SOEHARTO BIOGRAPHY

In 1973 Suharto’s authoritarian regime implemented political reforms to limit the power of opposition
groups and the number of recognized political entities to three: Golkar, a pro-government group that
controlled state institutions; and two opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Party (later the PDI-
P) and the United Development Party. The Indonesian Democratic Party was created from three
nationalist groups and two Christian-based parties: the Indonesian Nationalist Party, the Movement for
the Defense of Indonesian Independence, the People’s Party, the Catholic Party, and the Christian Party.
Perubahan itu ditetapkan melalui Surat Keputusan Menteri nomor 130433/5, tanggal 24 Desember
1957.
Di Kepulauan Maluku, terdapat dua kesultanan besar yang terkenal, yaitu Ternate dan Tidore yang
berpusat di wilayah yang saat ini termasuk dalam wilayah Maluku Utara.[63] Wilayah Ternate pada
masa kejayaannya, yaitu pada abad ke-16, mencakup Pulau Ternate, sebagian kecil Pulau Halmahera,
Kepulauan Maluku bagian tengah, Pulau Sulawesi bagian utara dan timur, hingga ke Nusa Tenggara
Timur. Sementara itu, Tidore pada masa kejayaannya yang juga pada abad ke-16 meliputi Pulau Tidore,
sebagian besar Pulau Halmahera, hingga ke Papua Barat.[64]
sejarah merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari apa yang telah diperbuat atau dilakukan oleh manusia.
The city has broad tree-lined streets and numerous historic buildings, including most notably a palace
(1745; of the susuhunan, one of the traditional princes of central Java), a prince’s court (1788; that of
the mangkunegaran, another traditional ruler), and a Dutch fort (1779; now a garrison headquarters).
Renowned as an educational and cultural centre, Surakarta contains the
karena berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden 228/1967 tanggal 2 Desember1967, Arsip Nasional ditetapkan
sebagai Lembaga Pemerintah
arsiparis di ANRI meningkat drastis. Puncaknya adalah tahun 1995-1996, dimana jumlah arsiparis di ANRI
Pusat mencapai 137 orang.
Beberapa kesultanan yang juga pernah berdiri di Kepulauan Maluku, yaitu Jailolo, Bacan, Tanah Hitu,
Iha, dan Huamual.
arsiparis di ANRI meningkat drastis. Puncaknya adalah tahun 1995-1996, dimana jumlah arsiparis di ANRI
Pusat mencapai 137 orang.
In 1973 Suharto’s authoritarian regime implemented political reforms to limit the power of opposition
groups and the number of recognized political entities to three: Golkar, a pro-government group that
controlled state institutions; and two opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Party (later the PDI-
P) and the United Development Party. The Indonesian Democratic Party was created from three
nationalist groups and two Christian-based parties: the Indonesian Nationalist Party, the Movement for
the Defense of Indonesian Independence, the People’s Party, the Catholic Party, and the Christian Party.
Beginning in November 1953 the queen and the duke of Edinburgh made a six-month round-the-world
tour of the Commonwealth, which included the first visit to Australia and New Zealand by a reigning
British monarch. In 1957, after state visits to various European nations, she and the duke visited Canada
and the United States. In 1961 she made the first royal British tour of the Indian subcontinent in 50
years, and she was also the first reigning British monarch to visit South America (in 1968) and the
Persian Gulf countries (in 1979). During her “Silver Jubilee” in 1977, she presided at a London banquet
attended by the leaders of the 36 members of the Commonwealth,
awalnya mengusulkan istilah Indunesia dan Malayunesia untuk penduduk pulauan Hindia atau
Kepulauan
Di Kepulauan Maluku, terdapat dua kesultanan besar yang terkenal, yaitu Ternate dan Tidore yang
berpusat di wilayah yang saat ini termasuk dalam wilayah Maluku Utara.[63] Wilayah Ternate pada
masa kejayaannya, yaitu pada abad ke-16, mencakup Pulau Ternate, sebagian kecil Pulau Halmahera,
Kepulauan Maluku bagian tengah, Pulau Sulawesi bagian utara dan timur, hingga ke Nusa Tenggara
Timur. Sementara itu, Tidore pada masa kejayaannya yang juga pada abad ke-16 meliputi Pulau Tidore,
sebagian besar Pulau Halmahera, hingga ke Papua Barat.[64]
berdasarkan luas wilayah.[catatan 3] Penduduk Inggris berjumlah sekitar 53 juta jiwa, atau sekitar 84%
dari total populasi Britania Raya, sebagian besarnya terkonsentrasi di London, Inggris Tenggara, dan
kawasan-kawasan konurbasi di Midlands, Barat Laut, Timur Laut dan Yorkshire, masing-masing wilayah
ini dikembangkan sebagai daerah industri utama selama abad ke-19. Sedangkan kawasan padang
rumput terdapat di luar wilayah kota-kota besar.han kelembagaan Arsip Nasional tidak berhenti sampai
disitu. Berdasarkan Keputusan Presiden RI nomor 215 tanggal 16 Mei 1961,
From the origins and development of its individual elements (energy, mass, and light) to their ramific
Beliau adalah salah satu tokoh dalam perjuangan militer Indonesia, dan telah menjadi tentara pada 3
zaman, yaitu zaman Belanda, zaman Jepang, dan zaman kemerdekaan.
Elizabeth’s early years were not auspicious. She was born at Greenwich Palace, the daughter of the
Tudor king Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry had defied the pope and broken England
from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in order to dissolve his marriage with his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, who had borne him a daughter, Mary. Since the king ardently hoped that Anne
Boleyn would give birth to a male heir, regarded as key to stable dynastic succession, the birth of a
second daughter was a bitter disappointment that dangerously weakened the new queen’s position.
Before Elizabeth reached her third birthday, her father had her mother beheaded on charges of adultery
and treason. Moreover, at Henry’s instigation, an act of Parliament declared his marriage with Anne
Boleyn invalid from the beginning, thus making their daughter Elizabeth illegitimate, as Roman Catholics
had all along claimed her to be. (Apparently, the king was undeterred by the logical inconsistency of
simultaneously invalidating the marriage and accusing his wife of adultery.) The emotional impact of
these events on the little girl, who had been brought up from infancy in a separate household at
Hatfield, is not known; presumably, no one thought it worth recording. What was noted was her
precocious seriousness; at six years old, it was admiringly observed, she had as much gravity as if she
had been 40.
Negeri diambil alih kembali oleh pemerintah Belanda. Nama Lembaga Arsip Negeri berganti lagi menjadi
Landsarchief kembali. Sebagai pimpinan Landsarchief adalah Prof.W. Ph. Coolhaas yang menjabat
hingga berdirinya Republik Indonesia
Para cendekiawan India telah menulis tentang Dwipantara atau kerajaan Hindu Jawa Dwipa di Pulau
Jawa dan Sumatra atau Swarna Dwipa sekitar 200 SM.
Kepemimpinan Dr. Noerhadi Magetsarisebagai kepala Arsip NasionalRI berlangsung hingga tahun 1998.
Sebagai penggantinya adalah DR.
Nasional RI di Daerah TK I menjadi Arsip Nasional Wilayah. Seiring dengan pengembangan struktur
organisasi tersebut, beliau juga
et us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us.” From this line derives the central issue of
Agee and Evans’ work: who truly deserves our praise and recognition? According to this 1941 biography,
it’s the barely-surviving sharecropper families who were severely
sejarah akan menitikberatkan pada pencatatan-pencatatan yang berarti dan penting bagi manusia.
Nasional RI di Daerah TK I menjadi Arsip Nasional Wilayah. Seiring dengan pengembangan struktur
organisasi tersebut, beliau juga
Suharto was the second President of the Republic of Indonesia. He was born in Kemusuk, Yogyakarta, on
June 8, 1921. His father named Kertosudiro is a farmer and also as the assistant village headman in
irrigation paddy field, while his mother named Sukirah.
impacted by the American “Dust Bowl” — hundreds of people entrenched in poverty, whose humanity
Evans and Agee desperately implore their audience to see in their book.
sangat terkenal dengan Sumpah Palapa yang berisi ikrar untuk menyatukan seluruh wilayah
Nusantara.[46] Majapahit pada masanya terkenal sebagai negara agraris dan juga sebagai negara
perdagangan yang mengatur aktivitas pelayaran dunia.[46]
tersebut Arsip Nasional RI disingkat dengan ANRI. Perubahan yang cukup mencolok adalah
pengembangan struktur organisasi dengan
Perubahan itu ditetapkan melalui Surat Keputusan Menteri nomor 130433/5, tanggal 24 Desember
1957.
saat itu. Umat manusia sendiri sebenarnya belum sampai ke Sumatra, gelombang migrasi dari Afrika ikut
terhenti untuk sementara akibat erupsi ini. Gunung Toba kemudian tenggelam dan kalderanya
membentuk sebuah danau besar dengan nama yang sama.[30]
In 2005 Jokowi, as a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (Partai Demokrasi
Indonesia-Perjuangan; PDI-P), won election as mayor of Surakarta—the first person to be directly
elected to that post. He was extraordinarily effective in reducing crime and attracting foreign tourists to
the city. His habit of making spontaneous visits to poor neighbourhoods and his refusal to accept a
salary for his public service contributed to his reputation for humility and honesty. In 2010 Jokowi
Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth’s blend of shrewdness,
courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation
against foreign enemies. The adulation bestowed upon her both in her lifetime and in the ensuing
centuries was not altogether a spontaneous effusion. It was the result of a carefully crafted, brilliantly
executed campaign in which the queen fashioned herself as the glittering symbol of the nation’s destiny.
This political symbolism, common to monarchies, had more substance than usual, for the queen was by
no means a mere figurehead. While she did not wield the absolute power of which Renaissance rulers
dreamed, she tenaciously upheld her authority to make critical decisions and to set the central policies
of both state and church. The latter half of the 16th century in England is justly called the Elizabethan
Age: rarely has the collective life of a whole era been given so distinctively personal a stamp.
Namun kebenaran tentang hal ini banyak diperdebatkan.[27]Di Pulau Jawa sendiri, predikat kerajaan
tertua di Pulau Jawa diduga dipegang oleh Salakanagara yang berdiri pada abad ke-1 M di daerah sekitar
Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Kerajaan ini sendiri diperkirakan menjadi cikal bakal Tarumanagara yang berdiri
pada tahun 358 Masehi. Keberadaan Salakanagara juga masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan ahli
karena kurangnya bukti-bukti sejarah.[35]
Titled after one of her most evocative poems, this shimmering bio of Sylvia Plath takes an unusual
approach. Instead of focusing on her years of depression and tempestuous marriage to poet Ted
Hughes, it chronicles her life before she ever came to Cambridge. Wilson closely examines her early
family and relationships, feelings and experiences, with information taken from her meticulous diaries
— setting a strong precedent for other Plath biographers to follow.
di bawah Presidium Kabinet. Dengan status baru tersebut, maka pada tahun 1968 Arsip Nasional
berusaha menyusun pengajuan sebagai berikut:
arsiparis di ANRI meningkat drastis. Puncaknya adalah tahun 1995-1996, dimana jumlah arsiparis di ANRI
Pusat mencapai 137 orang.
Sejak Belanda melancarkan agresi militer yang pertama dan Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Prince
Albert, duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As the child of a younger son of King
George V, the young Elizabeth had little prospect of acceding to the throne until her uncle, Edward VIII
(afterward duke of Windsor), abdicated in her father’s favour on December 11, 1936, at which time her
father became King George VI and she became heir presumptive. The princess’s education was
supervised by her mother, who entrusted her daughters to a governess, Marion Crawford; the princess
was also grounded in history by C.H.K. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction
from visiting teachers in music and languages. During World War II she and her sister, Princess Margaret
Rose, perforce spent much of their time safely away from the London
sejarah akan menitikberatkan pada pencatatan-pencatatan yang berarti dan penting bagi manusia.
impacted by the American “Dust Bowl” — hundreds of people entrenched in poverty, whose humanity
Evans and Agee desperately implore their audience to see in their book.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named
prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were
Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created princess royal in 1987;
Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward), born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in
1986; and Prince Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created earl of
Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960
Elizabeth decided to create the hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not
styled prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild (Princess Anne’s son) was born
on November 15, 1977.
In 2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. As part of her “Golden Jubilee,” events were
held throughout the Commonwealth, including several days of festivities in London. The celebrations
were somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early in the year. Beginning in
the latter part of the first decade of the 21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded,
and even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support among the British
people. In April 2011 Elizabeth led the family in celebrating the wedding of Prince William of Wales—the
elder son of Charles and Diana—and Catherine Middleton. The following month she surpassed George III
to become the second longest-reigning monarch in British history, behind Victoria. Also in May,
Elizabeth made a historic trip to Ireland, becoming both the first British monarch to visit the Irish
republic and the first to set foot in Ireland since 1911. In 2012 Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond
Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the throne. On September 9, 2015, she surpassed Victoria’s record reign
of 63 years and 216 days.
Dalam rangka penolakan tersebut, Lansarchief mendapat tugas khusus, yaitu: ikut serta secara aktif
dalam pekerjaan ilmiah untuk penulisan sejarah Hindia Belanda,
Because of the political situation worsened after the outbreak of G-30-S/PKI, MPRS Special Assembly,
March 1967, appointed Soeharto as the President, inaugurated as the second President of the Republic
of Indonesia, March 1968. President Suharto ruled for more than three decades through the election six
times, until he resigned, May 21, 1998.
sejarah akan menitikberatkan pada pencatatan-pencatatan yang berarti dan penting bagi manusia.
During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and
in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in
1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar
post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the
University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he
renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of
Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired
from his post in 1945.
Beberapa kesultanan yang juga pernah berdiri di Kepulauan Maluku, yaitu Jailolo, Bacan, Tanah Hitu,
Iha, dan Huamual.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named
prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were
Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created princess royal in 1987;
Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward), born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in
1986; and Prince Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created earl of
Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960
Elizabeth decided to create the hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not
styled prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild (Princess Anne’s son) was born
on November 15, 1977.
Elizabeth’s early years were not auspicious. She was born at Greenwich Palace, the daughter of the
Tudor king Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry had defied the pope and broken England
from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church in order to dissolve his marriage with his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, who had borne him a daughter, Mary. Since the king ardently hoped that Anne
Boleyn would give birth to a male heir, regarded as key to stable dynastic succession, the birth of a
second daughter was a bitter disappointment that dangerously weakened the new queen’s position.
Before Elizabeth reached her third birthday, her father had her mother beheaded on charges of adultery
and treason. Moreover, at Henry’s instigation, an act of Parliament declared his marriage with Anne
Boleyn invalid from the beginning, thus making their daughter Elizabeth illegitimate, as Roman Catholics
had all along claimed her to be. (Apparently, the king was undeterred by the logical inconsistency of
simultaneously invalidating the marriage and accusing his wife of adultery.) The emotional impact of
these events on the little girl, who had been brought up from infancy in a separate household at
Hatfield, is not known; presumably, no one thought it worth recording. What was noted was her
precocious seriousness; at six years old, it was admiringly observed, she had as much gravity as if she
had been 40.
The city has broad tree-lined streets and numerous historic buildings, including most notably a palace
(1745; of the susuhunan, one of the traditional princes of central Java), a prince’s court (1788; that of
the mangkunegaran, another traditional ruler), and a Dutch fort (1779; now a garrison headquarters).
Renowned as an educational and cultural centre, Surakarta contains the
arsiparis di ANRI meningkat drastis. Puncaknya adalah tahun 1995-1996, dimana jumlah arsiparis di ANRI
Pusat mencapai 137 orang.
In 1973 Suharto’s authoritarian regime implemented political reforms to limit the power of opposition
groups and the number of recognized political entities to three: Golkar, a pro-government group that
controlled state institutions; and two opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Party (later the PDI-
P) and the United Development Party. The Indonesian Democratic Party was created from three
nationalist groups and two Christian-based parties: the Indonesian Nationalist Party, the Movement for
the Defense of Indonesian Independence, the People’s Party, the Catholic Party, and the Christian Party.
Kepemimpinan Dr. Noerhadi Magetsarisebagai kepala Arsip NasionalRI berlangsung hingga tahun 1998.
Sebagai penggantinya adalah DR.
Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth’s blend of shrewdness,
courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation
against foreign enemies. The adulation bestowed upon her both in her lifetime and in the ensuing
centuries was not altogether a spontaneous effusion. It was the result of a carefully crafted, brilliantly
executed campaign in which the queen fashioned herself as the glittering symbol of the nation’s destiny.
This political symbolism, common to monarchies, had more substance than usual, for the queen was by
no means a mere figurehead. While she did not wield the absolute power of which Renaissance rulers
dreamed, she tenaciously upheld her authority to make critical decisions and to set the central policies
of both state and church. The latter half of the 16th century in England is justly called the Elizabethan
Age: rarely has the collective life of a whole era been given so distinctively personal a stamp.
20. As Jokowi entered the presidency, he identified clamping-down on corruption as among his top
priorities and as a necessary step to attract more foreign direct investment to the country. He also
pushed a nine-point plan for Indonesia that emphasized helping the poor by improving public services,
implementing land reforms, and developing more-affordable housing, among other measures.
Kata "Indonesia" berasal dari bahasa Yunani kuno yaitu Indus yang merujuk kepada sungai Indus di India
dan nesos yang berarti "pulau".[22] Jadi, kata Indonesia berarti wilayah "kepulauan India", atau
kepulauan yang berada di wilayah Hindia; ini merujuk kepada persamaan antara dua bangsa tersebut
(India dan Indonesia).[23] Pada tahun 1850, George Windsor Earl, seorang etnolog berkebangsaan
Inggris,
Nusantara telah mempunyai warisan peradaban berusia ratusan tahun dengan dua imperium besar,
yaitu Sriwijaya di Sumatra pada abad ke-7 hingga ke-14
Pada masa kepemimpinan beliau terjadi perubahan struktur organisasi yang baru dengan
dikeluarkannya Keputusan Presiden RI
Pada masa kepemimpinan Drs. R. Mohammad Ali diupayakan berbagai usaha untuk meningkatkan peran
dan status lembaga Arsip Negara.
Pada masa pengambilalihan Landsarchief oleh pemerintah Republik Indonesia Serikat, masih In the
summer of 1951 the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline, and Princess Elizabeth
represented him at the Trooping the Colour and on various other state occasions. On October 7 she and
her husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington, D.C. After Christmas in
England she and the duke set out in January 1952 for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route,
at Sagana, Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952. Elizabeth, now queen, at
once flew back to England. The first three months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her
father, were passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved from Clarence
House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine duties of
kept under lock and key until it was published 2018. It’s based on Topografi Inggris sebagian besar terdiri
dari perbukitan dan dataran rendah, terutama di Inggris bagian tengah dan selatan. Dataran tinggi
terdapat di bagian utara (misalnya, pegunungan Danau District, Pennines, serta Yorkshire Dales) dan di
barat daya (misalnya Dartmoor dan Cotswolds). Ibu kota Inggris dahulunya adalah Winchester,
awalnya mengusulkan istilah Indunesia dan Malayunesia untuk penduduk pulauan Hindia atau
Kepulauan
Oleh karena itu, Arsip Nasional RI tidak memiliki khasanah arsip pada masa pendudukan Jepang.
Lembaga Kearsipan yang pada masa Hindia Belanda bernama Landarchief, pada masa pendudukan
Jepang berganti dengan
completely changed the trajectory of modern medicine. Rebecca Skloot skillfully commemorates the
previously unknown life of a poor black woman
Secara yuridis, keberadaan lembaga kearsipan Indonesia dimulai sejak diproklamasikan kemerdekaan
Indonesia 17 Agustus 1945.
On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named
prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were
Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created princess royal in 1987;
Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward), born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in
1986; and Prince Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created earl of
Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960
Elizabeth decided to create the hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not
styled prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild (Princess Anne’s son) was born
on November 15, 1977.
istilah Kobunsjokan yang ditempatkan dibawah Bunkyokyoku. Sebagaimana pegawai-pegawai Belanda
lainnya,
Serikat (RIS) dan diakuinya kedaulatan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia oleh Belanda pada akhir tahun
1949. Setelah itu lemb
nomor 92 tahun 1993 tentang Kedudukan, Tugas, Fungsi, Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Arsip
Nasional RI. Berdasarkan Keppres
At the risk of sounding cliché, the best biographies do exactly this: bring their subjects to life. A great
biography isn’t just a laundry list of events that happened to someone. Rather,