adalah sebuah kategori tata bahasa (grammar) yang menekankan pada
penggunaan kata kerja (verb) yang dikaitkan dengan waktu penggunaannya. Dengan kata lain, tenses adalah pembedaan bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan perbedaan waktu dan durasi suatu perbuatan atau kejadian.
Tabel 16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris
Event Time Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Simple Present Present Present Perfect Present Perfect Present Tense Continuous Tense Tense Continuous Tense Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Simple Past Tense Tense Past Perfect Tense Continuous Tense Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Future Tense Tense Tense Continuous Tense Past Future Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Past Future Past Future Tense Continuous Tense Tense Continuous Tense Tenses dalam Bentuk “Present” 1. Simple Present Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan fakta, kebiasaan, dan keadaan umum yang terjadi pada saat ini. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + Verb / Verb-s/es a. I work hard for this company. + Complement b. He works hard for this company. Atau c. You are beautiful. Subject + am/are/is + Positif Complement d. She is beautiful. a. I do not work hard for this company. Sunbect + do/does not + Verb1 + Complement b. He does not work hard for this company. Atau c. You are not beautiful. Subject + am/are/is + not + Negatif complement d. She is not beautiful. Do/does + Subject + Verb1 a. Do I work hard for this company? + Complement? b. Does he work hard for this company? Atau c. Are you beautiful? Am/are/is + Subject + Interogatif Complement? d. Is she beautiful?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah: usually, always, every, sometimes, normally, dan seldom, dll. 2. Present Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung. Yang paling utama dari tense ini adalah adanya durasi waktu untuk kata kerjanya. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + am/are/is + Verb- ing + Complement Positif We are studying English. Negatif Subject + am/are/is + Not + We are not studying English. Complement Am/are/is + Subject + Interogatif Verb-ing + Complement? Are we studying English?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah now, at the time, at this present, at this moment, dll. 3. Present Perfect Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi atau kejadian sudah selesai dan menekankan pada hasilnya. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + has/have + Verb3 + Complement a. I have finished my homework. Positif b. She has finished her homework. Subject + has/have + not + Verb3 + Complement a. I have not finished my homework. Negatif b. She has not finished her homework. a. Have I finished my homework? Has/have + Subject + Interogatif Verb3 + Complement? b. Has she finished her homework?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, dll. 3. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan terus berlanjut sampai saat ini. Biasanya aksi yang menggunakan tense ini mempunyai durasi waktu tentu dan mempunyai relevansi dengan kondisi sekarang. Fungsi Rumus Contoh a. You have been working here since Subject + has/have + been 2015. + Verb-ing + Complement b. She has been speaking for the last 3 Positif hours. Negatif Subject + has/have + not + a. You have not been working here since been + Verb-ing + 2015. Complement b. She has not been speaking for the last 3 hours. a. Have you been working here since 2015? Has/have + Subject + been b. Has she been speaking for the last 3 Interogatif + Verb-ing + Complement? hours? Tenses dalam Bentuk “Past” Kata sinyal untuk tense ini adalah since, for the past …, the whole week, dll. 5. Simple Past Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian di masa lampau. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + Verb2 + Complement Atau Mau latihan soal? Yuk jawab pertanyaan a. I worked hard for that company. di Forum b. He worked hard for that company. StudioBelajar.com c. You were beautiful. Subject + was/were + Positif Complement d. She was beautiful. a. I did not work hard for that company. Subject + did not + Verb1 + Complement b. He did not work hard for that company. Atau c. You were not beautiful. Subject + was/were + not + Negatif Complement d. She was not beautiful. Did + Subject + Verb1 + a. Did I work hard for that company? Complement? b. Did he work hard for that company? Atau c. Were you beautiful? Was/were + Subject + Interogatif Complement? d. Was she beautiful?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah last year, last month, yesterday, in 1996, last Sunday, dll. 6. Past Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau. Biasanya, ada 2 kejadian terjadi di masa lampau, dan kejadian yang diinterupsi tersebut yang menggunakan tense ini. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Complement Positif I was studying English when he called. Subject + was/were + Not Negatif + Verb-ing + Complement I was not studying English when he called. Was/were + Subject + Interogatif Verb-ing + Complement? Was I studying English when he called?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday, dll. 7. Past Perfect Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lampau, dan lebih menekankan pada hasil dari pada durasinya kejadiannya. Biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian mana yang terlebih terjadi dahulu di antara 2 kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + had + Verb3 + Complement I had finished my homework before I met up Positif with my friends yesterday. Subject + had + not + Verb3 + Complement I had not finished my homework before I Negatif met up with my friends yesterday. Had + Subject + Verb3 + Had I finished my homework before I met up Interogatif Complement? with my friends yesterday?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah before yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day, dll. 8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang terjadi di masa lalu dan sudah selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu juga. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi kejadiannya. Tense ini juga digunakan pada Reported Speech Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + had + been + Verb-ing + Complement Positif You had been crying for an hour. Subject + had + not + been + Verb-ing + Complement Negatif You had not been crying for an hour. Had + Subject + been + Interogatif Verb-ing + Complement? Had you been crying for an hour? Tenses dalam Bentuk “Future” Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah for, since, the whole day, all day, dll. 9. Simple Future Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi atau suatu keadaan di masa depan. Fungsi Rumus Contoh a. I will work hard for this company. Subject + will/be going to b. I am going to work hard for this Positif + Verb1 + Complement company. a. I will not work hard for this company. Subject + will not / be not going to + Verb1 + b. I am not going to work hard for this Negatif Complement company. Will + Subject + Verb1 + Complement? Atau a. Will I work hard for this company? Be + Subject + going to + b. Am I going to work hard for this Subject Verb1 + Complement? company?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah next…, tomorrow, five days later, dll. 10. Future Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi atau keadaan yang akan terjadi di suatu waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + will / be going to+ be + Verb-ing + Complement a. I will be studying English. Positif b. You are going be studying English. Subject + will not / be not going to + be + Verb-ing + a. I will not be studying English. Complement b. You are not going to be Negatif studying English. a. Will I be studying English? Am/are/is + Subject + Interogatif Verb-ing + Complement? b. Are you going to be studying English?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah tomorrow morning, in ten years, dll. 11. Future Perfect Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan berakhir di masa depan. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + will have + Verb3 + Complement Positif I will have finished my homework. Subject + will not have + Verb3 + Complement Negatif I will not have finished my homework. Will + Subject + have Interogatif Verb3 + Complement? Will I have finished my homework?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah next…, in a week, dll. 12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan terus terjadi di masa depan. Tense ini menekankan pada hasil. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + will + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement In 2020, she will have been working here for Positif 2 years. Subject + will + not + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement In 2020, she will not have been Negatif working here for 2 years. Will + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + In 2020, will she have been working here for Interogatif Complement? 2 years? Tenses dalam Bentuk “Past Future” Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah for the last…, all day long, dll. 13. Past Future Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan dilakukan di masa lalu namun gagal (rencana yang gagal). Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + would/should + Positif Verb1 + Complement I would come to your party if you invited me. Subject + would/should not I would not come to your party if you did not Negatif + Verb1 + Complement invite me. Would/should + Subject + Would I come to your party if you invited Subject Verb1 + Complement? me?
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah yesterday, the day before, last week, dll. 14. Past Future Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan di masa lampau dan akan berlangsung hingga waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi aksinya. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Positif Subject + would/should + I would be studying if you did not disturb be + Verb-ing + Complement me yesterday. Subject + would/should not + be + Verb-ing + I would not be studying if you did not Negatif Complement disturb me yesterday. Would/should + Subject + be + Verb-ing + Would I be studying if you did not disturb Subject Complement? me yesterday? 15. Past Future Perfect Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang akan sudah dilakukan di masa lampau namun ternyata tidak dilakukan (rencana yang gagal). Tense ini menekankan pada hasil. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + would/should + have + Verb3 + I would have bought a new car if I had Positif Complement enough money. Subject + would/should not + have + Verb3 + I would not have bought a new car if I had Negatif Complement enough money. Would/should + Subject + Would I have bought a new car if I had Subject be + Verb3 + Complement? enough money? 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan sudah dan masih sedang dilakukan di masa lampau, namun sebenarnya tidak terjadi. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi dan hasilnya. Fungsi Rumus Contoh Subject + would/should + have + been + Verb-ing + She would have been waiting for me for 3 Positif Complement hours yesterday but she had gone at 9.00 PM. Subject + would/should not She would not have been waiting for me for + have + been + Verb-ing 3 hours yesterday but she had gone at 9.00 Negatif + Complement PM. Would/should + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + Would she have been waiting for me for 3 Subject Complement? hours yesterday?