PERTAMBANGAN EMAS INDONESIA

Tambang Emas Freeport di Papua Terbesar di Dunia

 Berikut ini adalah 6 tambang emas kita yang telah diakui dunia
internasional.

1. Tambang Gosowong, Halmahera

Selama 18 tahun Antam yang bekerjasama dengan Newcrest sudah
menambang emas dan perak di Gosowong. Selama kurun waktu
tersebut sudah ada sekitar 6 juta ons emas yang sudah berhasil
dikumpulkan dari tambang tersebut.
 2. Tambang Batu Hijau, Sumbawa
Tambang ini sudah beroperasi sejak tahun 2000. Pada tahun 2005
tercatat sudah sebanyak 2.77 juta ton tembaga yang memiliki rata-rata
0,69g/ton emas terkumpul dari tambang ini. Baru setelah tahun 2025,
tambang ini akan menjadi milik NKRI. Duh lama nyaaa..
 3. Tambang Kelian, Kutai Barat
Rio Tinto Group harus angkat kaki tahun 2015 setelah mengeruk 7.8 juta
ons emas disini, pasalnya operasi yang mereka lakukan selama 45 tahun
berada di tanah adat suku Dayak.
4. Tambang Martabe, Tapanuli Selatan

4. Tambang Martabe, Tapanuli Selatan

tambang emas martebe (REUTERS/Neil Chatterjee)

Tambang ini sudah menghasilkan sebanyak 3 juta ons emas dan 32 juta ons perak lho sejak mulai menambang pada
tahun 2013.
Bahkan tambang ini dipercaya mengandung 7.86 juta ons emas serta 73,48 juta ons perak.
 5. Tambang Kencana, Maluku Utara
Sedari awal, tambang ini sudah didesain untuk tambang bawah
tanah. Berbeda dengan Gosowong yang cukup terbuka.
Kencana ini sudah menghasilkan 4.63 juta ons emas dan juga 6
juta ons perak lho .
 6. Tambang Grashberg, Puncak Jaya
Tambang ini mungkin yang paling terkenal, karena sering kali heboh dengan
berbagai pemberitaannya. Tambang ini dikelola oleh PT Freeport McMoran.
Grashberg ini sudah memproduksi 58,474,392 gr emas dan 174,458,971 gr
perak.
Ternyata Indonesia sangat kaya akan sumber daya alam nya ya, namun sayang
sekali kita belum bisa mengelola sendiri tambang-tambang tersebut karena
terkait biaya dan sumber daya yang dianggap masih kurang memadai. Semoga
kedepannya Indonesia lebih bisa untuk mengelola sumber dayanya sendiri.
 Dari sisi produksi, tambang emas Grasberg juga merupakan terbesar di dunia. Seperti dilansir investingnews.com
pada 1 Desember 2016, yang merangking 10 besar tambang emas besar berdasarkan realisasi produksi pada 2015
dengan menganalisis data dari Thomson Reuters GFMS Gold Mine Economics. Tambang-tambang tersebut adalah :
1. Grasberg, Papua, Indonesia.
- Produksi emas : 1,23 juta ounce.
2. Goldstrike, Nevada, Amerika Serikat.
- Produksi emas : 1,05 juta ounce.
3. Cortez, Nevada, Amerika Serikat
- Produksi emas : 999 ribu ounce.
4. Pueblo Viejo, Republik Dominika.
- Produksi emas : 953 ribu ounce.
5. Yanacocha, Cajamarca, Peru.
- Produksi emas : 918 ribu ounce.
6. Carlin, Nevada, Amerika Serikat.
- Produksi emas : 886 ribu ounce.
7. Lihir, Papua Nugini.
- Produksi emas : 805 ribu ounce.
8. Boddington, Australia.
- Produksi emas : 794 ribu ounce.
9. Olimpiada, Rusia.
- Produksi emas : 760.100 ounce.
Processing Gold Ores
Agenda
Evolution of the gold industry
Gold ore types and characteristics
Processing gold ores
processing stages
unit operations
Process development for gold ores
An expert system for gold process design
A gold mine in Amazon
Summary
Evolution of the gold industry
Evolution of gold industry
Pre-cyanidation
Ancient Egypt (3050 a.c)
Turkey - gold coins (700 a.c.)
Gold refining (560 a.c.)
Roman Empire
Gold rushes
1500-1750 - Spanish and Portuguese Colonies
South America
1800-1900 - California, New Zealand, Canada, Australia
Evolution of gold industry
100 years of cyanidation
1889 - Crown Mine - New Zealand
Exploitation of Witswatersrand deposits
South Africa as main gold producer
Processing route evolution
application of basic mineral processing technology
Low incentive from low gold prices
 Gold price over the last 50 years

700

Average annual price 600

(US$/oz) 500

400

300

200

100

0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

year
Gold price since 1344
 Evolution of the gold industry

Accelerated development years (1972-1990)

Driving force: gold price
Development of gold processing
CIP process
Heap Leaching
SAG Milling
Refractory ore treatment
 Evolution of the gold industry

Evolution of gold industry

Gold industry in the 1990s
declining gold prices
need for cost reduction
low cash cost properties
Trends for next decade
new rump-up of gold prices
development of projects now on hold
increasing control and automation
Gold ore types and
characteristics
 Gold ores
Gold: Process and Mineralogy
Most noble metal, native occurrence
Also associated with silver, tellurium, bismuth and PGMs
typical ore grades: 0.5 to 20 g/t
Primary gold source: ores
Secondary gold sources
gravity concentrates
flotation concentrates
plant tailings
refinery tailings
recycled gold

* PGM means platinum group metals

 Types of gold deposits

Placer ores
Oxidized ores
Primary ores
 Types of gold mining methods

Placer ores => Placer mining

Oxidized ores => Open pit
Primary ores => Underground mining
 Gold Ore Types
Main ore types (after Marsden)
placers easy
oxidized processing
free milling
silver rich
iron sulphide bearing
arsenic sulphide bearing
carbonaceous
copper bearing
antimony bearing
gold telluride bearing
refractory
 Gold ore characterization
and testing
Mineralogical characterization
Technological tests
exploratory testwork
diagnostic leaching
optimization testwork
pilot plant
 Gold Liberation
Free gold definition and discussion
Classic definition: Gaudin
Physical liberation of the valuable mineral from gangue
Limitation: Hydrometallurgical and Pyrometallurgical
processes: access of gas or solution to mineral is the issue
Definition adopted: free gold = accessible gold
direct correlation with processes
used by hydrometallurgists
 Refractory gold

Refractory gold: cannot be made accessible

using only comminution
Ore needs chemical pretreatment prior to gold
extraction
Main causes of gold refractoriness
gold encapsulated in quartz/silicates
gold encapsulated in sulphides
ore containing active carbonaceous matter
Industrial gold ore
processing
Loading Ore in the Pit
Crushing
 Grinding

Ball Mill
Floatation
Dewatering and Impoundment
5. Refining
Smelting
Removes the metal from the ore mineral by heating the ore with a flux,
reducing the metal ion to its elemental form
Heap Leaching
Removes metal from the ore by reaction with a solution, often
using cyanide CN- ion
Gold ore processing

Ore Gold Gold Gold

Preparation Extraction Purification Production

Gold liberation Extraction Purification Recovery of

of gold from of gold gold from
Particle size
ore into bearing solution or
adjustment to
concentrate to
next processes solution solution
produce a
Physical
and/or
bulliion bar
concentration concentrate
and oxidation
pretreatment
Unit operations for each step

Ore Gold Gold Gold

Preparation Extraction Purification Production
Process development
for gold ores
Process development
Process design

Geology Industrial processes Process

routes
Feed

Primary
Crushing

Project Secondary
Crushing
SAG Milling

context Ball Milling

Gravity To smelting
Thickening
Concentration

Pre-aeration

? Carbon-in-

Mineralogy Technological leach

Elution

tests Electrowinning

Smelting

GOLD
 Feed

Primary
Crushing

Secondary
SAG Milling
Crushing

Rod Milling Ball Milling

(or pebble mill)

Gravity
Agglomeration Thickening To smelting
Concentration

Heap t
Flotation
Oxidation
c

Heap Pressure
Roasting Bio-oxidation
Neutralization Oxidation

Heap
Pre-aeration Pre-aeration
Cyanidation

Carbon-in- Carbon-in-
Cyanidation Cyanidation
leach leach

Carbon-in- Carbon-in- Carbon-in-

CCD CCD
column pulp pulp

Elution Elution Elution

Zinc Zinc
Electrowinning Electrowinning Electrowinning
Precipitation Precipitation

Smelting

GOLD
 Feed

Primary
Crushing

Feed
Secondary
SAG Milling
Crushing
Primary
Crushing
Rod Milling Ball Milling
(or pebble mill)
Secondary
SAG Milling
Crushing
Gravity
Agglomeration Thickening To smelting
Concentration
Ball Milling
Heap t
Flotation
Oxidation
c

Heap Pressure
Roasting Bio-oxidation
Neutralization Oxidation
Pre-aeration
Heap
Pre-aeration Pre-aeration
Cyanidation
Carbon-in-
leach
Carbon-in- Carbon-in-
Cyanidation Cyanidation
leach leach
Elution
Carbon-in- Carbon-in- Carbon-in-
CCD CCD
column pulp pulp
Electrowinning

Elution Elution Elution

Smelting

Zinc Zinc
Electrowinning Electrowinning Electrowinning
Precipitation Precipitation
GOLD

Smelting

GOLD
Fazenda Brasileiro ore
Main ore characteristics
deposit type: greenstone belt
mineralogy: fine gold (d95=37 microns),
free or in borders/fractures, associations with sulphides and quartz
laboratory tests: high recoveries for both direct cyanidation and flotation,
good recovery in gravity concentration
 Feed

Primary
Crushing

Secondary
SAG Milling
Crushing

Fazenda Ball Milling

Brasileiro Thickening
Gravity
Concentration
To smelting

ore Pre-aeration

Carbon-in-
leach
Conventional
process route Elution

Electrowinning

Smelting

GOLD
 Refractory sulphide ore
Main ore characteristics
deposit type: greenstone belt
mineralogy: very fine gold(d95=3 microns), encapsulated and in borders/fractures,
association with sulphides
laboratory tests: low recoveries in direct cyanidation and gravity concentration tests,
high recoveries in flotation tests, high recoveries by cyanidation after bio-oxidation or
pressure oxidation
 Feed

Primary
Crushing

Secondary
SAG Milling
Crushing

Ball Milling

Refractory
sulphide Flotation

ore
Tailings
Bio-oxidation

Cyanidation

Processing route Carbon-in-

pulp

with Elution
pretreatment
Electrowinning

Smelting

GOLD
Placer ore

Main ore characteristics

deposit type: placer
mineralogy: medium size gold(d95=100 microns), some
physically liberated,
some associated with sulphides
 Feed

Primary
Crushing

Secondary
Crushing

Placer ore Ball Milling

Gravity
Thickening To smelting
Concentration

Physical only Flotation

processing route
Smelting

GOLD
Expert system for gold
process design
Intelligold - expert system for process design
Objective:
Integration of gold process design knowledge into artificial intelligence
software
Principles
Use of logical variables and fuzzy sets to represent information
Organization of information into a knowledge building stepladder
 Project start
Decision rules, Ore/deposit
fuzzy sets information

Process routes
indication
Continue investigation
. Do research
Flowsheet Hypertext with . Gather more data
alternatives literature review
and case studies
DECISION Abandon or
Cost and
Mining method MAKING hold
revenues
user input
calculation
Ranking of alternatives Implement
project
Alternative NPV/IRR Risk factors
 Process routes
Knowledge
building combined
W2= f ( sampling,
W1=1 demonstration testwork)
inferred measured

Process options
combined
W1=1 W2= f ( sampling,
preliminary testwork)

inferred measured
Contradictions
Behavior management and
combined
W1=1 W2= f ( sampling, feedback
equipment, precision)

inferred measured
1300 variables
Mineralogy 600 rules
Geology
A gold mine in the Amazon
A gold mine in the Amazon

Igarap Bahia Mine

Largest Brazilian gold mine
10-12 tons of gold/year
Very low cash cost
Located in the Carajas Reserve
Forest reserve area owned by a mining company - CVRD
Only 0.4% of area occupied by mine activities
Preservation of area and native cultures
Aerial view of mine site

Mine

Mill

Infrastructure facilities
Mine
Processing installations
Grinding mills
Gold smelting furnace
Waste disposal
Summary
Gold is an important resource to economy
Gold ores are found in different types
Processing is highly dependent on mineralogical
characteristics
Process design is a challenging activity
Intelligent systems can be used to design and
operate gold plants
Advanced use of information technology in mineral
industry is a key issue in the 21st century
Refining 2: Heap Leaching

In this process, typically done for Au, the ore is crushed

and piled on a liner.
Weak solutions of sodium cyanide NaCN (0.05%) percolate through
the material, leaching out the desired metals.
The solutions are collected and the metals are precipitated
La Herradura owned by Newmont Mining
Heap Leaching 2
During the extraction phase, the gold ions form complex
ions with the cyanide:
Au+(s) + 2CN- (aq) --> Au(CN)2- (aq)
Recuperation of the gold is readily achieved with an
oxidation-reduction reaction:
2Au(CN)2- (aq) +Zn(s) --> Zn(CN)4- (aq) +2Au(s)

DANGEROUS if cyanide is not carefully recovered.

Discussion: Pete Feigley and Coeur D Alene
More Environmental Problems
Mining operation itself
Disposal of a large amount of rock
and waste
Noise
Dust
Subsidence

Newcrest Ltd Cadia Operations, image shows the result of collapse of the Ridgeway
underground mine after removal of stope material.
 Discussion: Lake Baikal Galena PbS and Sphalerite ZnS

Acidified water
Acid Mine Drainage
Sulfide deposits react with groundwater to make
acid
Acidic streams can pick up heavy elements and
transport them. POISON
Problems with open pits
Very large holes
Pit slopes steep and not stable. Cannot be maintained
May fill with water
Strip coal mines loss of top soil in past
Modern fix - Now filled, smoothed out and top soil added
 More problematic for Disposal of Waste Rock
open pit than
underground
Waste rock piles have
steep angle of repose
and thus may not be
stable
Bingham in its hay day
produced 400,000 tons
of waste rock per DAY.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_Mine
 Tailings pond: problems and solutions

From concentrating usually have high pH (alkaline = basic)

So modern Fix:
At Bingham acid waters mixed with alkaline tailings water to neutralize
Different metals have different problems

Tailings Pond: any collection of wastewater separated out during the processing
of mineral ores.
 8. Cost of production.
Costs that scale with grade of ore. The lower the grade,
the more ore must be mined.
the more ore must be shipped to the mill.
the more ore must be milled.
the more tailings must be disposed of.

Fixed costs.
building a transportation infrastructure.
refining ore minerals, once it has been milled.
 9. Cost trends in the future
The price of mineral commodities passes through three
stages that depend on changes in costs:
1st: Technical improvements in mining and/or metallurgy
2nd: These improvements become balanced by effects of
decreasing ore grades
3rd: cost rises because improvements in technology can
not keep up with increasing scarcity.
All metals are now in stages 1 (aluminum) or 2 (copper
and iron).
When reserves are too costly to exploit, an Economic
Barrier exists and production is stopped.
10. Mine Safety

Heath problems experienced by miners.

collapse of mine.
fire (methane, coal dust, etc.).
asphyxiation (methane, carbon monoxide, etc.).
pneumoconiosis (from inhaling coal dust).
asbestosis (from inhaling asbestos fibers).
silicosis (from inhaling silicate dust).
heavy metal poisoning (e.g. mercury).
radiation exposure (in uranium mining).
 Mine Safety

Mine safety: In U.S.,

stringent mining
regulations have lead
to a reduction in
fatalities, both in
terms of total deaths
per year, deaths per
person-hour worked,
and deaths per ton
mined. surface

Surface Mining was always safe; underground mining reached comparable safety in 1980
End of Mineral Resources and Mining
Lecture
Photos courtesy of Lundin