MADE WIRYANA
DIFINISI
ICU ADALAH TEMPAT ATAU UNIT
TERSENDIRI DIDALAM RUMAH
SAKIT YANG MEMILIKI STAF DAN
PERALATAN KHUSUS DITUJUKAN
UNTUK MENANGGULANGI PASIEN
KRITIS OLEH KARENA PENYAKIT ,
TRAUMA
ATAU KOMPLIKASI
PENYAKIT YANG
MENGANCAM
KEGAGALAN ORGAN VITAL
Florence
Nightingale,1860:
Anestesi
merawat sampai ke pasca bedah
Mayo Clinic, 1942: ruangan khusus pasca
bedah sampai bebas pengaruh obat
anestesi
Bjorn Ibsen, 1950: bantuan nafas manual
pada saat terjadi wabah polio di
Scandinavia
TERKOORDINASI
ICU
Jumlah Tempat Tidur : 1 4 % tempat tidur RS
( efisiensi dana dan tenaga )
Lokasi : dekat dengan
- Gawat Darurat
- Kamar Operasi
- Perawatan Umum
- Lab. dan Rontgen
Nurse Station
R. Staff : Dokter & Perawat
R. Penyimpanan Peralatan
R. Pertemuan
R. Tunggu Keluarga
R. Laboratorium
STAFF ICU
KOORDINATOR
KONSULTAN MULTI DISIPLIN
PARAMEDIS
NON MEDIS DAN PARAMEDIS
RELAWAN
ROHANIAWAN
Supporting Terapi
Closed Monitoring
Support Psikologis Terhadap Pasien dan
Keluarga
2.
3.
DIAGNOSIS OF DYING
A NEW ROLE OF
INTENSIVISTS
Made Wiryana
Seseorang dinyatakan mati apabila fungsi spontan pernafasan dan jantung secara pasti (irreversible), atau apabila terbukti terjadi
kematian batang otak (SK IDI 336/PB/A.4/88)
Di Indonesi sebagai negara yang berazaskan Pancasila, dgn sila yang pertamanya adalah Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa, tidak mungkin
menerima tindakan : euthanasia aktif. Dalam pandangan hukum, euthanasia bisa dilakukan jika pengadilan mengijinkan , tapi kalau
tanpa dasar hukum dianggap melanggar pasal 345 KUHP, yaitu menghilangkan nyawa orang (Surat Edaran IDI No.702/PB/H2/09/2004)
Dari sudut pandang hukum euthanasia aktif jelas melanggar UU RI No.39 th 1999 tentang HAM pasal 4, pasal 9 ayat 1,pasal 32, pasal
51, pasal 340, pasal 344, dan pasal359
MUI
dalam
fatwanya
memperbolehkan euthanasia
tidak diperbolehkan agama
tidak
karena
THE LAW
Very roughly, the following summarizes
of
The Canadian Legal Situation
Euthanasia
o voluntary passive euthanasia = legal
o voluntary active euthanasia = illegal
o non-voluntary passive euthanasia = legal
o non-voluntary active euthanasia = illegal
o assisted suicide = illegal
OBJECTIVES
Understand the definition of death.
Neurologic examination and the steps
necessary to determine brain death.
Understand
what
ancillary/confirmatory
tests
determine brain death.
the
are
to
DEATH
UDDA: Uniform Determination of Death
Act (1981)
An individual who has sustained
either
1) irreversible cessation of circulatory
and respiratory functions or
2) irreversible cessation of all functions
of the entire brain, including the brain
stem, is dead.
MIDBRAIN
(Mesencephalon)
Connection: forebrain to the
hindbrain
Controls response to sight
Eye movement
Pupil dilation
Hearing
PONS
(Latin for bridge)
Connection: communication and
coordination center between the two
hemispheres (right, left) and messages
from brain to spinal cord
Arousal
Sleep
MEDULLA
Connection: motor and sensory
neurons from the midbrain and
forebrain pass through the
medulla and brain to spinal cord
Autonomic functions: breathing,
digestion, heart/blood vessel
function, swallow/sneeze
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
Two physicians should be
involved
Neurologist or Neurosurgeon
An Intensive Care Spesialist
The Treating Specialist SHOULD
NOT INCLUCED
12/98
42
12/98
43
IRREVERSIBLE COMA
Known etiology and or reversible
causes ruled out
Must have an absence of
Hypothermia .. (>32.50C)
Neuromuscular blockade
Shock or significant hemodynamic
instability
Significant levels of sedatives
Severe metabolic disturbance
BASIC EXAM 3
EYE MOVEMENT
Oculocephalic reflex = dolls
eyes
Oculovestibular reflex = cold
caloric test
OCULOCEPHALIC
REFLEX
Rapidly turn the head 90 on both sides
Normal response = deviation of the eyes to
the opposite side of head turning
Brain death = oculocephalic reflexes are
absent (no Dolls eyes) = no eye movement in
response to head movement
COLD CALORICS
Elevate the HOB 30
Irrigate one tympanic membrane with
iced water
Observe pt for 1 minute after each ear
irrigation, with a 5 minute wait between
testing of each ear
Facial trauma involving the auditory canal and
petrous bone can also inhibit these reflexes
COLD CALORICS
INTERPRETATION
Not comatose
No eye movement
Brainstem injury / death
BASIC EXAM 4
FACIAL SENSORY & MOTOR
RESPONSES
Corneal reflexes are absent in brain
death
Corneal reflexes - tested by using a cottontipped swab
Grimacing in response to pain can be tested
by applying deep pressure to the nail beds,
supraorbital ridge, TMJ, or swab in nose
Severe
facial
trauma
can
inhibit
interpretation of facial brain stem reflexes
BASIC EXAM 5
PHARYNGEAL - TRACHEAL
REFLEXES
Both gag and cough reflexes are
BASIC EXAM 6
APNEA
PaCO2 levels greater than 60 mmHg,
20 mmHg over baseline
Technique:
Pre-oxygenate with 100% oxygen several
min
Allow baseline PaCO2 to be ~40 mmHg
Place pt on CPAP or bag-ETT
Observe for respirations for ~6-10 minutes
Get ABG to determine PaCO2
Ancillary Testing
Nuclear Flow Study (Cerebral Scintigraphy)
Injection of radionuclide tracers are used to
establish flow or lack of flow to the brain
Hollow Skull sign
Eeg:
Electroencephalogram
Cerebral Angiography
CONCLUSION
Brain death requires
thoughtful approach
systematic
and