Mineral Ogi
Mineral Ogi
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Mineralogi
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barit
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• Pada awalnya, mineralogi lebih
menitikberatkan pada sistem klasifikasi
mineral pembentuk batuan.
• International Mineralogical Association
merupakan suatu organisasi yang
beranggotakan organisasi-organisasi yang
mewakili para ahli mineralogi dari masing-
masing negara.
• Aktifitasnya mencakup mengelolaan
penamaan mineral (melalui Komisi Mineral
Baru dan Nama Mineral), lokasi mineral
yang telah diketahui, dsb.
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• Sampai dengan 2004 telah terdapat
lebih dari 4000 spesies mineral yang
diakui oleh IMA.
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• Belakangan ini, dangan
disebabkan oleh perkembangan
teknik eksperimental (seperti
defraksi neutron) dan
kemampuan komputasi yang ada,
telah memungkinkan simulasi
prilaku kristal berskala atom
dengan sangat akurat,
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• Mineralogi
Merupakan cabang ilmu geologi yang
mempelajari mengenai mineral, antara lain
sifat-sifat fisik, sifat kimia,
keterdapatannya, cara terjadinya dan
keguanaannya.
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• DEFINISI MINERAL
Menurut L.G. Berry & B. Mason 1959
Mineral = Benda padat homogen terdapat
di alam terbetun secara anorganik,
mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu &
mempunyai susunan atom yg teratur.
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•
Menurut D.G.A. Whitten & J.R.V. Brooks
1972
Mineral = Bahan padat dgn struktur
homogen mempunyai kompisisi kimia
tertentu, dibentuk oleh proses alam yg
anorganik.
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•
Menurut A.W.R. Potter & H. Robinson
1977
Mineral = zat atau bahan yg homogen
mempunyai komposisi kimia tertentu dan
mempunyai sifat-sifat tetap, dibentuk di
alam dan bukan hasil suatu kehidupan.
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flourite
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BATASAN-BATASAN MINERAL
•
• Suatu Bahan Alam
Bahan terbentuk secara alamiah bukan
dibuat oleh manusia.
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ilmu ini telah berkembang luas
hingga mencakup permasalahan
yang lebih umum dalam bidang
kimia anorganik dan fisika padat.
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mineral kuarsa
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• Sifat fisik suatu mineral ini sangat
diperlukan di dalam mendeterminasi atau
mengenal mineral secara megaskopis
atau tanpa menggunakan mikroskop.
Dengan cara ini seseorang dapat
mendeterminasi mineral lebih cepat dan
biasanya langsung dilapangan tempat
dimana sampel mineral ditemukan. Sifat
fisik tersebut yaitu :
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1. Warna (color)
2. Kilap (Luster)
3. Kekerasan (hardness)
4. Cerat (Streak)
5. Belahan (Cleavage)
6. Pecahan (Fracture)
7. Berat Jenis (Specific Gravity)
8. Sifat Dalam (Tenacity)
9. Bentuk dan struktur (Perawakan)
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Macam-Macam Sistem Kristal
dan Kelasnya
• pembagian macam-macam sistem kristal dan
kelasnya (mineralogi)
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• e. Sistem Orthorombic (Rhombic =
Prismatic = Trimetric)
• - Rhombic tetraheral
• - Rhombic pyramidal
• - Rhombic bipyramidal
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• f. Sistem Monoklin (Oblique =
Monosymetric = Clinorhombic =
Hemiprismatik)
• - Sphenoidal
• - Domatic
• - Prismatic
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• g. Sistem Triklin (Anorthic = Asymetric
= Clinorhombohedral)
• - Pedial
• - Pinacoidal
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• Mineralogi dan unsur kimia
• Diposkan oleh diqky_genx di 22:42 Label:
Kristalografi dan Mineralogi
•
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• Mineral sebagai unsur kimia bebas (native
element), misalnya yaitu :
• Cu = Cuprum = Copper = tembaga
• Au = Aurum = Gold = emas
• Pt = Platinum = Platina
• S = Sulphur = Sulfur = belerang
• C = Carbon = Diamont = intan
• C = Carbon = Graphite = grafit
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• Mineral sebagai senyawa dapat digolongkan menjadi beberapa macam, yaitu
• 1. Sulfida
• Cu2S = Chalcocite = Kalkosite
• Fe S2 = Pyrite = Pirit
• Cu FeS2 = Chalcophyrite = kalkopirit
• Cu Co2S4 = Carrolite = karolit
• Ag2 S = Argentite
• Pb S = Galena
• Zn S = Sphalerite = sfalerite
• = Zincblende
• Hg S = Sinabar
• Halida :
• Na Cl = Halite = Halit
• KCl = Silvite = Silfit
• KCl Mg Cl2 6H2O = Carnalite = Karnalite
• Na3AlF6 = Kryollite = Kriolit
• Ag CL = Serargirit
• Ca F2 = Flourite = Flourit
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• 3. Oksida
• Si O2 = Quartz = Kuarts
• Si O2 = Chalcedony = Kalsedon
• Si O2 ( H2O) x = Opal
• Al2 O3 = Corundum = korundum
• Al2 O3 2 H2O = Bauxite = Bauksite
• Sn O2 = Cssiterite = Kasiterit
• Fe2 O3 = Hematite = Hematit
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• 4. Hidroksida
• Mg ( OH)2 = Bruchite = brukit
• MnO (OH) = Manganite = mangan
• AlO (OH) = Diaspore
• FeO ( OH) = Geothite = Geotit
• FeO (OH) nH2O = Limonite
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• 5. Karbonat
• CaCO3 = Calsite = kalsit
• Ca CO3 = Aragonite = aragonit
• Ca CO3 Mg CO3 = Ca Mg (CO3)2 =
dolomite
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• 6. Nitrat
• Na NO3 = Soda Nitrat = Natrium Nitrat
• KNO3 = Kalium Nitrat = Potasium Nitrat
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• 7. Pospat
• Ca5 (P.Cl.OH) (PO4)3 = Apatite = Apatit
• Ca3 (PO4)3 = Phosphorite = Fosforite
• Fe3 (PO4)3 5 H2O = Vivianite = vivianit
• Li Al F PO4 = Ambligonite = Ambligonit
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• 8. Sulfat
• Ba5 SO4 = Barite = Barit
• Ca SO4 = Anhidrite = Anhidrit
• Ca5 SO42H2O = Gypsum = Gipsum
• K Al3 (OH)3 (SO4)2 = Alunite = Alunit
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• 9. Silikat :
• Non –Ferromagnesian silicate
• a). Calc.Alkali Feldsfar ( Ca/Na Feldspar) = Plagioclase
=plagioklas
• a. Ca (Al 2 Si 2 O8 = Anorthite = An 10- Ab1An9
• b. Ca, Na (Al 2 Si 2 O8 ) = Bytownite = Ab 1 An9 - Ab3
An7
• c. Ca, Na (Al 2 Si 2 O8 ) = Labradorite = Ab3 An7 - Ab5
An5
• d. Ca, Na (Al 2 Si 2 O8 ) = Andesin = Ab5 An9 - Ab7 An3
• e. Ca, Na (Al 2 Si 2 O8 ) = Oligoclase = Ab7 An3 - Ab9
An1
• f. Na Al 2 Si 3 O8 = Albite = Ab10 - Ab3 An1
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• b. Alkali Feldspar ( K. Na Feldspar)
• a. K Al Si 3 O8 = Orthoclase = Artoklas
• ( K, Na) Al Si 3 O8)
• b. ( K, Na) Al Si 3 O8 = Sanidine = Sanidin
• c. K Al Si 3 O8 = Microline = mikrolin
• d. ( Na, K) Al Si 3 O8 = Anorthoclase =
Anortoklas
• c). Mika Putih
• K Al3 Si 3 O10 ( OHF)2 = Muscovite = Muskovit
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• Ferromagnesian silicate
• (Mg. Fe )2 Si O4 = Olivin
• Ca( Mg.Fe) (Si O3)2 [ ( Al, Fe )2O3 ]x =
pyroxene = piroksen
• Ca( Mg.Fe Al)5 ( OH)2 (Si. Al )4 O11I2
=Hornblende
• K2( Mg.Fe)2 ( OH)2 (Al Si 3 O10) =
Biotote =Biotit = Mika Hitam
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carbonat
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CHALKING OF WATER SYSTEMS
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ALTERMARL TALC MINE
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OLIVINE
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THE APLOICATIOOMN OF
TIOTANIOUM
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NEPHELINE
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QUARTZ AND QUARTZIOTE
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ORE
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Metallic Luster - Galena
Metallic Luster - Gold
Metallic Luster - Magnetite
Metallic Luster - Chalcopyrite
Metallic Luster - Pyrite
Submetallic Luster - Hematite
Adamantine Luster - Diamond
Adamantine Luster - Ruby
Adamantine Luster - Zircon
Adamantine Luster - Andradite
Garnet
Adamantine Luster - Cinnabar
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - Quartz
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - Olivine
Glassy or Vitreous Luster -
Aragonite
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - Calcite
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - Topaz
Glassy or Vitreous Luster - Selenite
Glassy or Vitreous Luster -
Tourmaline
Glassy or Vitreous Luster -
Actinolite
Resinous Luster - Amber
Resinous Luster - Spessartine
Garnet
Waxy Luster - Chalcedony
Waxy Luster - Variscite
Pearly Luster - Talc
Pearly Luster - Muscovite
Dull or Earthy Luster - Psilomelane
Dull or Earthy Luster - Chrysocolla
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Pumice is a gas-charged igneous
rock
Basalt from the crust of an old lava
flow
Granite from Pikes Peak, Colorado
• The subduction factory.
• Descending slab has sediment (yellow)
and altered basaltic rocks (green) on top.
As these are carried downward they yield
fluids,
• which enter the upper slab (pink) and
underlying asthenosphere (white).
• Black dots are earthquake locations.
• They are mined from kimberlite
and lamproite volcanic pipes,
which can bring diamond crystals,
originating from deep within the
Earth where high pressures and
temperatures enable them to
form, to the surface.
• A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally
bonded carbon atoms and crystallizes into the face
centered cubic diamond lattice structure.
• Diamonds have been adapted for many uses
because of the material's exceptional physical
characteristics. Most notable are its extreme
hardness, its high dispersion index, and extremely
high thermal conductivity (900 – 2320 W/m K), with
a melting point of 3820 K (3547 °C / 6420 °F)
and a boiling point of 5100 K (4827 °C / 8720
°F).[5]
• Naturally occurring diamonds have a density
ranging from 3.15 to 3.53 g/cm³, with very pure
diamond typically extremely close to 3.52 g/cm³.
• The conditions for diamond formation to
happen in the lithospheric mantle occur
at considerable depth corresponding to
the aforementioned requirements of
temperature and pressure.