HINGGA PENGGUNAAN
Year
ENERGI
FOSIL
Minyak Bumi
Gas Bumi
Batubara
Coal Bed
Methane
SUMBER
DAYA
CADANGAN
PRODUKSI
RASIO
CAD/PROD
56,6 milyar
barel
334,5 TSCF
23
170 TSCF
59
104,4 milliar
ton
453 TSCF
2,9 TSCF
82
75.670 MW
KAPASITAS
TERPASANG
4.200 MW
Panas Bumi
27.510 MW
1.052 MW
500 MW
86,1MW
49.810 MW
445 MW
Mini/Micro Hydro
Biomass
Tenaga Surya
SUMBER DAYA
4,80 kWh/m2/hari
12,1 MW
Tenaga Angin
9.290 MW
1,1 MW
Uranium
3.000 MW
30 MW
Transport: 214
Konsumsi (392)
Kilang (312)
Non-BBM (89)
Industri: 1002,3 MCFD
Produksi
8,33 BCFD
Domestik
3560 MCFD
Ekspor
4193 MCFD
Listrik: 68
BBM (244)
Produksi (348)
RT : 62
Industri: 50
Domestik (32,91)
Ekspor (92,5)
Sumber: ESDM
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1966
Optimalisasi
Lapangan Marginal
Pengembangan Lapangan Baru yang Diharapkan
Pengembangan Potensi Baru
Tenaga Air,
1.90%
Mini/mikro
hidro, 0.10%
Batu Bara,
34.60%
Gas Bumi,
20.60%
Gas Bumi,
30%
Batu Bara,
33%
Other, 17%
Minyak Bumi,
20%
Minyak Bumi,
41.70%
Panas Bumi,
1.10%
Panas Bumi,
5%
Batu Bara Cair,
2%
Biofuels, 5%
Nuklir, 2%
EBT Lainnya,
3%
Manila
LAOS
Bangkok
CAMBODIA
Ban Mabtapud
South
Phnom Penh
VIETNAM
Ho Chi Minh
City
Songkhla
Planned
Transmission
Bangkot
Jerneh
Penang
Kerteh
WEST
MALAYSIA
West
Natuna
Duyong
Mogpu
Natuna
Alpha
BRUNEI
Kuala Lumpur
Port Klang
Power Plant
Kota Kinibalu
Guntong
Lhokseumawe
Medan
Existing
Transmission
Sea
Lawit
Banda Aceh
China
Erawan
Khanon
Pertumbuhan Kapasitas
Pembangkit
Philipines
Bintulu
EAST
MALAYSIA
Port Dickson
Dumai
SINGAPORE
Batam
Duri
Bintan
Ternate
Jambi
Grissik
Pacific Ocean
Manado
Kuching
Banjarmasin
Palembang
HALMAHERA
Sorong
Attaka
Tunu
Bekapai
Jayapura
SERAM
Ujung Pandang
Jakarta
Semarang
JAVA
I Pagerungan
N D O N E S I A
MADURA
Surabaya
Bangkalan
Indian Ocean
BALI
SUMBAWA
TOTALCAPACITY
24,000 MW
FLORES
LOMBOK
SUMBA
TIMOR
AUSTRALIA
Merauke
Kelemahan
HARGA
Mobil listrik pada umumnya lebih mahal daripada mobil bermesin pembakaran dalam.
Alasan utamanya adalah mahalnya harga baterai.
Perusahaan mobil listrik Tesla Motors menggunakan teknologi baterai komputer laptop
sebagai baterai yang mereka gunakan di mobil listrik mereka. Baterai ini 3 sampai 4 kali
lebih murah bila dibandingkan dengan baterai mobil listrik biasa yang dipakai
perusahaan mobil lainnya. Baterai konvensional menghabiskan 700-800 dolar AS per
kilowatt jam, sedangkan baterai yang menggunakan sel dari komputer laptop hanya 200
dolar AS saja. Pada akhirnya, hal ini memungkinkan turunnya harga mobil listrik yang
menggunakan teknologi dari Tesla seperti Toyota RAV4 EV, Smart ED, dan Model X. New
York Times sendiri mengestimasi harga baterai berkisar antara US$400 sampai US$500
per kilowatt-jam.
Saat ini, Nissan LEAF adalah mobil listrik paling murah di Amerika Serikat, dengan harga
awal adalah US$32,780 yang kemudian berkurang menjadi US$25,280 setelah dikurangi
pajak federal sebesar US$7,500. Harga mobil ini kemudian turun lagi di California
menjadi US$20,280 setelah pemerintah negara bagian itu memberikan pemotongan
pajak sebesar US$5,000. Pemotongan pajak serupa juga diberikan di beberapa daerah
lainnya.
Sedan listrik Renault Fluence Z.E. 5 pintu akan dijual dengan harga awal dibawah 20.000
dolar AS. Harga ini belum termasuk pemotongan pajak dari pemerintah AS. Mobil ini
akan dijual tanpa baterai, maka harganya jauh lebih murah. Para pembeli mobil ini
nantinya akan mengkontrak baterai mobilnya dari perusahaan Better Place
BIAYA OPERASIONAL
The cost of charging the battery depends on the price paid per kWh of
electricity - which varies with location.
The EV1 energy use was about 11 kWh/100 km (0.40 MJ/km; 0.18 kWh/mi).
The 2011/12 Nissan Leaf uses 21.25 kWh/100 km (0.765 MJ/km;
0.3420 kWh/mi).
These differences reflect the different design and utility targets for the
vehicles, and the varying testing standards. The energy use greatly
depends on the driving conditions and driving style.
2013 Tesla
Model S
2013 Honda
Fit EV
Miles per
Gallon of
Gasoline
Equivalent
(MPGe)
122 (highway)
93 (city)
107
(combined)
97
94
95
132
105
118
kWh/100 mil
28 (highway)
36 (city)
32 (combined)
35
36
35
26
32
29
Cost to drive
25 mil ($)
0,96
1,05
0,87
Jarak
pengisian
battery (mil)
68
208
82
Biaya energi /
tahun ($)
600
650
500
Motor listrik
(kW)
55 kW, DC
brushless
270 kW, AC
induction
92 kW, DC
brushless
Baterai
339 V, Li-ion
60 kWh, 400
V, Li-ion
339 V, Li-Ion
COMPARISON OF FUEL EFFICIENCY AND COSTS FOR ALL THE ELECTRIC CARS FOR THE
U.S. MARKET; APRIL 2013
Vehicle
Model
year
Combined
fuel economy
Scion iQ EV[72]
2013
121 mpg-e
138 mpg-e
105 mpg-e
$0.84
(28 kW-hrs/100 mi) (24 kW-hrs/100 mi) (32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
Chevrolet Spark
EV[73]
2014
2013
Fiat 500e[75]
2013
Nissan Leaf[76]
2013
Mitsubishi i[77]
2012-13
Smart electric
drive[78]
Ford Focus
Electric[79]
2013
2012-13
BMW ActiveE[80]
2011
Nissan Leaf[81]
2011-12
2013
2012
119 mpg-e
(28 kW-hrs/100 mi)
118 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
116 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
115 mpg-e
(29 kW-hrs/100 mi)
112 mpg-e
(30 kW-hrs/100 mi)
107 mpg-e
(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
105 mpg-e
(32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
102 mpg-e
(33 kW-hrs/100 mi)
99 mpg-e
(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
95 mpg-e
(35 kW-hrs/100 mi)
89 mpg-e
(38 kW-hrs/100 mi)
76 mpg-e
(44 kW-hrs/100 mi)
City
fuel economy
128 mpg-e
Highway
fuel economy
109 mpg-e
Cost to drive
25 miles
n.a.
Annual
fuel cost
$500
$500
132 mpg-e
105 mpg-e
$0.87
(26 kW-hrs/100 mi) (32 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$500
122 mpg-e
108 mpg-e
$0.87
$500
129 mpg-e
102 mpg-e
$0.87
$500
126 mpg-e
(27 kW-hrs/100 mi)
122 mpg-e
(28 kW-hrs/100 mi)
110 mpg-e
(31 kW-hrs/100 mi)
99 mpg-e
$0.90
(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
93 mpg-e
$0.96
(36 kW-hrs/100 mi)
99 mpg-e
$0.96
(34 kW-hrs/100 mi)
107 mpg-e
96 mpg-e
$550
$600
$600
$0.99
$600
106 mpg-e
92 mpg-e
$1.02
(32 kW-hrs/100 mi) (37 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$600
94 mpg-e
$1.05
$650
88 mpg-e
90 mpg-e
$1.14
(38 kW-hrs/100 mi) (37 kW-hrs/100 mi)
$700
78 mpg-e
$850
97 mpg-e
74 mpg-e
$1.32
Notes: All estimated fuel costs based on 15,000 miles annual driving, 45% highway and 55% city.
(1) Values rounded to the nearest $50. Electricity cost of $0.12/kw-hr (as of November 30, 2012). Conversion 1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 kW-hr.
(2) Premium gasoline price of US$3.81 per gallon (used by the Volt), and regular gasoline price of US$3.49 per gallon (as of November 30,
electricity cost
33,7kWh
15000mi
0,45
0,55
6750mi
8250mi
24.140km
0,12$/ kWh
1200Rp/ kWh
Fuel Economy
MpGe highway
MpGe city
MpGe combined
122mi
93mi
107mi
51,87km/l
39,54km/l
45,49km/l
Vehicle efficiency
kWh/ 100 mi
energy/ distance
distance/ energy
distance/ energy
32kWh
0,32kWh/mi
3,125mi/ kWh
105,3125mi/ gal
Running Cost
"Fuel" cost/ mi
cost/ 25 mi
annual fuel cost
0,0384$/ mi
0,96$
600$
0,20kWh/ km
5,03km/ kWh
238,61Rp/ km
6.000.000Rp/ thn
BIAYA PENGGUNAAN
Biaya terkait pemakaian hanya berasal dari perawatan
battery pack dan pergantiannya, karena kendaraan
listrik hanya memiliki sedikit komponen berputar
dibandingkan motor bakar.
The Tesla Roadster's very large battery pack is expected to last seven years with
typical driving and costs US$ 12,000 when pre-purchased today. Driving 40 miles
(64 km) per day for seven years or 102,200 miles (164,500 km) leads to a battery
consumption cost of US$ 0.1174 per 1 mile (1.6 km) or US$ 4.70 per 40 miles
(64 km).
The company Better Place provided another cost comparison as they anticipate
meeting contractual obligations to deliver batteries as well as clean electricity to
recharge the batteries at a total cost of US$ 0.08 per 1 mile (1.6 km) in 2010,
US$ 0.04 per mile by 2015 and US$ 0.02 per mile by 2020. 40 miles (64 km) of
driving would initially cost US$ 3.20 and fall over time to US $0.80.
In 2010 the U.S. government estimated that a battery with a 100 miles (160 km)
range would cost about US$ 33,000. Concerns remain about durability and
longevity of the battery.
Charging
System
Batere
500Wh/kg
Level PLC
Level 3 240 kW
Level 2 19,2 kW
Level 1 1,9 kW
Level 1
Level 2
400Wh/kg
200Wh/kg
Sistim Kendali
Elektronik
Motor
Sedan Hevina
Spesifikasi dan Kelayakan Ekonomis
Bus Hevina
Spesifikasi dan Kelayakan Ekonomis