Rumus: d + e = e + d
Contoh: 23 + 4 = 4 + 23 = 27
Rumus: d x e = e x d
Rumus: (d + e) + f = d + (e + f)
Contoh:
(100 + 4) + 9 = 100 + (4 + 9)
Rumus: (d x e) x f = d x (e x f)
Contoh:
62 x 10 = 2 x 310 = 620
Rumus: d x (e + f) = (d x e) + (d x f)
Contoh:
3 x (5 + 20) = 3 x 5 + 3 x 20
3 x 25 = 15 + 60 = 75
Rumus: d x (e – f) = (d x e) – (d x f)
Contoh:
3 x (9 – 2) = (3 x 9) – (3 x 2)