahwa kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben kulit
pada 30 C, dosis adsorben 1,0 g / L, dan kecepatan pengadukan 100 rpm. Variasi dalam konsentrasi
pisang microwave diaktifkan (BPM) jauh lebih tinggi untuk ion Cr (VI) dan Ni (II) dibandingkan dengan
awal pewarna dari 50 mg / l hingga 500 mg / L diamati di fi xed pH (7,0), fi suhu tetap (30 C) dan dosis
adsorben bubuk kulit pisang kering (BPD). Variasi dalam pH larutan adsorbat mempengaruhi
adsorben 1,0 g / L. Pada konsentrasi pewarna yang lebih rendah, kapasitas adsorpsi buruk (~ 41,04
kapasitas adsorpsi kedua adsorben (BPD dan BPM) untuk ion Cr (VI) dan Ni (II), semakin rendah pH
mg / g), tetapi penghilangan ef fi efisiensi lebih tinggi (~ 75,87%), sedangkan pada konsentrasi
(asam) larutan adsorbat yang ditemukan lebih cocok untuk adsorpsi maksimum kapasitas. Kinetika
pewarna yang lebih tinggi kapasitas adsorpsi lebih tinggi (~ 201 mg / g) dan penghilangan ef fi efisiensi
adsorpsi ion Cr (VI) dan Ni (II) ke BPM mengikuti model pseudo-second-order. Padahal, adsorpsi ke
lebih rendah (~ 40%). Data isoterm adsorpsi metilen biru dan adsorben limbah tangkai pisang paling
BPD tidak diikuti Lagergren fi model kinetik orde pertama atau model orde dua semu. Data isoterm
baik diwakili oleh monolayer (model isoterm Langmuir), dengan bantuan konstanta model isoterm
adsorpsi Cr (VI) dan Ni (II) pada kedua adsorben (BPD dan BPM) diikuti oleh model isoterm
Langmuir. Kapasitas adsorpsi monolayer maksimum dihitung menjadi 243,90 mg / g. Model kinetik
Freundlich dengan koefisien regresi yang tinggi. fi cient (R 2)
pseudo-secondorder paling baik mewakili tingkat penyerapan metilen biru ke adsorben bubuk tangkai
pisang kering.

nilai-nilai. Ringkasan kapasitas adsorpsi adsorben limbah pisang untuk menghilangkan berbagai ion
logam telah disajikan dalam Tabel 1 .

2.2. Penghapusan zat warna dari air limbah menggunakan adsorben yang berasal dari limbah pisang

Adsorpsi metilen biru melalui bubuk kulit pisang yang diaktifkan dan tidak aktif diselidiki ( Gautam
dan Khan, 2016 ). Percobaan adsorpsi dilakukan di bawah pH yang berbeda, dosis adsorben, dan
Pewarna alami memiliki sejarah lama untuk digunakan, tetapi pewarna sintetis telah digunakan
waktu kontak. Untuk kedua adsorben diamati bahwa penghilangan ef fi menurun karena kapasitas
dalam industri modern seperti kertas dan pulp, tekstil, plastik, kulit, kosmetik, dan industri makanan.
adsorpsi meningkat. Persentase penghapusan dalam adsorben bubuk kulit pisang aktif meningkat
Pewarna sintetis memiliki laju degradasi yang lambat yang menyebabkan banyak dampak pada
dari 65% menjadi 90%, ketika dosis
lingkungan perairan. Polusi yang disebabkan oleh
 T. Ahmad, M. Danish / Journal of Environmental Management 206 (2018) 330 e 348
3
Table 1
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of metal ions.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Pyrolyzed banana peel Cu(II) 351.1 e e e ee DeMessie et al. (2015)

Banana Peel Cu(II) 13.235 e 24 h e 5.0 e Hasanah et al. (2012)
Banana Stem Cu(II) 19.7 e 12 h e 4.0 e Hasanah et al. (2012)
Banana peel Cu(II) 27.78 10 mg/l 24 h 20 C 6.0 e Hossain et al. (2012)
Banana peel Cu(II) 41.44 e 10 min e 3.0 e Renata et al. (2011)
Banana peel Pb(II) 20.97 e 10 min e 3.0 e Renata et al. (2011)
Banana peel carbon foam Cu(II) 49.5 e 5 min 30 C 4.0 e Li et al. (2016)
Banana peel carbon foam Pb(II) 45.6 e 5 min 30 C 4.0 e Li et al. (2016)
Banana peel carbon foam Cd(II) 30.7 e 5 min 30 C 4.0 e Li et al. (2016)
Banana peel carbon foam Cr(VI) 25.2 e 5 min 30 C 4.0 e Li et al. (2016)
Banana peel Pb(II) 2.18 50 m g/ml 20 min 25 C 5.0 e Anwar et al. (2010)
Banana peel Cd(II) 5.71 50 m g/ml 20 min 25 C 3.0 e Anwar et al. (2010)
Banana trunk fi ber Cd(II) 8.49 10 mg/l 60 min 25 C 5.0 e Sathasivam and Haris (2010)
Banana trunk fi ber Cu(II) 2.68 10 mg/l 60 min 25 C 5.0 e Sathasivam and Haris (2010)
Banana trunk fi ber Fe(II) 6.58 10 mg/l 60 min 25 C 5.0 e Sathasivam and Haris (2010)
Banana trunk fi ber Zn(II) 1.74 10 mg/l 60 min 25 C 5.0 e Sathasivam and Haris (2010)
Raw banana stalk Pb(II) e e 180 min e e 63.97 Ogunleye et al. (2014)
Acid activated banana stalk Pb(II) 13.53 e 180 min e e 96.13 Ogunleye et al. (2014)
Base activated banana stalk Pb(II) e e 180 min e e 66.9 Ogunleye et al. (2014)
Banana peel Cd(II) 35.52 e e 30 C 8.0 97 Memon et al. (2008)
Banana peel AC Cd(II) 0.719 20 mg/l e 25 C 4.0 98.35 Mohammad et al. (2015a)
Banana peel Cr(VI) 131.56 e 30 min e 2.0 95 Memon et al. (2009)
Normally dried banana peel Ni(II) 8.71 e 5h 293 K ee Liu et al. (2014)
Normally dried banana peel Cr(VI) 7.22 e 5h 293 K ee Liu et al. (2014)
Microwave activated banana peel Ni(II) 14.97 e 5h 293 K ee Liu et al. (2014)
Microwave activated banana peel Cr(VI) 24.13 e 5h 293 K ee Liu et al. (2014)
Polymer-grafted banana stalk Pb(II) 185.34 25 mg/dm 3 3 h 30 C 6.5 e Shibi et al. (2006)
Polymer-grafted banana stalk Cd(II) 65.88 25 mg/dm 3 3 h 30 C 6.5 e Shibi et al. (2006)
Banana peel Cu(II) 52.36 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel Pb(II) 25.91 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel Zn(II) 21.88 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel Ni(II) 54.35 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel Cd(II) 34.13 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011) )
Banana peel cellulose Cu(II) 140.85 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel cellulose Pb(II) 101.01 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel cellulose Zn(II) 104.17 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel cellulose Ni(II) 133.33 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Banana peel cellulose Cd(II) 76.92 e 24 h 28 C ee Thirumavalavan et al. (2011)
Raw banana peel Fe(II) 1.47 e e e ee Yousaf and Sajjad (2015)
Grafted banana peel Fe(II) 0.93 e e e ee Yousaf and Sajjad (2015)
Charred banana peel Fe(II) 1.81 e e e ee Yousaf and Sajjad (2015)
Banana peel Cu(II) 42.69 3.8 mg/ml e e e 89.47 Pandharipande and Deshpande (2013)
Banana frond AC Total iron 12.81 9.31 mg/l e 30 C e 95.14 Foo et al. (2013)
Banana pith carbon Hg(II) e e 24 h 4.39 100 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana pith carbon Ni(II) e e 24 h 4.59 96.4 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana peel Zn(II) e e 260 min e 4.0 90.5 Rajoriya and Kaur (2014)
Banana trunk Cu 1.03 e 100 min e 6.0 95.8 Yasim et al. (2016)
Banana trunk As 1.04 e 100 min e 6.0 75.4 Yasim et al. (2016)
Banana trunk Pb 0.94 e 100 min e 6.0 99.36 Yasim et al. (2016)
Banana trunk Zn 1.04 e 100 min e 6.0 97.24 Yasim et al. (2016)
Banana peel Co(II) 9.02 e 30 min 303 K 5.5 e Abbasi et al. (2013)
Banana peel Ni(II) 8.91 e 30 min 303 K 5.5 e Abbasi et al. (2013)
Fresh banana peel biochar Pb(II) 193 e 3h Room temperature e e Zhou et al. (2017)
Dehydrated banana peel biochar Pb(II) 359 e 3h Room temperature e e Zhou et al. (2017)
Grafted banana peel Cr (VI) 3.83 400 mg/l 120 min e 3.0 96 Ali et al. (2016)
Banana peel activated carbon Cu (II) 14.3 85 mg/l e e 6.5 e Thuan et al. (2017)
Banana peel activated carbon Ni(II) 27.4 90.3 mg/l e e 6.4 e Thuan et al. (2017)
Banana peel activated carbon Pb(II) 34.5 74.4 mg/l e e 6.1 e Thuan et al. (2017)
Activated banana stem fi ber-HCl Hg (II) 372 e 3h e 7.0 e Salamun et al. (2015)
Fresh banana stem-HCl Hg (II) 28 e 1.5 h e 7.0 e Salamun et al. (2015)
Formaldehyde polymerized banana stem Hg (II) 132.25 e e 30 C 7.0 99.3 Mullassery et al. (2014)
Formaldehyde polymerized banana stem Pb (II) 91.74 10 mg/l 1h 30 C 6.0 98.6 Noeline et al. (2005)
NaOH-modi fi ed banana peel Pb (II) 90 e 300 min e 5.0 e Massocatto et al. (2013)
Carboxyl banana stem Hg (II) 90.33 10 mg/l 3h 30 C e 99.3 Anirudhan et al. (2007)
Banana peel carbon Au (III) 801.7 e 30 min e 2.5 e Zheng and Wang (2013)
Banana peel activated carbon Mn (II) 11.806 20 mg/l 2h 25 C 5.0 97.4 Mahmoud et al. (2014)

dari adsorben meningkat dari 0,02 g menjadi 0,10 g. Dalam hal adsorben yang tidak aktif, ef adsorpsi fi
efisiensi meningkat dari 55% menjadi 84% dengan peningkatan dosis adsorben dalam kisaran
0,02 g hingga 0,10 g. Di fi xed waktu kontak 120 menit, efisiensi adsorpsi fi Efisiensi dua adsorben
memiliki perbedaan yang nyata. Itu
ef adsorpsi fi ciency of activated adsorbent was found to be 94%, whereas, for inactivated adsorbent, it
was found to be 90%. The adsorption of methylene blue onto the banana peel adsorbent was
followed the Langmuir isotherm model (i.e., the monolayer adsorption of methylene blue onto the
banana peel adsorbent).
 Bello et al. (2012) reported the removal of malachite green dye using chemically treated banana
et al., 2010 ). Excessive use of pesticides disturbs the ecosystem by entering the food chain of a living
stalk activated carbon. The solution pH was optimized for maximum removal of the malachite green
organism. They are harmful to the living organism because of its toxicity, mutagenicity, and
dye through banana stalk activated carbon; it was observed pH 8.0 was the optimum pH for maximum
carcinogenicity. Acute exposure to pesticide causes neurobehavioral disorder, autoimmune disease,
adsorption. The isotherm data was best fi tted to Langmuir model, the q max
reproductive abnormalities, lifethreatening bleeding, malignant lymphoma, nausea, vomiting,
sweating, etc. ( Corsini et al., 2008 ). Therefore, pesticide-loaded ef fl uent treatment is needed before
mixed up with natural water bodies. Banana waste derived adsorbents have been widely investigated
(maximum adsorption capacity) calculated through the model was
for its adsorption capacity against different types of watersoluble pesticides.
141.76 mg/g. Initially, the rate of adsorption of dye was fast, and equilibrium attained within 120 min.
The rate of adsorption was followed the pseudo-second-order kineticmodel. The adsorption at various
temperatures was used to calculate thermodynamic parameters such as a change in standard Gibbs
free energy, enthalpy, and entropy; the results showed that adsorption process was spontaneous and
endothermic. Desorption of malachite green was also studied using 0.50 M HCl solution to know the
Salman and Hameed (2010) reported the adsorption of carbofuran from contaminated water
regeneration ef fi ciency of activated carbon. It observed that 90.22 e 95.16% removal was possible after
using banana stalk activated carbon (BSAC). The banana talk activated carbon was prepared through
four cycles of regeneration. The adsorption of safranin dye was studied using banana pseudo-stem
chemical activation using KOH in the presence of N 2 and CO 2 gas. The adsorption study was
conducted with variation in the contact time, pH of the solution, initial carbofuran concentration, and
temperature. It was reported that BSAC has BET surface area

fi bers ( de Sousa et al., 2014 ). Results revealed that adsorption was pH dependent and also affected
981.62 m 2/ g and average pore width 2.88 nm was capable of maximum adsorption capacity of
by the initial concentration of dye and temperature variations. The isotherm data were followed the
164mg/g at 50 C. The adsorption behavior was veri fi ed through Langmuir isotherm and
Sip isotherm model with high precision. The q max calculated through Sips model was 21.74 mg/g at 20
pseudosecond-order kinetic model. The rise in temperature from 30 to 50 C increased the adsorption
C, which was very close to the experimentally calculated q max ( 18.61 mg/g) at 20 C with initial safranin
capacity of the BSAC from156.3 mg/ g to 164.0 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of
dye concentration 40 mg/L. The adsorption against contact time data followed the
the adsorption of carbofuran were showing spontaneous and endothermic nature. The regeneration of
pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption against temperature data showed that the
pesticide was tested in three cycles using ethanol. The regeneration ef fi ciency of BSAC was in the
adsorption of safranin dye onto banana pseudo-stem fi ber was spontaneous ( D G ¼ 30 kJ/mol) and
range of 96.97 e 97.35% after each cycle. While regenerated BSAC adsorption capacity against
exothermic ( D H ¼ 17 kJ/mol) in nature. Kumar et al. (2010) explained the adsorption of acid violet 54
carbofuran decreased from 98.40 to 85.00% during fi rst to third regeneration cycles. Salman et al.
(AV54) dyes onto banana peel adsorbent. The adsorption was affected by the initial concentration of
(2011) reported the same banana stalk activated carbon (BSAC) to investigate
AV 54 dye, adsorbent dosage, solution pH, and temperature. The percentage of adsorption
percentage decreased from 84.10% to 66.10%, as the initial concentration of AV54 dye increased
from 50 mg/L to 200 mg/L. It was also observed that percentage removal increased from 42.10% to
85.20% as the adsorbent dosage increased from 0.10 g to 0.60 g in 100 mL dye solution. Maximum
uptake of dye was reported for acidic (pH
the removal of the pesticides 2, 4-
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and bentazon from aqueous solution. The adsorption data revealed that
the maximum adsorption capacity of BSAC against 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and bentazon
were 196.33 and 115.07 mg/g, respectively. The different adsorption capacity observed for 2,
4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and bentazon was due to the presence of e Cl ions
(electron-withdrawing group) on the aromatic ring and smaller molecular size of

2) solution. The isotherm data followed Langmuir isotherm model with a high coef fi cient of regression
(R 2 ¼ 0.9993). The adsorption data against time was followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model
2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The adsorption capacity against time data followed the
more precisely. The effect of temperature on adsorption of AV54 dye was studied in batch mode at
pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm data were best- fi tted multilayer
temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 C. It was observed that with the rise of temperature the adsorption
adsorption isotherm model (Freundlich model). The adsorption of both pesticides (2,
capacity decreased from 20.63 mg/g (at temperature 30 C) to 11.46 mg/g (at temperature 50 C).
4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and bentazon) against BSAC at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 C were
Based on the temperature study the thermodynamic parameter showed that the biosorption process
conducted and found that the adsorption capacity was decreasing with the rise of temperature. The
was exothermic. Methylene blue and orange II dyes were tried to remove fromaqueous solution using
thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption was feasible and spontaneous with
banana peel derived large surface area (1950 m 2/ g) activated carbon ( Ma et al., 2015 ). Results based
exothermic in nature.
on adsorption studies were used to calculate the maximum adsorption capacity of banana peel
activated carbon against orange II, and methylene blue was 333 and 1263 mg/g, respectively. The
isotherm and kinetic data were well fi tted to Langmuir isothermmodel and pseudo-second-order
Phosphoric acid treated charred banana peel was used as an adsorbent for the scavenging of
kinetic model.
atrazine from water solution ( Chaparadza and Hossenlopp, 2012 ). The adsorption was observed to
be pH and temperature dependent. The adsorbent was successfully removing more than 80% of
atrazine from water at solution pH ranging between 2.0 and 8.0, the result indicated that charred
banana peel adsorbent was suitable for acidic as well as the basic solution. The isotherm data of
atrazine adsorption onto charred banana peel was followed Langmuir isotherm model, the
maximummonolayer adsorption capacity was determined through the model was found to be 14mg/g.
We summarized the adsorption capacities of banana waste derived adsorbents against various
The standard Gibbs free energy ( D G ) and standard enthalpy change ( D H ) values showed that the
dyes in Table 2 .
adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Mass transfer model was applied to prove that both
external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion have signi fi cant contribution in the scavenging
2.3. Removal of pesticides from contaminated water using banana waste derived adsorbents
mechanism.

The use of synthetic pesticides in agricultural activities and residential area increased signi fi cantly
that slowly transferred to surface and groundwater. The presence of pesticide in water signaling a
great threat to the wildlife and the human life ( Ahmad

Silva et al. (2013) used banana peel as an adsorbent for the

Table 2
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of dyes.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Banana peel Methylene blue 18.647 5-100 mg/l 3 h 20 C 4 e 8 e Amel et al. (2012)
Activated banana peel Methylene blue 19.671 5-100 mg/l 3 h 20 C 4 e 8 e Amel et al. (2012)
Pseudo stem banana fi ber Safranin 21.74 5-40 mg/l 90 min 20 C 7.5 e de Sousa et al. (2014)
Banana fi bre Novacron blue FN-R e e 20 min e 2.0 90.0 Khaleque and Roy (2016)
Banana peel AC Methylene blue 620.0 1000 mg/l 24 h 25 C 9.0 e Hashem and Amin (2016)
Banana stalk AC Malachite green 141.76 e 120 min 303 K 8.0 e Bello et al. (2012)
Banana pith Methylene blue e 25 mg/l 2h e e 89 El-Maghraby and Taha (2014)
Banana peel AC Methyl orange 0.86 e 90 min 30 C 5.0 e Prachpreecha et al. (2016)
Banana Bunch AC Methyl orange 0.89 e 90 min 30 C 5.0 e Prachpreecha et al. (2016)
Banana stalk waste Methylene blue 243.90 e e 30 C 7.0 e Hameed et al. (2008)

Banana pith carbon Rhodamine-B e e 24 h e 3.20 82.65 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)

Banana pith carbon Congo red e e 24 h e 5.01 76.55 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana pith carbon Methylene blue e e 24 h e 4.02 93.35 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana pith carbon Methyl violet e e 24 h e 4.26 37.45 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana pith carbon Malachite green e e 24 h e 4.11 48.20 Kadirvelu et al. (2003)
Banana peel AC Methylene blue 225 e 150 min 25 C e e Kong et al. (2016a)
Banana peel Orange II 25 e e 25 C e e Ma et al. (2015)
Banana peel Methylene blue 225 e e 25 C e e Ma et al. (2015)
Banana peel AC Orange II 333 e e 25 C e e Ma et al. (2015)
Banana peel AC Methylene blue 1263 e e 25 C e e Ma et al. (2015)
Activated Banana peel Methylene blue 0.15 e 120 min e 4.0 94 Gautam and Khan (2016)
Inactivated Banana peel Methylene blue 0.124 e 120 min e 4.0 90 Gautam and Khan (2016)
Banana pith Rhodamine-B e e e e 4.0 87 Namasivayam et al. (1993)
Banana pith Direct red 5.92 e e e 3.0 e Namasivayam et al. (1998)
Banana pith Acid Brilliant blue 4.42 e e e 3.0 e Namasivayam et al. (1998)
Banana peel AC Methylene blue 454.54 e e 22 C 6.0 e Nowicki et al. (2016)
Banana peel AC Methyl red 400 e e 22 C 6.0 e Nowicki et al. (2016)
Banana empty fruit bunch AC-H 3 PO 4 Methylene blue 76.13 e e e e e Sugumaran et al. (2012)
Banana empty fruit bunch AC-KOH Methylene blue 71.06 e e e e e Sugumaran et al. (2012)
Banana empty fruit bunch AC-Untreated Methylene blue 70.63 e e e e e Sugumaran et al. (2012)
Banana leaves AC Methylene blue 48.01 e e e e e Martín-Gonz alez et al. (2013)
NaOH treated banana pseudostem fi bers Methyl red e e 42.94 min e 2.08 98.98 Yet and Rahim (2014)
Banana leaf Methylene blue 109.89 250 mg/l e 30 C 4.0 e Krishni et al. (2014)

removal of pesticides (atrazine and ametryne) from river and municipal wastewater treatment plant
samples. The 2 3 factorial design experiment was used to optimize sample volume (50 mL), adsorbent
mass (3 g), and stirring time (40 min) for the removal of both pesticides (atrazine and ametryne). The
isotherm data of atrazine and ametryne were followed multilayer adsorption isotherm (Freundlich)
model with high regression coef fi cient values of 0.992 and 0.994, respectively. The Freundlich
constant for sorption (K f sor) values obtained for the synthetic solution of atrazine and ametryne with a
concentration in the range of
0.100 e 0.500 m g/mL were 35.8 and 54.1 ( m g/g).( m g/mL)- N that correspond to 59.80% and 75.30%
removal ef fi ciency. The removal ef fi ciency of banana peel adsorbent against municipally treated water
samples for atrazine and ametrynewas found to be 93.80 and
as Freundlich isotherm models equally with high regression coef-
fi cient (R 2 ¼ 0.99). The pseudo- fi rst-order kinetic model gave a better prediction of the adsorption
data against time for carbaryl onto activated carbon. Desorption was successfully done using acetone
with elution ef fi ciency of 99.80%. Banana peel adsorbent was used for the adsorption of metribuzin
fromwater solution ( Haq et al., 2015 ). The batch mode of the adsorption experiment was conducted to
fi nd the optimum values for contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial pesticide
concentrations. The maximum adsorption capacity of banana peel dried powder (several times
cleaned with water before use as adsorbent) was reported to be 167 mg/g at optimum pH 3.0, contact
time 60 min, and adsorbent dosage 0.10 g. The kinetic sorption data of metribuzin was fi tted to
pseudo-second-order kinetic model with high regression coef fi cient (R 2 ¼ 9803). Langmuir model
better explained the isotherm data with the highest correlation. The increase in temperature during
adsorption process ceased the adsorption of metribuzin onto banana peel powder. The
thermodynamic study was implied that the adsorption of metribuzin was spontaneous (negative value

of D G ) and exothermic (negative value of D H ) in nature. A summary of adsorption capacity of

95.20%, respectively. When the river water samples tested for the removal ef fi ciency of banana peel banana waste-based bio-sorbents for various pesticides has been shown in Table 3 .
adsorbent, the result not veri fi ed because of the presence of other chemical species in the river water
samples that compete with the pesticides and occupied the active sites of banana peel adsorbent.
Hence, the adsorption of atrazine and ametryne was found less compared to municipal wastewater
and synthetic pesticide-polluted water. The comparison study of the adsorption and desorption of
ametryne and atrazine onto banana peel adsorbent showed that ametryne have high adsorption and
desorption capability. This study recommended that no chemical modi fi cations on the banana peel
surface or pH adjustment of pesticide solution required for maximum adsorption.

2.4. Removal of miscellaneous water-soluble organic compounds using banana waste derived
adsorbents
The adsorption ability of chemically (ZnCl 2) activated banana pith carbon against carbaryl
(1-naphthyl- N- methylcarbamate) solution was investigated ( Sathishkumar et al., 2008a ). The
Contamination of aquatic systems by organic pollutants poses signi fi cant public and
adsorption results revealed that the removal was pH dependent; the maximum removal (q max ¼ 45.90
environmental health risks in various part of the world. These pollutants originate from textile,
mg/g) was observed at pH 11. The adsorption isotherm data were described by the Langmuir as well
agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries ( Chaukura et al., 2016 ). Organic pollutants have long
persistence in the environment. They are
Table 3
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of pesticides.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Charred banana peel Atrazine 14.0 1-150 mg/l e 25 C 7.0 e 8.2 99 Chaparadza and Hossenlopp (2012)
Banana AC Oxamyl 434.78 e 3h 25 C 6.7 e Mohammad et al. (2015b)
Banana peel Atrazine e e e e e 59.8 Silva et al. (2013)
Banana peel Ametryne e e e e e 75.3 Silva et al. (2013)
Banana stalk AC Carbofuran 164 e e 30 C 7.0 e Salman and Hameed (2010)
Banana stalk AC 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 196.33 e e 30 C 3.5 e Salman et al. (2011)
Banana stalk AC Bentazon 115.07 e e 30 C 3.5 e Salman et al. (2011)
Banana pith AC Carbaryl 45.9 10 mg/l e 30 C 11.0 e Sathishkumar et al. (2008a)
Banana peel Metribuzin 167 40 m g/ml 60 min e 3.0 e Haq et al. (2015)
Banana peel 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid 22.73 7.5 mg/l 60 min e 7.0 e Okumus¸ et al. (2015)
Banana peel 2,4-dichlorophenoxy propanoic acid 33.26 7.5 mg/l 60 min e 7.0 e Okumus¸ et al. (2015)
Banana peel 2,4-dichlorophenoxy butyric acid 21.27 7.5 mg/l 60 min e 7.0 e Okumus¸ et al. (2015)

resistant to degradation and are bio-accumulative. Therefore, they easily enter in the tissues of the
living organism and can enhance their concentration through the food chain. These organic pollutants
are hazardous due their numerous after effects. Some organic pollutants cause mutagenic and
carcinogenic to human as well as animal cells. Other effects of organic pollutants are dysfunction of
kidney, liver, brain, reproductive system, and central nervous system in human bodies ( Zhou et al.,
2015 ). Hence due to this reason, their removal from the environment is of great importance. Banana
waste derived bio-sorbents have been widely investigated for the adsorption of various types of
organic pollutants in wastewater samples.
Removal of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) such as Naphthalene (C 10 H 8), Fluorene (C
H 10), and Phenanthrene (C 14 H 10)
through banana peel activated carbon was investigated ( Gupta and Gupta, 2016 ). The ideal
adsorption parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature were found for
maximum removal of the PAHs by varying one parameter at a time. It was reported that contact time
60 min was equilibrium time for all three PAHs. The increase in adsorbent dose increased the
removal ef fi ciency, but for a fi xed concentration of 20 mg/L of PAHs solution the adsorbent dosage
0.206 g/L was optimum for fl uorene and phenanthrene and 0.333 g/L for naphthalene solution. Low
pH was found favorable for adsorption of all three PAHs because at low pH of the solution the surface
of the adsorbent was remained positively charged, which helps in electrostatic attraction between the
adsorbent and negatively charged PAH adsorbate. At a fi xed temperature, the adsorption isotherm
data was followed the Langmuir isotherm model, and with the increase of temperature adsorption
capacity of the banana peel activated carbon was rising against PAHs. At 20 C temperature and
contact time 80min, themaximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent through Langmuir model was
calculated to be 333.33, 285.70, and 217.39 mg/g for naphthalene,
fl uorene, and phenanthrene, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the
adsorption of PAH was spontaneous and endothermic. Desorption of PAH through the different
composition of NaOH and ethanol were tried, and it was concluded that 1.0 M NaOH in 50% Ethanol
was the most effective solvent for quantitative desorption of phenanthrene (95%), naphthalene (97%),
and fl uorene (95%) samples. The authors claimed that banana peel activated carbon was cheap,
effective, eco-friendly, and readily available adsorbent. Kong et al. (2016b) prepared surfactant modi fi ed
banana truck adsorbent and investigated their removal ef fi ciency against an aqueous solution of
benzene. The banana trunk was modi fi ed by using various types of surfactants such as cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), poly(ethylene glycol)- block- poly(propylene
glycol)-
adsorption of benzene through banana trunk modi fi ed by Triton X100 was found independent of pH of
the solution, but adsorption capacity increases with the increasing initial concentration of benzene,
decreasing adsorbent dosage, and increasing temperature. It was observed that the TX100 modi fi ed
banana trunk had maximum adsorption capacity (0.281 mol/g) against benzene. The benzene
adsorption onto surfactant-modi fi ed banana trunk was thermodynamically non-spontaneous, and with
the rise of temperature, the adsorptionwas found to be increasing. The adsorption isothermdata
followed the Langmuir isothermmodel for all surface modi fi ed banana trunk adsorbent. The increment
of adsorption with time was followed the pseudo-second kinetic model, and the mechanism of
adsorption was explained through fi lm diffusion, external mass transfer, and intraparticle diffusion.
The surfactantmodi fi ed banana trunk adsorbents have incorporated the new surface functional groups
that enhance the benzene adsorption capacity up to 397% as compared to the untreated banana
trunk. The interactions between the benzene molecules and active adsorbent sites were electrostatic
13 in nature due to the presence of charged species.
Microwave-assisted char (MBPC) was synthesized from the raw banana peel (RBP) to
investigate the adsorption performance of it against citric acid from aqueous solution ( Pathak and
Mandavgane, 2015 ). Due to microwave treatment, the surface area increased from 0.65 m 2/ g to 22.37
m 2/ g, which was 34.41 times more than raw banana peel. The FTIR results showed the interactions
between the hydroxyl and amine groups during the adsorption process. The concentration of basic
sites (4.9 mmol/g) was found to be higher than acidic sites (0.75 mmol/g). The adsorption capacities
for citric acid removal onMBPC and RBP were 147.06mg/g and 76.13mg/g at pH 4.75 and
temperature 50 C. The equilibrium was achieved in about 240 and 330 min for adsorption of citric acid
onto MBPC and RBP, respectively. The adsorption of citric acid onto RBP and MBPC were followed
the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Elovich model con fi rmed that the removal of citric acid onto
MBPC was through chemisorption. The D G value for adsorption of citric acid onto RBP and MBPC
were negative, which suggests that the adsorption was spontaneous. The decrease in D G with an
increase in temperature indicated that the higher temperature favors the adsorption. The D H value for
citric acid adsorption was found positive, indicated that surface interaction was heat consuming in
nature (endothermic). Pathak et al. (2015) reported the scavenging behavior of banana peel as
adsorbent against an aqueous solution of benzoic acid (BA) and salicylic acid (SA). The pH and
temperature were a major driving force in adsorption at pH 3.68 for BA and 3.3 for SA and
temperature 323 K for maximum adsorption capacities of benzoic acid (6.62 mg/g) and salicylic acid
(9.80 mg/g). It was observed that with the rise of temperature adsorption capacity was found to be
increasing, shows endothermic (positive D H o) nature of

block- poly(ethylene glycol) (Pluronic 123), and 4- (1,1,3,3tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol

(Triton X-100). The
adsorption for both the adsorbates. Irrespective of the adsorbate the isotherm data was followed
Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics of adsorption for both the adsorbate was found to be different,
the BA followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, whereas, SA followed the pseudo- fi rst-order
kinetic model. The negative standard Gibbs free energy change ( D G o) for both the adsorbate
indicated that adsorption was spontaneous. After characterization of dried banana peel (BP)
adsorbent, it was observed that it contains the basic functional group (4.90mmol/g) more than the
acidic functional group's sites (0.75 mmol/g). Although, BET surface area of BP was low (0.65 m 2/
but substantial adsorption of BA and SA onto banana peel adsorbent was reasoned based on the
FTIR results that show the presence of amine and hydroxyl groups. The adsorption mechanism was
explained through ion exchange and electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged
banana peel surface and negatively charged benzoate and succinate ions.
capacity vs. time data. A nutshell information of adsorption capacities of various banana waste
derived sorbents against commonly found organic pollutants have been shown in Table 4 .
2.5. Removal of water-soluble inorganic anions using banana waste derived adsorbents
g),
Inorganic pollutants widely distributed in thewastewater due to the frequent use of inorganic salts
in the industry as well as in domestic day to day activities. Mondal (2017) experimented on the
fl uoride polluted underground water cleaning through Natural banana (Musa acuminate) peel (NBP)
adsorbent. Before adsorption experiments, characterization of NBP adsorbent was conducted through
SEM, FTIR, and point of zero charges. The SEM images were shown highly rough irregular surface,
FTIR spectra showing major peaks for -OH, -C ¼ O, and -N-H stretching peak, and pHzpc was
observed at 5.63. The adsorption capacity of natural banana peel sorbent was found to be increasing
at fl uoride solution pH below

Ingole et al. (2017) reported the removal ef fi ciency of banana peels activated carbon (BPAC)
against phenol. The percentage removal and adsorption capacity of BPAC were found to be
5.63, and pH 4.0 was reported to be optimum pH for maximum removal percent (94%) of fl uoride ions
decreased from83% and 6.98mg/g to 60% and 48.58mg/g when the initial concentration increased
through NBP adsorbent.
from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, respectively. The adsorbate solution pH 6.0 was found to be optimum for
The equilibrium of fl uoride ion adsorption was achieved within 60 min, and kinetics of the
the maximum phenol removal. The phenol adsorption was followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic
adsorption was expressed through pseudo-second-order model and Bahangam's equation. The
model with R 2 closure to unity. The isotherm data was applied to Toth and Redlich-Peterson models;
applicability of Bahangams's model shows that the fl uoride adsorption onto NBP was pore diffusion
both models have described the adsorption behavior of BPAC against phenol. The effect of
control. The isotherm data was well
temperature variation on adsorption was observed, it was found that the increase in temperature
decreased the phenol adsorption onto BPAC, results are interpretedwith spontaneous and exothermic
fi tted to D-R isotherm (R 2 ¼ 0.995) model. The temperature effect on the adsorption of fl uoride ion
adsorption behavior.
was inversely proportional, as the temperature increased the adsorption decreased, this effect
suggested that the fl uoride adsorption onto NBP was spontaneous (-ve

D G ) and exothermic (-ve D H ) in nature. In this study, they also observed the effect of co-ions (CO 32 , PO
43 , SO 42 , NO 3 , and Cl ) presence during adsorption of fl uoride ions. The authors reported following
Ali and Saeed (2015) also investigated the adsorption of phenol with chemically modi fi ed banana
peels. The authors compared the adsorption capacity of fi ve adsorbents, untreated banana peels
order of interference of co-ions:
(UTBPs), acid hydrolyzed banana peels (AcBPs), bleached banana peels (BBPs), alkali hydrolyzed
CO 32 > PO 43 > SO 42 > NO 3 > Cl . The carbonate ions strongly interfere in the adsorption of fl uoride, due to
banana peels (AlBPs), and grafted banana peels (GBPs). The results revealed that chemically treated
the preferential binding sites of carbonate ions were present on the surface of NBP.
banana peel adsorbent have adsorption capacity much larger than untreated banana peel adsorbent.
The chemical activation removes the viscous compounds like lignin and pectin, and expose the
Bhaumik and Mondal (2016) optimized the adsorption of aqueous
cellulose to interact with the adsorbate molecules. The chemical activation also incorporates
fl uoride ions onto modi fi ed banana peel dust through response surface method approach. Three
arylonitrile monomer to the cellulosic framework, which also improved its interaction with sorbate
types of banana peel dust were prepared untreated banana peel dust (BPD-1), modi fi ed banana peel
molecules. The phenol adsorption capacity through prepared adsorbents
dust (BPD-2), and calcium impregnated banana peel dust (BPD-3). The chemically modi fi ed banana
peel adsorbents have improved surface area and surface chemical properties. The pHzpc (points of
zero charge) of each chemically modi fi ed adsorbent such as BPD-1, BPD-2, and BPD-3 were
experimentally determined and reported to be 6.2, 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. The Box-Behnken model
of response surface methodology approach was used to explore and optimize the key independent
decreased in following order: factors on fl uoride removal. The statistical data analysis was shown that a secondorder polynomial
GBPs > AlBPs> AcBPs > BBPs > UTBPs. The adsorption data were best described by second-order
model was properly fi t into the experimental data with coef fi cient of determination (R 2) value of 0.9890,
kinetic model and monolayer (Langmuir) adsorption isotherm mechanism. The adsorption of phenol at
0.9873 and 0.9938 for BPD-1, BPD-2, and BPD-3, respectively, and with probability> F value of
different temperatures showed that adsorption decreasing with increasing temperature, this indicated
<0.0001, which show the signi fi cance of the designed model. The optimum values of independent
exothermic nature of adsorption and negative standard Gibbs free energy change ( D G ) was the sign factors such as pH, contact time, and initial concentration, for BPD series adsorbents, were in the
of spontaneous behavior. Achak et al. (2009) utilized banana peel as low-cost bio-adsorbent for the
range of 6.05 e 6.78, 153.14 to 175.45 min, and
removal of phenolic compounds fromwastewater originating from olive mills. The adsorption of
phenolic compounds onto banana peel adsorbent was found to be quick and equilibrium achieved
within 3 h of contact time. The solution pH above neutral (pH > 7.0) increased the adsorption,
whereas, acidic solution (pH < 7.0) was found suitable for desorption of phenolic compounds. Higher
adsorbent dosage (30 g/L) increased adsorption rates, and the maximum adsorption capacity of
banana peel was observed to be 689 mg/g against phenolic compounds. The multilayer (Freundlich
isotherm) adsorption was better described the phenolic compounds adsorption onto banana peel bio
13.21 to 13.59 mg/L, respectively, for 95.43 for 98.20% removal ef-
adsorbent. The pseudosecond-order kinetic model was followed by the adsorption
fi ciencies. The Langmuir isotherm described the experimental results better and showed maximum fl uoride
adsorption capacities were 17.43, 26.31, and 39.5 mg/g for adsorbents BPD-1, BPD-2, and BPD-3,
respectively. The fl uoride adsorption followed the pseudosecond-order kinetic model, and adsorption
was found to be decreasingwith increasing temperature, this is a sign of exothermic adsorption
nature. The negative value of the standard change in Gibbs free energy decreased with increasing
temperature,
Table 4
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of organic pollutants.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Banana peel AC Phenol 6.98 50 mg/l 1h 303 K 6.0 83 Ingole et al. (2017)
Banana peel AC Phenol 48.58 500 mg/l 1h 303 K 6.0 60 Ingole et al. (2017)
Banana peel Phenol 688.9 e 3h 30 C e e Mandi et al., (2009)
Banana peel AC Naphthalene 333.33 20 mg/l 80 min 20 C 7.0 e Gupta and Gupta (2016)
Banana peel AC Fluorene 285.75 20 mg/l 80 min 20 C 7.0 e Gupta and Gupta (2016)
Banana peel AC Phenanthrene 217.39 20 mg/l 80 min 20 C 7.0 e Gupta and Gupta (2016)
Untreated Banana peel Phenol 3.84 e e 30 C 8.0 e Ali and Saeed (2015)
Acid hydrolyzed banana peel Phenol 3.68 e e 30 C 8.0 e Ali and Saeed (2015)
Bleached banana peel Phenol 3.33 e e 30 C 8.0 e Ali and Saeed (2015)
Alkali hydrolyzed banana peel Phenol 3.17 e e 30 C 8.0 e Ali and Saeed (2015)
Grafted banana peel Phenol 3.91 e e 30 C 8.0 e Ali and Saeed (2015)
Banana peel Phenolic compound 689 e 3h 30 C 7.0 e Achak et al. (2009)
Raw banana trunk Benzene 13.72 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Modi fi ed banana trunk Benzene 23.49 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Modi fi ed CTAB banana trunk Benzene 43.22 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Modi fi ed SDS banana trunk Benzene 30.97 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Modi fi ed P123 banana trunk Benzene 37.13 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Modi fi ed TX-100 banana trunk Benzene 68.18 mmol/g 2.5 mmol/l 24 h 30 C 6.5 e 7.0 e Kong et al. (2016b)
Microwave char banana peel Citric acid 147.06 mg/g e 240 min 50 C 4.75 88 Pathak and Mandavgane (2015)
Raw banana peel Citric acid 76.13 mg/g e 330 min 50 C 4.75 86 Pathak and Mandavgane (2015)
Banana peel Benzoic acid 6.62 mg/g 100 mg/l 15 h 303 K 3.68 e Pathak et al. (2015)
Banana peel Salicylic acid 9.80 mg/g 100 mg/l 15 h 303 K 3.3 e Pathak et al. (2015)

ZnCl 2- treated banana pith carbon 2,4-dichlorophenol 129.4 100 mg/l e 35 C 2.0 e Sathishkumar et al. (2008b)
KOH-treated banana pith carbon 2,4-dichlorophenol 67.7 100 mg/l e 35 C 2.0 e Sathishkumar et al. (2008b)
Porogen free banana pith carbon 2,4-dichlorophenol 49.9 100 mg/l e 35 C 2.0 e Sathishkumar et al. (2008b)

indicating the adsorption process was unfavorable and nonspontaneous at elevated temperature. The detail. This research can be repeated to establish the fi ndings.
negative value of D H o
Reddy et al. (2015) reported the adsorption of nitrate ions onto banana peel adsorbents. The
and D S o were found for all three types of chemically modi fi ed banana peel adsorbents (BPD-1, effect of different independent variables such as contact time, adsorbent size fraction, adsorbent
BPD-2, and BPD-3), the results were interpreted as no structural changes occur after fl uoride dose, nitrate ions concentration was evaluated. The removal ef fi ciency of nearly 80% was achieved
adsorption. when 0.05 g of banana peel powder of 106 m m size fraction was used as an adsorbent to treat 100
De fl uoridation of water by banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel activated carbon was investigated by Getacmhel wof water sample of 200 mg/L nitrate concentration for a contact time of 0.5 h. Adsorption capacity
et al. (2015) also. They adopted selective electrode method for the determination of
and its corresponding various independent parameters of banana waste derived adsorbents and
sorbents against some inorganic anions are provided in Table 5 . Literature survey shows that only
fl uoride ion concentration. The experiments were conducted in batch mode to identify the optimum
few research articles are available exploring the adsorption of anions through banana waste sorbents.
values for independent variables such as pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The study identi fi ed
the most favorable pH was 2, adsorbent dose 96 g/L, and contact time 13 h for the maximum removal
of fl uoride ions from aqueous solution. At optimum values of the independent variables, the maximum
removal ef fi ciency of banana peel activated carbon against fl uoride ions was found to be 85%, when
the initial concentration of the fl uoride was 10 mg/L. Application of the banana peel activated carbon
adsorbent was found to be effective with removal ef fi ciency in the range of 80 e 84% against real fl uoride
loaded wastewater samples ( fl uoride concentrations in real water samples ranging between 6.72 and 2.6. Removal of water-soluble radioactive nuclides using banana waste derived adsorbents
12.54 mg/L). The fl uoride adsorption isotherm data was found to be followed monolayer (Langmuir
isotherm model) with the pseudo-second-order kinetic rate.

Removal of cyanide ions fromwastewater by using banana peel as an adsorbent was studied ( Abbas
et al., 2014 ). Results showed that the maximum removal ef fi ciency of banana peel was 95.65%
against cyanide ion present in the simulated synthetic cyanide solution. We have read this article in
detail and found the information in the article was not reliable. For example, authors reported 95.65%
removal ef fi ciency against 1.0 mg/L cyanide solution, but nowhere mentioned the detection limit of the
spectrophotometer. Moreover, the method of cyanide concentration determination was not mentioned
in the published article. In the characterization of adsorbent, only powder x-ray diffractogramwas
given without any discussion over it. Summarizing to all these lacunae of the article, it seems that
journal published this article without peer review. So, we are not discussing their fi ndings in
Banana peel derived nano-sorbent was used against radioactive elements (Uranium and
Thorium) present in mine wastewater was investigated by Oyewo et al. (2016) . The characterization
of banana peel derived nano-sorbent (before and after adsorption) were conducted for crystallinity,
surface functional groups, particle size, and surfacemorphology. The adsorbed concentration of
radioactive elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
The adsorption capacity of the banana peel derived solution pH and temperature guided
nano-sorbent. Adsorbate solution pH 4.1 and pH 3.0 were reported to be optimum for the removal of
uranium and thorium from synthetic as well as South African mine wastewater, respectively. The
banana peel nano-sorbent in the range of 0.01 e 0.3 g was suf fi cient for
99.99% removal of thorium ions with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L and 18.8 mg/L. Whereas,
only 70% removal was achieved for uraniumwith an initial concentration of 100 mg/L and 58.8 mg/ L
at pH 4.1 and 3.0 from synthetic and mine wastewater samples, respectively. The research article
reported that enhanced surface area and smaller particle size of banana peels nano-sorbent have
better adsorption capacity against uranium and thorium ions present in synthetic as well as real mine
wastewater. The mechanical
Table 5
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of inorganic anions.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Banana peel dust (BPD-1) F 17.43 e 60 min 313 K 6.0 e Bhaumik and Mondal (2016)
Banana peel dust (BPD-2) F 26.31 e 60 min 313 K 6.0 e Bhaumik and Mondal (2016)
Banana peel dust (BPD-3) F 39.5 e 60 min 313 K 6.0 e Bhaumik and Mondal (2016)
Banana peel AC F 0.395 10 mg/l 13 h e e 85 Getachew et al. (2015)
Banana peel NO 3 e e 0.5 min e e 80 Reddy et al. (2015)
Banana peel F 1.34 20 mg/l 1h 30 C 6.0 94.34 MohammadMajumder (2014)
Banana peel CN e e 1h e 8.0 95.65 Abbas et al. (2014)
Natural banana (Musa acuminate) peel F 1.212 10 mg/l 60 min e 4.0 e Mondal (2017)

milling was used to change the crystallite size and phase change in banana peel nano-sorbent, it was
observed that after mechanical milling the crystallite sized was decreased 108 nm to 12 nm. The
amine and carboxylic functional groups were found responsible for coordinating with radioactive
elements. Thermodynamic study of uranium and thorium adsorption onto banana peel nano-sorbent
was revealed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous nature. The Langmuir maximum
adsorption capacity of banana peel nano-sorbent was found to be 27.1 mg/g (for synthetic uranium
solution), 34.13 mg/g (for mine wastewater) for uranium, and
45.5 mg/g (for synthetic thorium solution), 10.10 mg/g (for real mine wastewater) for thorium.
The feasibility of banana peel (BP) as an alternative material for adsorption of thorium in a fi xed
bed column was investigated by
Abbas (2013) . The authors reported that the maximum removal of thorium was 95.34% when the
initial thorium concentration of thoriumwas taken 1.0 mg/L, but nowhere in the results mentioned the
deviation in the calculation of thorium concentration. The method of thoriumdetermination and
detection limit of the UV-VIS spectroscopy also not mentioned in the published article. So, we are not
con fi dent in the results reported in the article and recommended that this study can be repeated to
established the facts of thorium removal through banana peel adsorbent. We summarized the
adsorption capacity of bananawaste derived adsorbents against different radioactive elements in Table
6 . As the table shown, only few research articles are available that describing the radioactive
elements removal through banana waste adsorbents, and some of them very poorly experiment
conducted and unauthenticated results reported. Therefore, it is recommended that some research
must be conducted to fi ll the gap of information in the utilization of banana waste adsorbent against
radioactive elements.
of biologically treated POME to meet the POME discharge standard. Results also showed that the
modi fi cation of NBP by acidi fi ed methanol or KOH and thermal treatment could further enhance the
removal ef fi ciency against color, total soluble solids (TSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The
optimum adsorption capacity of NBP was found at 97 mg/g for color, 25 mg/g for TSS, and
90.5 mg/g for COD removals. The MBP (methylated banana peel) has an optimum adsorption capacity
of 137.5 mg/g, 28.5 mg/g and 93 mg/g for color, TSS, and COD removals, respectively. Whilst, BPAC
has 184.5 mg/g, 34.5 mg/g, 94 mg/g, 26.76 mg/g, and 1.4 mg/g for color, TSS, COD, BOD, and tannin
& lignin removals, respectively. The maximum mitigation of these water quality parameter was
observed at a dosage of 300 g/L (30 g of adsorbent per 100 ml of sample) and contact time 24 h. The
pH of adsorbate solution was a signi fi cant factor that effected the adsorption capacity of banana peel
derived sorbents (NBP, MBP, and BPAC). The lower the pH better adsorption capacity was observed
for the banana peel derived adsorbent, pH 2.0 was reported to be optimum pH for maximummitigation
of BOD, COD, TSS, color, and tannin& lignin in wastewater. The sorption data were fi tted into two-
parameter isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and three-parameter isotherm models (Redlich-
Peterson and Sips). The threeparameter equations obtained an excellent prediction. Among all the
tested isotherms, an excellent representation of the experimental results was obtained using the
Redlich-Peterson model. It was also revealed that the mechanism of BOD, COD, TSS, color, and tannin
mitigation were not followed ideal monolayer or multilayer adsorption, rather it was followed the hybrid
model. Kinetic study showed that adsorption rate better fi ts into pseudo-second-order model. The
pseudo-second-order kinetics indicated that the biosorption process operates through chemisorption
mechanism. Chemical sorption can occur by the active functional groups of sorbents as chemical
bonding agents.

2.7. Removal of miscellaneous pollutants using banana waste derived adsorbents

Banana pseudo-stem based activated carbon was prepared, and its application against treated
land fi ll leachate was investigated by
Mohammed and Chong (2014) explored the potential of banana peels as a large adsorption Ghani et al. (2017) . To optimize the combined effect of three important reaction variables, i.e.,

capacity and economically feasible adsorbent against palm oil mill ef fl uent (POME). The natural activation temperature ( o C), activation time, and impregnation ratio (IR), the authors used Box e Behnken
banana peel (NBP), methylated banana peel (MBP), and banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) were design approach of response surface methodology (RSM). The activation of banana pseudo-stem

used as an adsorbent to treat the biologically treated POME. These adsorbents were characterized by was performed in single step activation with ZnCl 2 ( activating agent) in a closed pyrolytic reactor. The
BET surface area and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results revealed that NBP optimum conditions obtained through BoxBehnken design was at 761 C activation temperature, 87
could reduce the concentrations min

Table 6
Adsorption capacities of banana waste based biosorbent for the removal of radionuclides.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Q m ( mg/g) Conc. Contact Time Temp. pH % Removal Ref.

Banana peel Thorium e 1 mg/l 1h 55 C 8.0 95.34 Abbas (2013)

Banana peel Uranium (synthetic water) 27.1 e 24 h 25 C 4.10 e Oyewo et al. (2016)
Banana peel Uranium (real mine water) 34.13 e 24 h 25 C 3.0 e Oyewo et al. (2016)
Banana peel Thorium (synthetic water) 45.5 e 24 h 25 C 4.10 e Oyewo et al. (2016)
Banana peel Thorium (real mine water) 10.10 e 24 h 25 C 3.0 e Oyewo et al. (2016)
activation time, and 4.5 g/g impregnation ratio with product yield (27%), iodine number (1101 mg/g),
interaction. The surface functional groups of adsorbent were drawn based on the FTIR spectra of
color removal (91.2%), and COD removal (83.0%). The obtained activated carbon exhibited BET
each adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of banana peel activated carbon was found higher for
surface area, pore volume, and pore dia of the activated carbon prepared at optimiz þ ed condition
cationic methylene blue compared to anionic orange II dye; the reason was obvious due to charge on
were 1329.5 m 2/ g, 1.16 cm 3/ g, and
the surface of the adsorbent. The zeta-potential of banana peel activated carbon was also found to be
negative that supported the FTIR results. Hence banana peel activated carbon was found to be
3.8 nm, respectively. Moreover, obtained activated carbon showed a very good surface characteristic
suitable for cationic molecules adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the dye
and well developed mesoporous structure.
removal process was self-drive (spontaneous) and heat consuming (endothermic) in nature.

The banana frond biomass was explored to produce activated carbon (BFAC) ( Foo et al., 2013 ).
The banana frond was converted to activated carbon by microwave induced KOH activation process.
The produced banana frond activated carbons (BFACs) were characterized through various physical
and chemical characterization methods such as pore textural analysis, fi eld emission scanning
Themechanismof the pesticides (2,4-D and Bentazone) removal through banana stalk activated
electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface textural analysis
carbon (BSAC) can be understood through the following Scheme 2 . The 2,4-D chemical structure
results indicated that the BFAC have Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 847.66m 2/ g and
shown that three electron withdrawing atoms/groups (-Cl & -OCH 2- COOH) are directly joined with the
pore volume 0.726 cm 3/ g. The surface morphology looks like highly porous honeycomb like pores,
benzene ring, that make the ring electron de fi cient center ( þ vely charged), whereas in bentazone no
and functional groups present on the surfaces were hydroxyl carboxylic dimers, -CN derivatives, -CO,
such electron withdrawing groups were directly attached to the ring. This proposition is well supported
and
by the adsorption capacities of negatively charged BSAC. The experimental adsorption capacity of
BSAC for 50mg/L initial concentration of 2,4D and bentazone were found to be 32.62 mg/g and 15.47
mg/g, respectively. The other reason for more adsorption of 2,4-D is their molecular size, the larger
molecular size of bentazone restrict the accumulation of molecule on the adsorbent surface.
- CH groups. The BFAC surface properties seem ideal for the adsorptive removal of water-soluble
Whereas, smallar molecular size and oppositely charge density in the ring of
pollutants. Hence, the authors tried BFAC against the adsorptive removal of boron and total iron from
the land fi ll leachate. Due to large BET surface area and ideal pore structure on the surface of BFAC,
the quick equilibrium (within 10 min) was achieved against boron and total iron with adsorption
capacities 11.09 mg/g and 12.81mg/g, respectively. Kinetic of boron and total iron adsorption onto
BFAC was explained through pseudo-second-order model. The on-site application of BFAC for boron
and total iron adsorptive separation from land fi ll leachate have been demonstrated as well by the
2,4-D facilitates the adsorption onto the surface of BSAC. The adsorption mechanism of fl uoride ion
authors.
removal through natural banana peel adsorbent was established through following balanced
chemical equation:

Table 7 represent adsorption isotherm models used to explain, kinetic models, followed, and
NBP OH þ H 3 O þ þ F /NBP OH þ 2 FH2O
thermodynamic parameters values of various pollutants removal process through banana waste
derived bio-adsorbents. The table ( Table 7 ) shown that majority of the pollutants adsorption onto
banana waste derived adsorbents were explained through Langmuir isotherm, and
pseudo-second-order kinetics rate was followed. Furthermore, negative Gibbs free energy change ( D G)
3. Conclusion and future perspective of research
was reported for the adsorption process, that shows the feasibility and spontaneity of adsorption
process.
In this review, we discussed the conversion of bananawaste into useful adsorbents and its
applications against various types of water-soluble pollutants. We considered all type of article
published in various journals, few of themwas found with ambiguous results, which can't trust, was
also discussed and reasoned why their results couldn't trust.

2.8. Possible mechanism of adsorption onto banana waste adsorbents

The use of banana waste derived adsorbents in water, and wastewater industries have signi fi cant
advantages. It is low cost, widely available, and protecting environment by preventing methane/CO 2 gas
The heterogeneous chemical reactions have described the adsorption of pollutants onto
formation due to unsafe damping in wetlands (aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of banana tree
bananawaste derived adsorbents. For example, the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto banana peel
waste can produce methane gas, which is one of the greenhouse gas) or
adsorbents was explained by the following chemical equation.

HCrO- 4 + H+ + Bananapeel HCrO- 4 H+ -Bananapeel

Cr 3+ - H 2 O-Bananapeel

oxidized

The cationic dyes methylene blue and anionic dye orange II were adsorbed onto banana peel
burning (producing CO 2 gas and water vapour, responsible for global warming). The current research
activated carbon through electrostatic interaction mechanism. The following Scheme 1 can represent
trend is showing an increase in a publication on bananawaste derived adsorbents. But still, there
the
Table 7
List of models for adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic for various pollutant adsorption.

Adsorbent Adsorbate Isotherm models Kinetic models Thermodynamics Ref

Banana peel Methylene blue Langmuir Pseudo-second-order e Gupta and Ali (2003)
Activated banana Methylene blue Freundlich Pseudo-second-order e Gupta and Ali (2003)

peel
Polymer-grafted
Pb(II) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G ¼ - 22 kJ/mol, D H ¼ 29.17 kJ/mol, Shibi et al. (2006)
banana stalk
D S ¼ 163 J/mol/K
Polymer-grafted
Cd(II) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G ¼ 21.74, Shibi et al. (2006)
banana stalk
D H ¼ 7.15 kJ/mol, D S ¼ 92.2 J/mol/K
Banana peel AC Phenol Toth and RedlichPeterson Pseudo-second-order D G ¼ 16.38 kJ/mol, Ingole et al. (2017)
D H ¼ 12.70 kJ/mol,
D S ¼ 13.01 J/mol/K
Charred banana peel Atrazine Langmuir and RedlichPeterson External mass transfer and
D G ¼ 5.7 ± 1.2 kJ/mol Chaparadza and
intraparticle diffusion
D H ¼ 67.8 ± 6.3 kJ/mol Hossenlopp (2012)
D S ¼ 0.25 ± 0.03 kJ/mol/K

Pseudo stem banana

Safranin Sips Pseudo-second-order D G ¼ - 30 kJ/mol de Sousa et al. (2014)
fi ber
D H ¼ 17 kJ/mol
D S ¼ 47 J/K
Banana peel Cu(II) Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order e Shen and Wang (1994)
Freundlich
Banana peel Phenols Langmuir and e e Ali et al. (2011)
Freundlich
Banana AC Oxamyl Freundlich Pseudo-second-order e Suzuki et al. (2000)
Banana peel carbon
Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Karapinar (2003)
foam
Banana peel Pb(II), Langmuir e e Gupta and Ali (2008)
Cu(II)
Banana peel AC Methylene blue Freundlich Pseudo-second-order e Danish et al. (2011b)
Banana peel AC Naphthalene Freundlich e D G, D H, D S Danish et al. (2016a)
Banana peel AC Fluorene Freundlich e D G, D H, D S Danish et al. (2016a)
Banana peel AC Phenanthrene Freundlich e D G, D H, D S Danish et al. (2016a)
Banana stalk AC Malachite green Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Danish et al. (2016b)
Banana pith Methylene blue Langmuir Pseudo-second-order e Li et al. (2016)
Banana peel dust
F Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Bansal and Goyal (2005)
(BPD-1)
Banana peel dust
F Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Bansal and Goyal (2005)
(BPD-2)
Banana peel dust
F Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Bansal and Goyal (2005)
(BPD-3)
Banana trunk fi ber Cu(II), Fe(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) Freundlich Pseudo-second-order e Ahmad et al. (2010)

Banana peel AC Methyl orange Langmuir e e Ahmad et al. (2012)

Banana Bunch AC Methyl orange Langmuir e e Ahmad et al. (2012)
Banana peel AC F Langmuir Pseudo-second-order e Patel (2012)
Raw banana stalk Pb(II) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Nor et al. (2013)
Acid activated
Pb(II) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Nor et al. (2013)
banana stalk
Base activated
Pb(II) Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Nor et al. (2013)
banana stalk
Banana frond AC Boron Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Abdolali et al. (2014)
Freundlich
Banana frond AC Total iron Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Abdolali et al. (2014)
Freundlich
Banana stalk waste Methylene blue Langmuir Pseudo-second-order e Mohan et al. (2014)
Banana peel Orange II, Methylene blue Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Mohapatra et al. (2010)

Banana peel AC Orange II, Methylene blue Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Mohapatra et al. (2010)

Banana peel Cd(II) Langmuir Pseudo- fi rst-order e Anwar et al. (2010)

Banana peel Cr(VI) Langmuir Pseudo- fi rst-order D G, D H, D S De Langhe et al. (2009)
Banana stalk AC Carbofuran Langmuir Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Ogunleye et al. (2014)
Banana stalk AC 2,4-
Freundlich Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Memon et al. (2008)
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Banana stalk AC Bentazon Freundlich Pseudo-second-order D G, D H, D S Memon et al. (2008)

are some research gaps in optimized production of the banana waste derived adsorbents,
derived adsorbents with a proper discussion on the mechanism of surface functional group alteration
comparative studies of banana waste derived activated carbon production methods and it commercial
and its effect on adsorption behavior. The banana-derived adsorbents with multi-component
utilization by various industries, which need more attention.
adsorbate solution need to be explored. The outcome of these researches will help to commercialize
the low-cost adsorbents for industrial application. Only a few research works are reported on the
The modi fi cation of the adsorbent surface increased its removal ef fi ciency against certain
removal of gaseous pollutants, anions, and radionuclides
pollutant. However, only few research work has been reported on surface modi fi cation of banana
waste
 Scheme 1. Representation of banana peel activated carbon and methylene blue dye molecular interaction.

through banana waste derived adsorbent. Hence, this area of research needs to be explored
required to be conducted for multicomponent contaminated wastewaters. Further, it is suggested that
extensively. No literature is available on banana waste derived adsorbent for the competitive
the lab scale research extended to pilot-plant level studies to establish the commercial utilization of
adsorption such as metal ions adsorption in the presence of phenols, dyes, and similar contaminants.
low-cost banana adsorbents.
Therefore, comprehensive research is

The cost comparison between the activated carbon production

 Scheme 2. Representation of banana stalk activated carbon and 2,4-D molecular interaction.

and various non-conventional adsorbents derivatization from the raw banana waste has not been
cheaper and readily available, user-friendly technology, and environmentally sustainable operations.
done so far. The economic aspect of the banana-derived adsorbents needs to be investigated further
Still, we have a long way to go to establish the perfect utilization of biomass waste, but for sustainable
to encourage the industrial use of nonconventional adsorbents. Despite the dearth of cost estimation
growth of societies and environments, biomass-derived adsorbents have a good prospect.
research on biomass-derived adsorbents, the comprehensive use of biomass-derived adsorbents in
wastewater industries are strongly recommended owing to
Acknowledgement
671 e 680 .
Danish, M., Hashim, R., Ibrahim, M.N.M., Rafatullah, M., Sulaiman, O., Ahmad, T.,
We acknowledge Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Shamsuzzoha, M., Ahmad, A., 2011a. Sorption of copper (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions using
calcium oxide activated date stone: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J. Chem. Eng. Data 56, 3607 e
Technology, Alor Gajah, Melaka (Malaysia) and College of Natural and Computational Science,
3619 .
Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia for creating conducive research environment in the
Danish, M., Hashim, R., Ibrahim, M.N.M., Rafatullah, M., Ahmad, T., Sulaiman, O.,
campus. 2011b. Characterization of Acacia mangium wood based activated carbons prepared in the presence of basic
activating agents. Bioresources 6 (3), 3019 e 3033 .

Danish, M., Ahmad, T., Hashim, R., Ha fi z, M.R., Ghazali, A., Sulaiman, O., Hiziroglu, S., 2016a. Characterization and

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