oleh
Sudrajat
CLIMATE CHANGE
UNSAFE WATER
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION
POLUTION
BIOCHEMICAL THREAT
CONTAMINATED FOOD
BAHAN
BAKU PRODUK
PENDAPATAN
BAHAN
ENERGI PROSES PENGETAHUAN
TRANSFORMASI
SDM LIMBAH
BAKU WAKTU INDUSTRI
DAN ENERGI
RUANG
FLUIDA
-Energi -Limbah
-Fluida
1.3. Proses terjadinya limbah Industri
SUMBER DAYA ALAM
LIMBAH
INDUSTRI
LIMBAH
PRODUK
LIMBAH
INDUSTRI JASA
LIMBAH
Limbah cair
Limbah padat
Limbah gas dan partikulat
1.5. Siklus Material sejak eksploitasi SDA, transformasi untuk produk berguna di
pabrik, penggunaan oleh masyarakat dan kembali ke alam
Kegiatan
pemanfaatan
sumberdaya alam
Kegiatan
eksploitasi Sumberdaya
sumberdaya yang Produk yang
tersedia yang dimanfaatkan berguna
dapat digunakan
sumberdaya yang Spent Resources dari
dieksploitasi Kegiatan kegiatan produksi
'daur
Sumberdaya ulang' spent resources dari
kegiatan penggunaan
tersedia yang
Spent produk
dapat dieksploitasi
material yang Resources generation of
di'daur ulang' spent resources
Sumberdaya yang dampak terhadap
material yang lingkungan
Kegiatan secara potensi
proses diregenerasi
eksplorasi tersedia
eksplorasi secara alami Inovasi Teknologi
Kegiatan
reklasifikasi
material hasil reklasifikasi
1.6. Dampak Limbah
Pencemaran Udara
Pencemaran Air
Pencemaran Tanah
Pencemaran Limbah
1.9.1.AIR POLLUTION
Sources
Kasus ini mirip dengan Meuse Valley, karena lokasinya juga berupa lembah,
padat penduduk dan terdapat banyak industri yang sejenis. Tekanan
barometrik tinggi, suhu hampir 0 derajat dan angin hampir tidak ada.
Smog meliput daerah ini selama 5 hari, gejala penderitanya adalah sakit didada,
iritasi mata dan tenggorokan, sesak napas, batuk, sakit kepala berat, mual dan
muntah.
Types of Smog
Photochemical Smog
Los Angeles Smog
Photochemically- produced
Brown in color
Los Angeles Smog
Los Angeles Smog: driven by the photochemistry
of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
oxygenated nitrogen species (NOx) contained in
exhaust from combustion engines.
Photochemical smog is air saturated with ozone,
VOCs and aerosol particles.
Industrial smog
London, England
Most of the smog
damage occurred in
East London
Causes
Particulate Matter
Dust and smoke particles cause irritation of the
respiratory tract and produce bronchitis, asthma and lung
diseases.
Dust and smoke function as nuclei for condensation of
water vapors and produce smog which attract chemicals
like SO2, H2S, NO2,etc. Smog not only reduce visibility but
is also harmful due to its contained chemicals.
DUSTS (Pneumoconiosis)
Inorganic Dust
Coal Dust - Anthracosis
Silica - Silicosis
Asbestos - Asbestosis
Iron - Siderosis
Organic Dusts
Cane Fiber - Bagassosis
(Bronchi gets affected)
Iron- Siderosis
Sulphur Dioxide
It is produced in large quantity during smelting of
metallic ores.
It causes trachial irritation, cough, bronchial spasms.
Chlorine
It is present in volcanic eruptions and emitted in processes
involving use of chlorinated chemicals.
It causes eye and respiratory ailments.
Chlorine rising up in the atmosphere poses danger to ozone
layer.
1.9.2.WATER POLLUTION
Water Facts
Only about 3% of surface water is fresh water
One-fifth of the world population lack access to clean drinking
water
Over 2.6 billion people do not have adequate toilets, sewers or
latrines
Water-borne Diseases :
Affect four billion people every year
Kill five million people including 6000 children every year
oo More than 2 million children are killed by
Mercury sources ;
Coal,
smelting of ores,
paper/paint industry
Mercury causes Minamata disease.
Kasus pencemaran air di Sungai Minamata,
Jepang ( 1973) oleh buangan pabrik plastik
yang menggunakan bahan baku vinilklorida
dan asetaldehida. Pabrik ini membuang
limbahnya yg mengandung Hg ke Teluk
Minamata dan Hg masuk pula ke Sungai Minamata.
Ikan-ikan yg berada dalam perairan tersebut
mengandung 27-102 ppm berat kering Hg. Selama
tahun 1953-1960 ditemukan keracunan Hg pada 111
orang nelayan yg awalnya merasa cepat lelah, sakit
kepala, lengan dan kaki kebas, sulit menelan,
penglihatan kabur dan lapangan penglihatan menciut.
Mereka kemudian menjadi sulit mendengar dan
kehilangan koordinasi otot-ototnya. Beberapa orang
merasa seperti ada logam di mulit dan penderita diare
terdapat banyak sekali.
Selain itu ditemukan bayi yang lahir cacat, namun ibunya
hanya menderita gejala keracunan ringan.
& DI SWEDIA :
Effects
Effects seen on liver and kidney mainly.
Organs of toxicity:- Central Nervous System, Kidney .
KERACUNAN FLOURIDA
Fluoride Pollution
96 % of fluoride is found in bones and teeth. Fluorine is
essential for the normal mineralization of bones and
formation of dental enamel.
Sources
levels exceeding 90 dB
1.9.5.PENCEMARAN LIMBAH PADAT
SOLID WASTE
Urban India produces 1,20,000 tons of MSW/Day.
Municipal Wastes
Agricultural Wastes And Sewage Sludge
Industrial Wastes and Mining Wastes
Bio-Medical Wastes
E-Wastes
Radioactive Wastes
Effects of Solid Wastes
121
Earth dust.
Formation of Coal Deposits
The products of coalification are divided into four major
categories based on the carbon content of the material
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite
Bituminous
Bituminous Coal is the third stage of coal formation
Additional pressure over time has made it compact and
virtually all traces of plant life have disappeared
It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer
quality than anthracite coal
It is greatly used in industry as a source of heat energy
Bituminous
Bituminous coal is usually black, sometimes dark
brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and
dull material
It is a relatively hard coal containing a tar-like
substance called bitumen
Bituminous
Bituminous coal is a complex molecular mix of 60-
80% carbon, plus oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, plus
some occasional impurities like sulfur
Coking Coal
When used for many industrial
processes, bituminous coal must first be
"coked" to remove volatile components
It is primarily
composed primarily of
non-combustible
silicate minerals, but
also contains toxic
metals
Ash
If released with emission gases, the ash fouls the air
When dumped onto the surface, the fine-grained ash
weathers very rapidly, releasing toxic metals, such as
selenium, creating a serious water-pollution threat
An electrical spark
ignited methane
and coal dust
Surface Mining
Coal was obtained by surface strip mining
And Lives in
Hygienic Environment
LINGKUNGAN SEHAT ??? Sustainable
Development
Solid waste
Hazards Management
mitigation
World
Energy Conservation
conservation
strategy
HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT
Environmental
Pollution Laws
control
Rain water
Water
Biodiversity Harvesting
Resources
conservation