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Table of Content
Editorial Board
 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology
Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X (www.ijsrst.com)
doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST2310115

Car Dirtiness and Damage Detection For Automatic Service

Recommendation Using Machine Learning Techniques
Mohammed Abdullah Khan, Gundlapally Siri Reddy, Ramavath Tarun
CSE Department, Sreyas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT
Article Info Automobile Industry is growing by a huge percentage in a few decades
contributing about 7.5% to India’s total GDP. As the number of vehicle owners
Publication Issue is increasing the demand and need for automobile service is also high but
Volume 10, Issue 1 people are busy with their routines hence failing in proper maintenance of
January-February-2023 their vehicles. In this paper by using machine learning algorithms, and object
detection we have come up with the idea to develop a web application that can
Page Number suggest to users some offers and timing for their car maintenance by analyzing
144-150 a car using computer vision without the owner’s involvement. The primary
Aim of this project is to maintain a vehicle without disturbing the owner’s day-
Article History to-day routine. This project is built using the latest technologies and the most
Accepted: 10 Jan 2023 trending domains in the industry. We have used the YOLOV5 (You Only Look
Published: 25 Jan 2023 Once) object detection model and VGG16 architecture to analyze the car
images and Flask framework to create a responsive interface for the web
application. We generally don’t realize that multiple tasks can be done at a
time resulting in many tasks being incomplete one of which is vehicle
maintenance. This project aims at both owner’s convenience and the growth of
the service provider’s business.

In this paper, we present the Machine Learning based automated car

maintenance system with effective time utilization which is an IOT device that
could be installed at the parking’s main gate of places where people tend to
spend many hours like offices or malls. This Device consists of a camera that is
responsible for detecting a car image from the live video. These images are sent
for the further process where the device detects if there are any damages or
dirtiness in the car using pre-trained models.

Keywords: Car Damage Detection, Dirtiness detection, Feature Extraction,

Custom Object Detection

Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Technoscience Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the 144
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, one of the growing sectors is the automobile
industry. The Increasing demand and need for cars
are resulting in a high need for Car detailing services.
Car detailing service is a million-dollar industry
where the service provider goes for
advertisements that cost a pretty penny. In the
automobile industry, Artificial Intelligence based on
machine learning can assist with challenges including
efficient utilization of time and proper maintenance
of the car. However, developing applications to
address such issues remains difficult, particularly
when using machine learning models like YOLOV5
and VGG16 architecture. YOLOV5 is an effective and
latest version of YOLO (you only look once) which is
an object detection model that could be trained if
there are necessary and pretty good resources. Object
detection models demand large datasets in order to
train the model to get the desired accuracy with
specifications. Whereas VGG16 takes the input as an
image and processes it in different parts and displays
the result in string format. This is not only suitable for
automatic service recommendation but also can be
used in AI-powered service stations to completely
scan for minute damages and detailing
. by day there is an increase in the insurance
For now, there are no publicly available datasets for
car-damaged or dirt photos. However, we are going to
use the images which are available to the public to
train our model. In this instance, we are using up to
400 images to train our model but we would say
“more the images better the training”.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the key research topics in computer vision is
object detection. On the instance level, it determines
the category and position information of the object of
interest in the image. Object detection could help in
solving many real-time problems that we tackle
regularly in our day-to-day life. YOLO is one of the
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 1
trusted algorithms for custom object detection and
being used for decades. Many researchers bring
changes and additional features regularly to make the
model more accurate and efficient. YOLOv5 demands
a good amount of data to train the model. On the
other hand, VGG16 is one of the most favorable
the classification algorithms this scans for every corner of
the image to correctly predict the category of the
image to which it belongs.
For these diverse advantages of object detection
Author [9] proposed a way of recognizing and
classifying damages to buildings using high-
resolution satellite images. These could be very
much beneficial to maintain the record of untouched
buildings which are remained empty for decades. To
design this the images of buildings both perfect and
damaged with annotations are provided as input to
train our model.
The similarity in papers [1, 2], is that they used Deep
learning techniques to detect if there are any damages
in the car’s body. But due to the limitation of dataset
availability, the accuracy of almost all models lies on
the same scale.
As the demand and need for cars are increasing day
companies too, and claiming the insurance manually
is a big and hectic task a solution to this problem is
proposed by the Author [6]. In which a model was
trained using deep learning techniques to identify the
damaged cars and automatically claim the insurance
without the actual involvement of the person saving
both time and energy.
Several other damage detection approaches have been
proposed and applied to car body damage detection,
Srimal.al[9] propose to use of 3D CAD models to
handle automatic vehicle damage detection via
photography.
An Anti-Fraud System for car insurance claims based
on visual evidence – They proposed an approach to
generate robust deep features by locating the damages
145
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150

accurately and using YOLO to locate the damaged After annotating the images using the labelimg
regions. Gontscharov.al tries to solve vehicle body python module our text file of the labels folder looks
damage by using multi-sensor-data fusion. as shown in Figure 1

An attempt is also being made in building AI-

powered service stations where the entire process
starts with observing the car for damages or minute
Figure 1: Random file from labels
scratches on the car body and then fixing it with less
or completely no involvement of humans. This Here there are 5 values the first value represents the
revolutionary change will not only save money but class name (here 0 means Scratch) and the other four
also time. values denote the coordinates of the rectangle or the
bounding box. After annotating all the images we
III. METHODS AND MATERIAL
move further to the main aspect which is training
the model.
This section of the paper discusses the data set used
for testing, validating, and training the model. The We have used a file with .yaml extension in the
basic structure of custom object detection datasets training of our custom object detection model. This
and files will be explained here. The dataset is used to file specifies the class (specified damage) as shown in
train both models is downloaded from Kaggle. Figure 2. This file helps the model decode the
annotated files.
We are maintaining 2 different datasets for training 2
different models we are using. Each dataset contains
about 190 images (which is low to get the desired
accuracy). Of these 190 images, - 170 images are
separated for training (train dataset), and 20 images
are separated for validation (validation dataset). For
the damage dataset, each image is labeled using
labelImg.

labelImg is a free, open-source tool for graphically

labelling images. It’s written in python and uses QT
Figure 2: Custom-data.yaml file
for its graphical interface. It’s an easy, free way to
label a few hundred images to try our custom object
detection model. • Train: train dataset path
• Val: validation dataset path
A. Dataset-1 for damage detection
• Test: test dataset path which is optional
The folder structure of dataset-1 looks like figure 1
• NC: Nc describes the number of classes
which contains three folders namely test, train, and
validation. Train and validation have two subfolders • Names: names of the classes (specification or
namely images and labels. The images folder contains type of damage) these four class names are
the images used to train the model whereas labels are denoted using numbers 0, 1, 2, and 3 (0
the text files extracted after drawing bounding boxes means Scratch, 1 means Broken Glass, 2
(annotating) for each image with their respective class means Deformation, and 3 means Broken)
names.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 1 146
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150
B. Dataset-2 for dirtiness detection
The folder structure of dataset-2 is quite similar to
the folder structure of dataset-1, The only difference
is there are no separate folders named labels because
here we are using VGG16 architecture which doesn’t
require images to be annotated in order to use to train
the model. Instead, we maintain two separate folders
namely clean, and dirty later we provide all images as
folders at once while training the model. To train our
model to detect if the car is clean or messy we just
need to provide enough images of both clean cars and
dirty cars using which our model will automatically
understand and learn the features so that when a new
image is entered it looks for the exact same features
using which we trained it.
Training the model using VGG16 is quite easier than
training the model using the YOLOv5 model. we are
using two models to tackle two different problems.
VGG16 requires less dataset when compared to
YOLOv5 because in YOLOv5 we need to annotate
the images and categorize them into different class
names and when the model is trained we expect the
output with boundary box and class name. whereas
VGG16 displays a string output in either of the
statements provided and necessary conditions are
fulfilled.
IV. IMPLEMENTATIONS
Machine learning algorithm called YOLOV5 and
VGG16 is used in the implementation of the model in
this paper. The model is implemented using
supervised learning. Figure 3 depicts the working
process of our system in recognizing the damages or
dirt and giving an option to the user to get it fixed
while they are busy with their routine work.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 1
Figure 3: Architecture Diagram
A. YOLOv5 algorithm
The YOLOV5 algorithm basically is the most
commonly used object detection algorithm. It first
scans the image then using the trained data it tries to
detect in which class detected damages should be
placed.
The algorithm flow is as follows:
1. The architecture mainly consists of three
parts namely Backbone, Neck, and head.
2. Model Backbone is mostly used to extract key
features from an input image. CSP (Cross
Stage Partial Networks) are used as a
backbone in YOLO v5 to extract rich useful
characteristics from an input image.
3. The neck model is mostly used to create
feature pyramids. Feature pyramids aid
models in generalizing successfully when it
comes to object scaling. It aids in the
identification of the same object in various
sizes and scales.
4. The model head is mostly responsible for the
final detection step. It uses anchor boxes to
construct final output vectors with class
probabilities, objectness scores, and bounding
boxes.
5. The final output is displayed after processing
through all layers which is the image with
the damaged area and its category.
147
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150
When a car is detected, the system captures the
image and this is sent for further processing the final
output image is displayed as shown in Figure 4
Figure 4: Working flow in YOLOv5
B. VGG16 Architecture
VGG16 proved to be a significant milestone in the
quest of mankind to make computers “see” the world.
A lot of effort has been put into improving the
features and abilities under the discipline of computer
vision (CV) for several decades. It is a convocational
Neural Network model proposed by Karen Simonyan
and Andrew Zisserman at the University of Oxford.
VGG was named after the department of Visual
Geometry Group at the university of oxford.
The input to any of the network configurations is
considered to be a fixed-size 224 x 224 image with
three channels – R, G, and B. Our dataset consisted
of more than a thousand images collected from
different sources and methods hence all the images
are not of the same size and format as required by
our VGG16 architecture. So in the first step, we first
convert all the images from any other format to ,jpg
or .jpeg format, and then we use a python module
that can perform some basic operations on the
images and using which we resize the images which
were given as input while training or testing of our
model.
VGG16 architecture could also be treated as a feature
extraction machine learning model because here we
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 1
provide different datasets of different categories
without any specific instructions hence leaving our
model to learn on its own. Once our model is ready
we test images by just passing it in form of input
where the size adjustment is done and a String form
Output is displayed. In our case, we get output either
as clean or messy where messy means dirty and
clean indicates the car is perfectly fine.
The algorithm flow is as follows:
1. The architecture mainly consists of two stacks
2. The initial size is always 224 x 224 x 32 and for
every iteration, the image size is halved.
3. The size of the activations at the end of the first
stack is 112 x 112 x 64
4. The output at the end of both these stacks will be
7 x 7 x 512.
5. The stacks of convocational layers are followed
by three fully connected layers with a flattening
layer in between.
6. The first two have 4096 neurons each, and the
last fully connected layer serves as the output
layer and has 1000 neurons corresponding to the
1000 possible classes for the ImageNet dataset.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results were quite accurate even though a small
dataset was used. We first process the image through
the VGG16 architecture to find out if the car is clean
or dirty for this the car image is detected by the
system and single string output will be displayed
either of the both “Your car is clean” or “Your car is
messy”. Once the car is checked for dirtiness then we
process our second model which is YOLOv5 custom
object detection to detect if there are any scratches,
broken glass, deformation, etc. The output of the
second model is the image of the car with bounding
boxes and a confidence score. If there is any damage
or dirtiness detected then the system displays a QR
code by scanning which the user lands on the main
148
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150
page of the website where he can avail of the service
at their comfort.
For the purpose of testing and validation, we took a
random image from the test dataset of both datasets
to check for damage detection and dirtiness detection
The test image can be seen below in figure 5.
Figure 5: random image from the test dataset
We can observe the car is not that dirty but there are
a few damages that need to be fixed. When This
image is processed for dirtiness detection we get the
output “Your car is clean” now we send this image for
damage detection where we get the output which is
shown below in figure 6.
Figure 6: Output after damage detection
The results were very good and quite accurate. We
can observe that the small scratches or dents on the
car are also getting noticed or detected by our model.
Those scratches are not easily visible to our naked eye
but the model still counts it as a damaged part and
also the deformation. The confidence score of the
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 10 | Issue 1
Scratch area is very high and accurate. This is very
surprising considering the fact that a small dataset (of
190 images) was used to train our model. This is
because the annotation was clear and helped our
model to train faster and more accurately. There were
some exceptional cases too where our model failed to
detect the damages or dirtiness because of the unclear
visibility which might be due to the rainy weather or
a car that has stickers on its body. To overcome this
we need more images or a dataset that has various and
diversified possibilities. If we work more on our
dataset and provide more images (in thousands) then
our model could achieve a great confidence score and
the total loss will be almost negligible.
As we observe above the car has damages that were
detected by our model now in the next step the
system will display a QR code. When the user scans
the QR code he will be redirected to our website
where he can fill out the form and verify his
credentials to avail of the service if he is going to stay
there for a long duration. If the user selects to avail of
the service an agent nearby will come to the location
to pick up the car and then takes it to the service
center. When all the work is done the agent parks the
car at the exact same place or hands it over to the user
at their desired location, this way the user’s work
schedule will not be distributed.
VI. CONCLUSION
To deal with the problem of regular maintenance of
the car and allocating separate time for maintenance
and not being able to use the car for such a long time
the idea proposed here is a good alternative to the
traditional methods that are being followed. The
suggested approach of using two algorithms YOLOv5
and VGG16 will not only help in showing the
accurate result but also both algorithms can work
parallelly to display the results faster because the
system is going to be installed at the parking’s main
149
 Mohammed Abdullah Khan et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. January-February-2023, 10 (1) : 144-150

gate where generally a user spends an average time of Learning Techniques. In2019 IEEE Fifth
10 to 30 seconds. International Conference on Multimedia Big Data
(BigMM).IEEE, 199–207.
Data extension can be done in the future to raise the [7] Najmeddine Dhieb, Hakim Ghazzai, Hichem
dataset’s size, and gather additional automobile Besbes, and Yehia Massoud. 2019. A very deep
damage images under various degrees of illumination transfer learning model for vehicle damage
and weather conditions. More and More images could detection and localization. In 2019 31st
be given to training the model which will help in International Conference on Microelectronics
detecting the minute scratches. The same project (ICM). IEEE,158–161.
could be expanded by including other vehicles like [8] WA Rukshala Harshani and Kaneeka Vidanage.
two-wheelers, trucks, and other big-sized vehicles. 2017. Image processing based severity and cost
The same approach could be used to cover all other prediction of damages in the vehicle body: A
vehicles which will help everyone maintain their computational intelligence approach. At the 2017
vehicle efficiently and regularly. National Information Technology Conference
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VII. REFERENCES [9] F .Samadzadcgan and H. Rastrivcisi, “Automatic
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