PROTEIN

A. PENGERTIAN PROTEIN
PROTEIN BERASAL DARI BAHASA YUNANI PROTOS
THAT MEAN THE PRIME IMPORTANCE
ARTINYA : TERUTAMA ATAU PENTING

G. MULDER MENEMUKAN BAHWA
SENYAWA INI DITEMUKAN PADA SEMUA
ORGANISME HIDUP BAIK PADA TUMBUHAN
MAUPUN HEWAN, MERUPAKAN KOMPONEN
TERBESAR DALAM JARINGAN TUMBUHAN DAN
TUBUH HEWAN
A. PENGERTIAN
PROTEIN MERUPAKAN SENYAWA POLIPEPTIDA

SETIAP PEPTIDA TERSUSUN ATAS ASAM
AMINO SEBAGAI KOMPONEN TERKECIL

UNSUR PENYUSUNNYA : C,H,O,N
B. ASAM AMINO
ASAM AMINO ADALAH SENYAWA YANG
TERSUSUN ATAS GUGUS KARBOKSIL (COOH) DAN
GUGUS AMIN (NH2)

STRUKTUR :

H N C C OH

H
R
O
H
C N
O
O C
H
H
H
H
H
C N
O
O C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Glycine
The simplest amino acid
Alanine
The side group
Structure of Amino Acid
CONDENSATION OF AMINO ACID
An OH group from the acid end of one
amino acid and an H atom from the amino
acid group of another join to form a
molecule of water
Amino acid
+
Amino acid
HOH
water
Dipeptida
A peptida bond (highlighted in red)
forms between the two amino acids,
creating a peptide
JENIS ASAM AMINO
1. ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL (INDISPENSABLE AMINO
ACID)
ASAM AMINO YANG TIDAK DAPAT DISINTESIS
OLEH TUBUH, HARUS DIPEROLEH DARI LUAR
(MAKANAN)
2. ASAM AMINO NON ESENSIAL (DISPENSABLE AMINO
ACID)
ASAM AMINO YANG DAPAT DISINTESIS DI DALAM
TUBUH, DARI SUPLAI NITROGEN
3. ASAM AMINO SEMI ESENSIAL (CONDITIONALLY
ESSENSIAL)
ASAM AMINO YANG PADA KONDISI TERTENTU TIDAK
DAPAT DIBENTUK OLEH TUBUH
JENIS ASAM AMINO
ESENSIAL NON ESENSIAL SEMI ESENSIAL
Histidin Alanin
Lisin Arginin Arginin
Leusin Asparagin
Isoleusin Asam aspartat
Methionin Asam Glutamat
Valin Glutamin Glutamin
Threonin Glisin
Venilalanin Serin
Triptofan Prolin
Sistein Sistein
Tyrosin Tyrosin
C. FUNGSI
1. SUMBER ENERGI
2. MEMBENTUK STRUKTUR SEL
3. MEMBENTUK SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH
4. MEMBENTUK SENYAWA TUBUH YANG
ESENSIAL
5. KESEIMBANGAN ASAM BASA
6. KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH
7. TRANSPOR ZAT GIZI

1. SUMBER ENERGI
PROTEIN DIGUNAKAN SEBAGAI
SUMBER ENERGI BILA SUPLAI
KARBOHIDRAT DAN LEMAK
KURANG

KARBOHIDRAT DAN LEMAK
ADALAH PROTEIN-SPARING
They spare amino acids from
being burned for energy and allow
them to be used for protein
synthesis


2. MEMBENTUK STRUKTUR SEL
SEL TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN
FUNGSI PERTUMBUHAN DAN
PEMELIHARAAN
FUNGSI KOLAGEN YAITU SUATU
PROTEIN FIBROUSA DI DALAM TUBUH
YANG MEERUPAKAN KOMPONEN
JARINGAN IKAT (CONNECTIVE TISSUE)



STRUCTURAL PROTEIN

PROTEIN PROVIDE STRUCTURE
TO ALL CELLS INCLUDING HAIR,
NAILS, SKIN, AND BONE

MOTOR PROTEIN :
PROTEIN THAT TURN ENERGY
INTO
MECHANICAL WORK.
MOTOR PROTEIN ACTIVE IN
PROCESSES SUCH AS DIVIDING
CELLS, CONTRACTING MUSCLE,
SWIMMING SPERM

3. SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH
PROTEIN MEMBENTUK ANTIBODY YANG
BERTANGGUNG JAWAB UNTUK MELAWAN INFEKSI
DAN BENDA ASING YANG MASUK DALAM TUBUH

ANTIBODY : PROTEIN YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH B
LIMFOSIT SEBAGAI RESPON ADANYA ANTIGEN
(PROTEIN PADA VIRUS ATAU BAKTERI)

IMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig A, Ig E, Ig M) ADALAH
PROTEIN


4. KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH
PROTEIN DARAH DAPAT MENGHASILKAN TEKANAN ONKOTIK,
YAITU TEKANAN UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN AGAR CAIRAN
TUBUH TETAP BERADA PADA KOMPARTEMENNYA

CAIRAN : - INTRASEL : DI DALAM SEL
- EKSTRASEL : a. INTERSELULER
B. INTRAVASKULAR

DEFISIENSI PROTEIN DI DALAM DARAH AKAN MENYEBABKAN
ODEMA KARENA TEKANAN ONKOTIK YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH
PROTEIN TIDAK MAMPU MEMPERTAHANKAN CAIRAN UNTUK
TETAP BERADA DI DALAM KOMPARTEMEN, SEHINGGA CAIRAN
AKAN KELUAR----ODEMA


Tekanan onkotik
Tekanan darah yang
dihasilkan jandtung
(tek. Hidrostatik
mendorong cairan
keluar dari pembuluh
darah -----odema
Protein darah akan
menarik cairan kedalam
5. MENGATUR ASAM BASA
PROTEIN DARAH DAPAT BERPERAN SEBAGAI
BUFER
PH DARAH DITENTUKAN OLEH
KONSENTRASI ION HIDROGEN
SEMAKIN TINGGI KONSENTRASI ION H
SEMAKIN RENDAH PH (SEMAKIN ASAM)
ASAM : PH < 7


6. MEMBENTUK SENYAWA TUBUH ESENSIAL
HORMON
SUATU SENYAWA YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH TUBUH
TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN UNTUK FUNGSI
REGULATOR

ENZIM
ADALAH PROTEIN YANG MENGKATALIS REAKSI
KIMIA DI DALAM TUBUH

HEMOGLOBIN
KOMPONEN DARAH YANG TERSUSUN ATAS PROTEIN
DAN ZAT BESI

Human Insulin
Human insulin is relatively small protein that consist of 51 amino acid in two short
Polypeptide chains. Two brigdes link he two chains. A third bridge spans a section
within the short chain. Known as disulfide bridges, these link involve the amino acid
Cystein (Cys), whose side group contains sulfur (S). Cystein connect to each other
when bonds form between these side group.
7. TRANSPOR ZAT GIZI
PROTEIN DI DALAM DARAH DAPAT
BERPERAN PENGANGKUT ZAT GIZI
LAINNYA
CONTOH :
- RETINOL BINDING- PROTEIN (RBP)
- TRANSFERIN
- LIPOPROTEIN
D. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
Digestion is facilitated mostly by the
stomachs acid and enzymes, wich first
denature dietary protein, then cleave
them into smaller polypeptides and
some amino acid.

Pancreatic an dintestinal enzymes split
this poly peptides further to oligo-, tri-
,and dipeptides, and then split most of
these to single amino acid.

Then carries in the membranes of
intestinal cells transport the amino
acid into the cells, where they are
releases into the bloodstream

What happen in each organd
on protein and HCl &
enzymes?
MOUTH
Salivary
glands

gallblader
liver
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
Pancreatic
duct
Small intestine
PENCERNAAN PROTEIN
MULUT : BELUM TERJADI PENCERNAAN

LAMBUNG : PROTEIN
PEPTIDA
HCL
PEPSIN
USUS HALUS : PEPTIDA
ASAM AMINO
PANKREATIK PROTEASE
PEPTIDASE
ALKALI
PENCERNAAN
DI LAMBUNG

Terjadi denaturasi protein oleh HCl, sehingga protein
mudah dipecah oleh enzim

Dinding lambung menghasilkan pro-enzim pepsinogen,
yang diaktifkan oleh HCl menjadi enzim pepsin

Pepsin sangat aktif pada pH 2,5 dan inactif pada pH >5

Sekresi cairan lambung pH 0,8 dan bila bercampur dengan
makanan maka pH menjadi 2-2,5 menjadi pH yang ideal
untuk mengaktifkan pepsin

Pepsin bertanggung jawab 10-20% dari proses pencernaan
PENCERNAAN
DI USUS HALUS

Pemecahan protein terjadi secara efektif di usus
halus

Dinding usus dan pankreas menghasilkan pro-
enzim tripsinogen dan kimotripsinogen sebagai
respon masuknya protein di dalam usus, yang
berubah menjadi enzim tripsin dan kimotripsin
karena suasana alkali

Enzim lainnya adalah peptidase memecah
dipeptida menjadi asam amino

E. METABOLISME PROTEIN
DALAM KONDISI NORMAL, HANYA HANYA
15% PROTEIN DI DALAM TUBUH YANG
DIUBAH MENJADI ENERGI

PROTEIN DI DALAM TUBUH MENGALAMI
TURN OVER
METABOLISM
The sum total of all the chamical reactions
that go on in living cells
Anabolism : reaction in which small
molecules are put together to build larger
one.
Anabolic reactions require energy
Catabolism : reactions in which large
molecules are broken down to smaller one.
Catabolic reaction release energy
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein can be synthesized in the body cell
(ribosome)
Each human being is unique because of
small differences in the bodys proteins.,
which in turn, are determined by genes.
When a cell makes a protein, its called the
gene for that protein has been expressed.
Cells can regulate gene expression to make
the type of protein.

PROTEIN TURN OVER & AMINO ACID POOL
Protein turn over :
Whitin each cell, protein are continually
being made and broken
When protein break down, they free amino
acid
These amino acid mix with amino acid from
dietary protein form an amino acid pool
within the cells and circulating blood
NITROGEN BALANCE
In healthy adults, protein synthesis balance
with degradation, and protein intake from
foof balances with nitrogen excretion in the
urine, feces and sweat.
Nitrogen status is positive in growing
infants, children, adolescents, pregnant
women
Nitrogen status is negative in people who
are starving or suffering other severe
stresses such as burn, injuries, infections,
fever
PROTEIN KARBOHIDRAT LEMAK
GLUKOSA ASAM AMINO GLISEROL ASAM LEMAK
ACETYL Co A
PIRUVAT
TCA CYCLE
NH
3
H
2
O CO
2
JALUR METABOLISME PROTEIN
DIETARY
PROTEIN
ASAM AMINO
POOL AA
DLM SEL
HATI : Kel. AA

Carbon
Urea
GINJAL
Asam Lemak
Glukosa
Energi
Sintensis protein
BODY PROTEIN
Pemecahan AA
Dari sell
Degradasi
protein
Sintesis senyawa
Non protein
TURN OVER PROTEIN
METABOLISME PROTEIN
PROSES METABOLISME PROTEIN ADA 2 MACAM :
1. PROSES TRANSAMINASI
2. PROSES DEAMINASI

TRANSAMINASI :
PROSES PEMINDAHAN GUGUS AMIN DARI SATU ASAM
AMINO UNTUK MEMBENTUK ASAM AMINO BARU
CONTOH : PEMBENTUKAN SISTIN DARI METIONIN

DEAMINASI
PROSES PENGHILANGAN GUGUS AMIN SEHINGGA AKAN
MEMBENTUK SENYAWA BARU
CONTOH : PEMBENTUKAN NIASIN DARI TRIPTOFAN

DEAMINATION
When amino acid are broken down (as
occurs when they are used for energy),
they are first deaminated, stripped of their
amino groups.
Deamination produce ammonia, which the
cells release into the bloodstream.
The liver pick up the ammonia, converts it
into urea (a less toxic compound), and
returns urea into the blood.
The production of urea increase as dietary
protein increase (max 250 g/day)
Two products result from deamination :
1. keto acid (the carbon structure without
amino group)
2. Ammonia (NH3), a toxic compound
Most amino acids can be used to
synthesize glucose from pyruvate, they
are called a glucogenic amino acid
Some amino acids are converted directly
to acetyl CoA, they called ketogenic amino
acid

Glucogenic
Amino acids
NH2
NH2
Piruvate
Acetyl CoA
TCA
Cycle
Ketogenic
Amino acids
NH2
Glucogenic
Amino acids
NH2
NH2
CoA
Coenzyme
AMINO ACID ENTER THE ENERGY PATHWAY
Coenzyme
H+
E-
To electron
Transport
chain
CO2
TRANSAMINATION
The transfer of an amino group from one
amino acid to keto acid, producing a new
non essential amino acid and a new keto
acid
Through many such transamination
reactions, involving many different keto
acids, the liver cells can synthesize the non
essential amino acids
C O
COOH
Side
group
C H NH2
Side
group
COOH
+
C H NH2
COOH
C O
COOH
Side
group
Side
group
+
Keto acid A Amino acid B
Amino acid A Keto acid B
TRANSAMINATION
Blood stream
Liver
Blood stream
Urea
Urea
Amonia
+
CO2
(NH3)
Urea Kidney
To blader & out of body
UREA EXCRETION

The liver and kidneys both play a role in
Disposing of excess nitrogen.

Person with liver disease has high blood
ammonia

Person with kidney disease has high blood
urea