Kuliah 19 Macam Syok
Kuliah 19 Macam Syok
SHOCK dr.
SpAn
HIPOVOLEMIK
?
2
Definition of Shock
Shock is an acute clinical syndrome
initiated by ineffective perfusion, resulting
in severe dysfunction of organs vital to
survival.
Shock is not a synonym to hypotension!
Shock: Definition
Stages of shock
Compensated shock or occult shock
Normal physiological compensation will lead to complete
recovery
External interventions not necessary
Progressive shock
Progressively worse in the absence of external
interventions
Irreversible shock
Death is inevitable in spite of all forms of therapy
Beberapa pertanyaan
penting
1. Sudah berapa lama pengertian SYOK
dikenal didunia kedokteran?
2. Apa manfaat mempelajari paradigma SYOK,
terutama pada SYOK karena perdarahan
3. Bagaimana paradigma pengertian SYOK
pada waktu ini?
4. Bagaimana paradigma penanggulangan
syok pada waktu ini?
5. Pelajaran fundamental apa yang dapat
ditarik (lesson learned)dari perkembangan
paradigma SYOK tersebut?
1980 AN
- 2000
1957-1975
PERANG
VIETNAM
1950-1953
PERANG
KOREA
1939-1945
PERANG
DUNIA II
1914-1918
PERANG
DUNIA I
AKHIR TAHUN SHOCK IS A RUDE UNHINGING OF THE MACHINERY OF LIFE
SHOCK IS THE HARBINGER OF DEATH
1800 AN
9
86 kg
4L
12 L
36 L
52 L
TBB
% BB
Volume total
Cairan ekstra sel 20%
Plasma 5%
Cairan interstitial 15%
Volume total cairan ekstrasel
40%
60% total BB
HIPOVOLEMIK
Perdarahan, emesis,
diare
SYOK
HIPOVOLEMIK
OBSTRUKTIF
Emboli paru,
perikardial tamponade
SYOK OBSTRUKTIF
KARDIOGENIK
Dekompensasi cordis,
infark miokard akut
SYOK KARDIOGENIK
DISTRIBUSI
anafilaksis., sepsis,
neurogenik
SYOK DISTRIBUTIF
PARU-PARU
ATRIUM
KANAN
Pre load
VR = CO = 5 lpm
ATRIUM
KIRI
JANTUNG
VENTRIKE
L KANAN
VENTRIKE
L KIRI
contractilit
y
After
load
CO = HR X SV = 5
lpm
SISTEMIK
SYOK HIPOVOLEMIK
19
SYOK HAEMORAGIK
40
30
20
10
0
0
4hr
1,2
5,6 weeks
Percent
survival
80
60
40
20
0
0
30
60
90
Minutes
From: Stene JK, Grande CM, Gieseke A, 1991
22
Klas I IV
Tidakl mutlak
Hany untuk salah satu pedoman klinik
Managemen pengobatan ditentukan
oleh respon pasien
23
I
II
III
IV
JUMLAH
PERDARAHAN
<750
ml
750 1000
ml
1500
2000 ml
>2000 ml
NADI
< 100
100 - 200
>120
>120
SISTOLIK
normal
normal
menurun
menurun
NAFAS
normal
20 - 30
>30 40
>40
KESADARAN
normal
gelisah
Gelisah/kom
a
Koma
DERAJAT
II
III
IV
29
Posisi syok
Hentikan perdarahan
Resusitasi cairan
EBL
Hb
Resusitasi Cairan
10% = 350 cc
10,8
Kristaloid
20% = 700 cc
9,6
Kristaloid/ koloid
30% = 1050 cc
8,4
Koloid / darah
40% = 1400 cc
7,2
Darah
50% = 1750 cc
6,0
Darah
*)
CLASS I
CLASS II
CLASS III
CLASS IV
Up to 750
750 1500
1500 2000
> 2000
Blood Loss
(% Blood Vol)
Up to 15%
15 30 %
30 40 %
> 40 %
Pulse Rate
< 100
> 100
> 120
> 140
Blood Pressure
Normal
Normal
Pulse Pressure
Normal or
14 20
20 30
30 40
> 35
> 30
20 30
5 15
Negligible
Slightly
anxious
Mildly anxious
Anxious,
confused
Confiused,
lethargic
Crystalloid
Crystalloid
Crystalloid and
blood
Crystalloid and
blood 36
Respiratory Rate
Urinary Output
(ml/hr)
CNS / Mental Status
Fluid Replacement
(3:1 Rule)
5%
IVF
D5%
IVF
ISF
Na
15 %
40 %
ISF
ICF
Na
Koloid
IVF
ICF
ISF
ICF
RL /
NS
IVF
ISF
ICF
37
IVF
ISF
ICF
Perdarahan
ICF
IVF
ISF
38
ECF SHIFT
IVF
Perdarahan
ISF
ICF
Squesterasi
IVF
ISF
ICF
39
IVF
ISF
ICF
Non
Perdaraha
n
IVF
ISF
IVF
ICF
ICF
ISF
40
Aerobik (+O2)
An
ae
rob
O2 i k (
)
Asidosis laktat
NUMBER OF PATIENTS = 43
10
14
20
13
<13
13-40
41-80
81-120 >120
% MORTALITY RATE
100
80
60
40
20
+ DIED
160
SURVIVED
LACTATE mgm %
140
120
+
+
100
80
60
+
40
20
7.1
7.2
7.3
7,4
7,5
7,6
ARTERIAL pH
A summary of 32 in whom serial measurements of arterial blood lactate
reflect prognosis. In patents (represented by the broken lines) the lactate
rose and all patients died. In 22 patients (respresented by the solid lines)
the lactate dropped quickly to normal and all survived
43
Bagan 4
Cell injury
Membrane changes
Fluid disturbance
change
Further circulation
changes
Organ
dysfunction
Anaerobic
metabolism
Lactic
acid
44
45
PENGGUNAAN OKSIGEN =
CARDIAC OUTPUT X (ISI DARAH ARTERI ISI
DARAH VENA)
Pada keadaan normal Hb 15 g%
PENGGUNAAN O 250 ml/mnt =
5000 x ( 20ml/100 15ml/100)
Dalam keadaan hemodilusi setelah perdarahan
Misal Hb 7,5 g% (50% harga normal)
2
FUNGSI
PERNAFASAN
FUNGSI
DAYA ANGKUT
OKSIGEN
(RUMUS DARI FRUID & NUNN)
47
Tachycardia
Vasoconstriction
Cardiac Out Put
Narrow Pulse Pressure
MAP
Blood Flow
Caution : Compensatory Mechanism
48
HCT : 45%
HCT : 27%
HCT : 45%
Plasma
HCT : 45%
Liters
2
Cells
1
Acute
Hemorrhage
1 hour
later
Saline
Whole Blood
49
Resuscitation
Rapid
Response
Transient
Response
No
Response
Return to normal
Remain abnormal
Minimal
(10-20%)
Severe (>40%)
Low
High
High
Low
Moderate to high
Immediate
Type and
crossmatch
Type specific
Emergency blood
release
Possibly
Likely
Highly likely
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vital Signs
Blood Preparation
Need for Operative
Intervension
Early Presence of
Surgeon
50
RECOGNIZE SHOCK
STOP BLEEDING!
RESPLENISH INTRAVASKULAR VOLUME
RESTORE ORGAN PERFUSSION
51
52
53
54
adult
: 2 liter Ringers lactate
child
: 20 ml/kg Ringers lactate
Monitor response to initial therapy
55
Vital sign
CNS status
Skin perfusion
Urinary output
End tidal CO2
Oxygen extraction
Acid base
56
57
58
Vasopresor mana
dopamin
beda /sama
norepinephrine
indikasi utama bila ada unsur
vasodilatasi
Rasional
therapi utama volume replacement
therapi penunjang vasopresor
CATATAN :
Bila utamanya ada vasodilatasi
TUJUAN :
MAP optimal
Vasopresor yang berlebihan dapat berbahaya
59
PENYEBAB :
Perdarahan post partum
Pecahnya varises
esophagus
Fraktur femur terbuka
GANGGUAN SISTEM/FUNGSI
SYOK KARENA PERDARAHAN
Bagan 10
Paru-paru
JAN
TUNG
O2
A
Airway
B
Breathing
C
Circulation
BRAIN
TAHAP II
Tetapkan diagnosa dan therapi definitif
62
Bagan 9
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Hilangkan resiko
PENDEKATAN
KOMREHENSIF
PADA SYOK
SECONDARY
PREVENTION
Diagnosa dan therapi
dini
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Limit the damage
CARA
TERBAIK
CARA
TERBAIK
KEDUA
CARA
TERAKHIR
PENDEKATAN SISTEM
Syok (GD) dapat terjadi pada
siapa saja, kapan saja, dimana
saja
PENDEKATAN FUNGSI
tindakan awal :
LIFE SUPPORT ( resusitasi
stabilisasi) airway, breathing,
sirkulation, brain
tindakan berikut :
diagnosa dan therapi
PENDEKATAN TERPADU
Syok (GD) adalah masalah
kompleks, terpadu dalam sistem 64
PENCEGAHAN
ANTARA LAIN
- HELM
- SABUK
PENGAMAN
MULTI DISIPLIN
MULTI PROFESI
MULTI SEKTOR
TUJUAN
MENCEGAH
MASYARAKAT
AMAN /
SEJAHTERA
(SAFE COMMUNITY)
KOMUNIKASI
- KEMATIAN
- KECACADAN
TRANSPORTASI
+
PASIEN
INTRA RS
ANTAR RS
PENDANAAN
TIME SAVING IS LIFE SAVING
RESPONSE TIME DIUPAYAKAN SEPENDEK MUNGKIN
65
MERUJUK THE RIGHT PATIENT, TO THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME