ANTIALERGI
Autakoid
substansi (kimia) selain transmitor yang
secara normal ada di dalam tubuh dan
punya peran atau fungsi fisiologik penting
baik dalam keadaan normal (sehat)
maupun patologik (sakit)
Histamin
15
GEJALA:
Histamines
Histamine causes blood vessel dilation
and subsequently an inflammatory
response in the area affected.
Results in an inflammatory response noted by
the classic allergy symptoms, such as runny
nose, itchy and watery eyes, and sneezing.
17
Antihistamines
Antihistamines produce three general
effects on the body:
Alteration of histamine action
Sedation
Anticholinergic activity (decreased salivation,
dry mouth, and constipation)
18
Currently there are first- and second-
generation antihistamines
The major differences between the two
generations are:
The time they are active
1st generation = 4 to 6 hrs
2nd generation = up to 12 hrs
The extent to which they promote drowsiness
2nd generation are less sedating
19
Antihistamine drugs
Halt increased vascular permeability
Decrease smooth muscle constriction of the
airways
First-generation antihistamines cross the
blood brain barrier and cause sedation
Use a first-generation antihistamine during
the evening (less expensive) and nighttime
Switch to a second-generation antihistamine
during the daytime
20
Antihistamines result in decreased
symptoms and increased patient comfort.
Impeding these effects is not always a
good thing.
The body produces mucus in an effort to
protect the respiratory system.
Decreasing these functions may slow
recovery.
21
Antihistamines may not be effective in
decreasing nasal blockage.
Second-generation antihistamines are
available with a decongestant.
Claritin-D and Allegra-D
A decongestant will assist with the
resolution of the runny nose and head
congestion.
22
Adverse effects of antihistamines
Mucous membrane dryness
Cardiac stimulation
Blurred vision
Urinary retention
23
Obat Kortikosteroid
Kortikosteroid merupakan hormon pertahanan tubuh
yang berspektrum luas dengan cara:
Mengurangi radang dan odema
Anti alergi
Meningkatkan kadar gula dalam darah
Meningkatkan kadar Hb dan eritrosit
Mempercepat waktu pembekuan darah
Meningkatkan asam lambung dan enzim pencernaan.
Mengurangi efek bronkodilator
Contoh: Kalmethason
Steroid Nasal Spray
Nasal steroid medications are specifically
used for allergic rhinitis.
They are not for symptoms of the common
cold.
Drugs are delivered locally.
Potential for nasal irritation, dryness, and
epistaxis
25
Coughs and Colds
Runny nose, mild sore throat, and watery
eyes are similar in both the common cold
and allergic reactions.
Common cold refers to a nonbacterial
infection of the upper respiratory system.
26
Cough and Cold Medications
Decongestants
vasoconstriction resulting in mucosal drying
Antihistamines
combat increased histamine = nasal congestion
and mucosal irritation
Expectorants
facilitate the removal of mucous from the
respiratory system
Antitussives
work to suppress coughing
27
Medications may contain a combination of
decongestant, antihistamine, expectorant,
and antitussive agents
Vicks NyQuil contains:
Acetaminophen
Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant,
Dextromethorphan, a cough suppressant
Antihistamine
28
Decongestants
Prolonged use of decongestants:
Headache
Nausea
Dry mouth and nose
Dizziness
Nervousness
Prolonged application of nasal spray
(topical)
Can cause a rebound effect vasodilatation after
the initial vasoconstriction decreases
29
Common decongestants
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Tetrahydroziline (Visine)
Oxymetazoline (Afrin)
30
Expectorants
Cough syrup to relieve the coughing
linked to cold symptoms
Cough syrups can contain
Antitussive (cough suppressant)
Expectorant (promotes mucus clearance)
If the coughing linked with a cold is
nonproductive, eliminate the
nonproductive coughing
Expectorants are available in two forms:
Mucolytic
Stimulant
31
Antitussives
Antitussives suppress the cough.
Use a central or a local mechanism.
Used for short periods of time.
Used to inhibit a cough via a central
mechanism.
Cough center located in the medulla is
targeted.
32
Dextromethorphan (DM):
Robitussin products, Tylenol cold products,
and NyQuil medications.
Physician can prescribe a narcotic
antitussive.
Codeine or hydrocodone.
Addictive property of narcotics.
Duration of the prescription does not exceed
1 week.
33
Adverse Effects
relatively show few serious adverse
effects.
Participating in a sport while in a state of
drowsiness could be dangerous.
Antihistamines (1st generation) can result
in significant drowsiness even after the
drugs half-life is complete.
34
Antihistamines may cause anticholinergic
effects such as
Mucus membrane dryness
Cardiac stimulation
Decreased gastrointestinal activity
Urinary retention
Decongestants can promote
Excessive drying of the nose and throat
Tachycardia and restlessness
35
Guaifenesin (cough syrups)
Dizziness
Headache
Nausea
Antitussives (Dextromethorphan)
Mild dizziness
Drowsiness
Nausea
Stomach cramps
36
OBAT ANTI ALERGI & ANTI
ANAFILAKSIS
DIGUNAKAN DALAM TERAPI
PENGOBATAN GEJALA SAKIT ALERGI
DAN GEJALA OLEH KARENA TERJADI
ANAFILAKSIS,TERHADAP ATAU
KARENA ALERGEN SEPERTI
OBAT,MAKANAN ATAU OLEH KARENA
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN
ALERGI OBAT
REAKSI INTOKSIKASI YG TERJADI
KARENA ADANYA REAKTIVITAS
TERUBAH SISTEM IMUM TUBUH
PASIEN SEBAGAI AKIBAT KONTAK
SEBELUMNYA DGN OBAT YG
BERFUNGSI SEBAGAI ANTIGEN ATAU
ALERGEN
REAKSI ALERGEN
TDK TGT DOSIS YG DIGUNAKAN;
SIMPTOM DAN TANDA2 SAKIT YG
BERKEMBANG DITENTUKAN OLEH
INTERAKSI ANTIGEN-ANTIBODI DAN
SEBAGIAN BESAR TDK BERGANTUNG
DARI SIFAT FARMAKOLOGI MOLEKUL
OBAT.
ALERGI DAN ANAFILAKSIS
KEDUANYA LAZIM DISEBUT
HIPERSENSITIVITAS,DAN ANAFILAKSIS,
MERUPAKAN HIPERSENSISTIVITAS, DAN
ANAFILAKSIS MERUPAKAN
HIPERSENSITIVITAS AKTIF D/ SIMPTON DAN
TANDA2 SAKIT YG TERJADI D/ TIBA2,DAN
DPT BERAKIBAT FATAL,MAKA HRS DIATASI
SEGERA !
JENIS KELAS TERAPI OBAT
DOEN MELIPUTI :
DEKSAMETASON
DIFENHIDRAMIN
KLORFENIRAMIN
EPINEFRIN
DEXAMETASON
ALERGI,DOSIS ORAL 0,5-10 MG/HARI
SUNTIK IM/IV LAMBAT ATAU INFUS 0,5-
20 MG
NAMA LAIN: DEXAMETASON NATRIUM
FOSFAT 5MG/ML INJEKSI
NAMA DAGANG: ORADEXON
DIFENHIDRAMIN
ATAU DIFENHIDRAMIN HCL 10 MG/ML
INJEKSI
BEKERJA PADA SSP EFEK SEDATIVE
MODERATE ANTI KOLINERGIK
INDIKASI: ANTIHISTAMIN,REKSI EKSTRA
PIRAMIDAL KARENA PENGARUH OBAT
DOSIS DEWASA: 3 X SEHARI 25-50 MG
KEMASAN : KTK 100 AMPUL 1 ML,10 MG/ML
INJEKSI
KLORFENIRAMIN
ATAU CHLORPHENIRAMIN MALEAT
NAMA LAIN CTM
INDIKASI: TERAPI
ALERGI,URTIKARIA,PENGOBATAN DARURAT
ANAFILAKSIS
EFEK SAMPING:
MENGANTUK,SEDASI,GANGGUAN SAL
CERNA,HIPOTENSI,NYERI KEPALA,RWKASI
ALERGI
EPINEFRIN
ATAU ADRENALIN
SEBAGAI EPINEFRIN HCL/BITARTRAT 0,1%
INJEKSI
TERAPI DARURAT SYOK ANAFILAKSIS AKUT
HIPERTENSI,PENY JANTUNG ISKEMIK
EFEKS SAMPING: REAKSI
SISTEMIK,GUGUP,GELISH,INSOMNIA,CEMAS
,TREMOR
ANTINEOPLASTIK,IMUNOSUPRESAN,
DAN OBAT TERAPI PALIATIF
Semua digunakan u/ terapi kanker
Semua kanker adalah tumor
ganas,ditandai d/ trend tumbuh & tanpa
batas dan mampu melebar setempat d/
invasi ke dalam jaringan sekelilingnya dan
sistematik d/ metastasis hingga tempat
jauh dari tubuh
Terapi kanker.
TERAPI KOMPLEKS,& HRS
MEMPERTIMBANGKAN BERBAGAI FAKTOR
TAMBAHAN, TU TINGKAT PENYAKIT &
KONDISI & KARAKTER PASIEN
TINGKAT PENYAKIT HRS
DIPERTIMBANGKAN,BAIK UKURAN TUMOR
UTAMA,STATUS SIMPUL LIMFA,DAN ADANYA
METASTASIS
KEPUTUSAN YG PLG PENTING..
MENETAPKAN SASARANNYA, APAKAH
PENYEMBUHAN ATAU PALIATIF,YG
BERARTI HANYA MENGHILANGKAN
GEJALA SAKITNYA,TDK
MENYEMBUHKAN
JIKA DIPUTUSKAN
PENYEMBUHAN,TERAPINYA
SEBAIKNYA SESUAI DAN AGRESIF
PRINSIP TERAPI KANKER
PENGHILANG ATAU PEMUSNAHAN SEL
NEOPLASTIK AKHIR,JIKA MASIH ADA
SATU SEL GANAS AJA,SANGGUP
REPLIKASI,BAHKAN MEMBUNUH
HOSPES
TERAPI PALIASI,HRS DIPERKIRTAKAN
DAPAT MEMBERIKAN MANFAAT KPD
PX D/ MEMPERTIMBANGAKAN RISIKO
ADA 3 TERAPI KANKER
OPERASI
TERAPI RADIASI
KEMOTERAPI
KELAS TERAPI
ANTI HORMON
IMUNOSUPRESAN
SITOTOKSIK
OBAT TERAPI PALIATIF