Teori Keuangan Sebuah Kajian Literatur 1611e4a2
Teori Keuangan Sebuah Kajian Literatur 1611e4a2
Tim Penulis:
Fitri Santi, Fenny Marietza, Nila Aprila, Madani Hatta.
Desain Cover:
Helmaria Ulfa
Tata Letak:
Handarini Rohana
Editor:
Aas Masruroh
ISBN:
978-623-459-090-6
Cetakan Pertama:
Juni, 2022
PENERBIT:
WIDINA MEDIA UTAMA
(Grup CV. Widina Media Utama)
Komplek Puri Melia Asri Blok C3 No. 17 Desa Bojong Emas
Kec. Solokan Jeruk Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Puji serta syukur kami panjatkan Kehadirat Allah SWT yang mana telah
memberikan nikmat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan
buku ini tepat pada waktunya. Buku ini kami buat semata untuk memberikan
wawasan tambahan kepada para pembaca tentang Teori-Teori Keuangan yang
dilihat dari perkembangannya berdasarkan tinjauan beberapa literatur.
Penulis menyadari jika masih terdapat kekurangan ataupun suatu
kesalahan dalam penyusunan buku ini. Namun, penulis meyakini bahwa sekecil
apapun buku ini tetap akan memberikan manfaat dan menambah wawasan
bagi para pembaca.
Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga dengan adanya buku ini dapat
memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca dan para mahasiswa/mahasiswi Fakultas
Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Bengkulu khususnya
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
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Efek Fisher, Kepatuhan Vs Kesempatan, Teori Pemisahan Fisher,
Pasar Kompetitif, Unanimitas Vs Optimalitas Pareto, Pilihan
Nyata, Spekulasi, Anggaran Modal. ················································· 7
13. Alfred Cowles 3rd (1933) melalui karyanya “Kinerja Investasi,
Pasar Efisien” ··················································································· 8
14. Milton Friedman (1948), Harry M. Markowitz (1952), Daniel
Kahneman (1979) melalui teorinya yang berjudul Penghindaran
Risiko, Gambling, Lotre, Utilitas bergantung- referensi, Teori
Prospek, Strategi-strategi Dinamis.·················································· 8
B. Periode Klasik (1950-1980) ····································································· 9
1. Teori Utilitas dan Kecenderungan Risiko Investor ························· 12
2. Teori Capital Asset Pricing Model ·················································· 13
3. Model Faktor dan Teori Harga Arbitrage ······································ 14
C. Periode Modern···················································································· 15
1. Manajemen Risiko Yang Di Informasikan Secara Matematis ········ 15
2. Mengukur Risiko: Rasio Sharpe······················································ 15
3. Beta ································································································ 16
4. The Capital Asset Pricing Model····················································· 17
5. Rasio Treynor ················································································· 19
6. Alpha ······························································································ 20
7. Hipotesis Pasar Efisien ··································································· 21
8. The Effisien Frontier ······································································· 21
D. Periode Setelah Modernisasi ································································ 23
1. Proyek Renovasi ············································································· 23
2. Orderly Walk (Jalan Teratur) ·························································· 23
3. Roll’s Critique ················································································· 24
4. The Echo of Future Footseps ························································· 24
BAB 2 TEORI KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN (DIVIDEND POLICY THEORY)···················· 27
A. Pendahuluan ························································································· 27
B. Sejarah Evolusi Dividen········································································· 28
1. Teori Irrelevant Dividen ································································· 30
2. Kebijakan Dividen Residual ···························································· 32
3. Teori Aliran Kas Bersih ·································································· 33
4. Teori Siklus Hidup Perusahaan ······················································· 34
5. Teori Catering Dividend ································································· 38
BAB 3 TEORI STRUKTUR MODAL ································································· 41
A. Struktur Modal ····················································································· 41
B. Kerangka Teoritis Dari Pengambilan Keputusan Struktur Modal ········· 42
C. M&M dan Keuangan Perusahaan ························································· 43
D. Teori Trade Off······················································································ 44
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E.Teori Pecking Order ·············································································· 46
F.Teori Subsitusi Aset dan Pengalihan Risiko ·········································· 48
G.Credit Rationing ···················································································· 51
H.Debt Overhang ····················································································· 52
I.Teori Fleksibilitas Struktur Modal························································· 53
J.Teori Siklus Hidup Pada Struktur Modal ··············································· 53
K.Struktur Modal Pada Perusahaan Berbasis Teknologi Baru: Venture
Yang Didukung Modal Versus Perusahaan Yang Tidak Didukung
Modal Disektor Perusahaan Software Irlandia····································· 55
BAB 4 TEORI AKUISISI DAN MERGER ··························································· 59
1. Teori Efisiensi (Efficiency Theory) ························································· 62
2. Teori Sinergi Keuntungan ····································································· 63
3. Diversifikasi ··························································································· 64
4. Teori Penyelarasan Strategis ································································ 65
5. Teori Undervaluasi················································································ 65
6. Teori Informasi dan Sinyal ···································································· 66
7. Teori Agensi dan Teori Managerism ····················································· 67
8. HIpotesa Hubris ···················································································· 68
9. Teori Arus Kas Bebas ············································································ 68
10. Teori Kekuatan Pasar ············································································ 69
11. Perpajakan ···························································································· 69
12. Redistribusi ··························································································· 70
PROFIL PENULIS ························································································· 73
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TEORI INVESTASI
A. PENDAHULUAN
Keputusan dividen ditentukan perusahaan melalui kebijakan dividen yang
merupakan jenis dari keputusan pendanaan yang berdampak pada sejumlah
laba yang didistribusikan perusahaan kepada para pemegang sahamnya dan
sejumlah laba yang ditahan dan diinvestasikan kembali. Kebijakan dividen
mengacu pada kebijakan pembayaran yang perusahaan gunakan untuk
menentukan jumlah atas kas yang akan didistribusikan perusahaan kepada
para pemegang sahamnya. Dalam dunia nyata, menentukan kebijakan
pembayaran yang sesuai sering melibatkan pilihan yang sulit dikarenakan
perlunya menyeimbangkan konflik yang mungkin akan muncul. Dimana,
membayar dividen akan memberikan dampak kepada kesejahteraan
pemegang saham dan kemampuan perusahaan untuk menahan labanya yang
akan digunakan untuk pertumbuhan perusahaan. Karena, baik pendanaan,
investasi dan keputusan dividen saling terkait (Pruitt dab Gitman, 1991).
Miller dan Modigliani (1961) selanjutnya disingkat dengan MM
memberikan analisis menangani hubungan antara kebijakan dividen,
pertumbuhan dan penilaian saham dengan asumsi bahwa pasar modal
sempurna (tidak ada pajak, tidak ada biaya transaksi dan agensi serta informasi
tersedia secara bebas untuk semua orang). MM mengemukakan mengenai
dividen yang tidak relevan (irrelevant dividend). Dalam pasar modal yang
sempurna, kebijakan investasi adalah salah satu penentu nilai perusahaan.
Oleh karena itu, jika manajer focus pada membuat pilihan investasi yang baik,
kebijakan pembayaran dan struktur modal akan diabaikan. Menurut MM
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
A. STRUKTUR MODAL
Struktur modal perusahaan didefinisikan dengan bagaimana asset
perusahaan didanai. Struktur modal merupakan campuran klaim terhadap
asset perusahaan dan arus kas. Ada tiga pertanyaan kunci mengenai struktur
modal yaitu:
a. Apakah ada struktur modal yang optimal? (misalnya perpaduan optimal
antara sumber penanaman baik dari hutang maupun ekuitas)
b. Apakah struktur modal optimal ini berbeda antar perusahaan dan waktu?
c. Apakah CFO bisa menambah nilai sisi kanan neraca dengan kebijakan
pembiayaan yang baik?
Merger dan akuisisi penting dalam strategi bisnis untuk pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan sebuah perusahaan. Merger dan akuisisi telah berkembang
selama beberapa tahun baik secara jumlah maupun nilainya. Terdapat
beberapa tipe dari merger dan akuisisi dan motif yang melatarbelakangi
berbeda-beda. Sehingga, sebuah teori tidak mampu untuk menjelaskan
terjadinya merger, akuisisi dan pengambilalihan perusahaan. Terdapat
beberapa teori yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya merger dan akuisisi yaitu
teori penyelarasan strategis, teori under valuasi, teori informasi dan
pensinyalan, teori permasalahan agensi, teori manajerialisme, teori arus kas
bebas, teori kekuatan pasar, teori pertimbangan pajak, teori redistribusi dan
hipotesis hubris.
Merger didefinisikan sebagai pengintegrasian dua atau lebih perusahaan
ke dalam satu kesatuan hukum. Sedangkan akuisisi adalah dua atau lebih
perusahaan bergabung bersama, tetapi perusahaan target tidak terintegrasi ke
dalam perusahaan uang mengakuisisi, melainkan tetap sebagai anak
perusahaan tanpa kehilangan keberadaannya (Shim dan Okamuro, 2011).
Merger atau akuisisi adalah transaksi dimana dua atau lebih perusahaan
digabungkan untuk berubah menjadi perusahaan single (satu perusahaan).
Merger adalah penggabungan kepentingan dua perusahaan menjadi
perusahaan baru yang membutuhkan persetujuan dari pemegang saham
kedua perusahaan. Akuisisi adalah pembelian oleh satu perusahaan untuk
sebagian besar aset atau sekuritasnya untuk tujuan merestrukturisasi entitas
operasi yang diakuisisi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahern, K.R. and Weston, J.F. (2007). M&As: the good, the bad, and the ugly.
Journal of Applied Finance, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 5–20
Gaughan, P.A. (2007). Merger strategy. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate
Restructuring. Fourth ed. New Delhi: Wiley India Edition, pp. 117–165.
Jensen, M.C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance and
takeovers. American Economic Review, Vol. 76, pp. 323–329.
Jensen, M.C. and Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial
behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial
Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 305-360.
Jensen, M.C. (1988). Takeovers: Their causes and consequences. The Journal of
Economic Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 21-48.
Manne, H.G. (1965). Mergers and the market for corporate control. The
Journal of Political Economy, pp. 110- 120.
Mueller, D.C. (1969). A theory of conglomerate mergers. The Quarterly Journal
of Economics, pp. 643-659. Reuer, J.J. and Ragozzino, R. (2012). The
choice between joint ventures and acquisitions: Insights from signaling
theory. Organization Science, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1175-1190.
Roll, R. (1986). The hubris hypothesis of corporate takeovers. Journal of
Business, Vol. 59, pp. 197–216.
Kumar, B.R. and Rajib, P. (2007c). Mergers and corporate performance in India:
an empirical study. Decision, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.121–147
Weston, J.F., Mitchel, M.L., Mulherin, J.H. and Salwan, P. (2010). Takeovers,
restructuring, and corporate governance. Fourth ed. Delhi: Pearson
Education.
Weston and Copeland (1992). Managerial Finance. The Dryden Press, New
York.
Weston et al. (2011). Mergers, Restructuring, and Corporate Control.Prentice
Hall.
Leepsa, N. M., & Mishra, C. S. (2016). Theory and Practice of Mergers and
Acquisitions: Empirical Evidence from Indian Cases. IIMS Journal of
Management Science, 7(2), 179. https://doi.org 10.5958/0976-
173x.2016.00016.6
Profil Penulis | 73
satu dosen tetap di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Bengulu. Selama
ini penulis aktif dalam penulisan modul, jurnal ilmiah maupun penelitian.
Disamping itu penulis juga menjadi Konsultan di beberapa pemerintah daerah
serta menjadi Sekretaris Program Studi Vokasi Akuntansi Universitas Bengkulu.