Patologik Fisiologik
1. Mabuk gerakan
2. Mabuk angkasa
3. Vertigo ketinggian
2. Neural mismatch
• Comparator – memori
3. Otonomic imbalance
• Akibat rangsangan gerakan parasimpatis
4. Neurohumoral
• Akibat rangsangan gerakan CRF (dr.hipotalamus) ss.sym – strs.hrmn
Receptor Central Nervous System Sign & Simptom
Cerebral cortex
NAUSEA
Dizziness
Hypothalamus Somnolence
Headache
Depression
Retina
Vestibular Performance-
Cerebellum decrement
Pituitary Increased
Motio Secretion of
Vestibular Vestibular ADH, ACTH,
n Apparatus Nuclei GH, PRL
stimuli Autonomic
CTZ
centres
SWEATING
PALLOR
Somatosensory Decreased Gastric
Receptors Vomiting centre motility,
Cardiovasculer &
Inspiratory changes
KONFLIK VOMITING
SENSORIS
Neural Mismatch
Sensory Rearrangement
Otonomic Imbalance Theory
PAR SYM
STEROIDS
IMUNOLOGICAL
RESPONSES
Multiple Physiological Responses/Pathology IMUNOSUPRESSION
STRESS
Monoaminergik
-5HT
hipothalamus -GABA
-N adrenalin
-Glutamate
Otonom sistem LC CRF
-Modulasi Trigeminal
Simpatis Parasimpatis ACTH nukleus caudatus
(Pituitary anterior)
-Transmisi nyeri
Cortisol
Dominasi simpatis (Adrenal cortex)
NYERI
-HR
Supresi sistem imun
-RR -Hambat insulin
-Vasokonstriksi -Glukoneogenesis
-Keringat dingin -Lipolisis
-Vertigo
Supresi Th 1
-dizziness
-Peristaltik
Proliferasi makrofag, NK cell,
TNF, IL 1, IL 6
Machfoed, 2006; Joesoef, 2006
Otogenik vs Neurogenik
Mechanism:
Swelling of the inner compartment (endolymphatic) of the inner ear.
Meniere’s Disease
Sudden and recurrent (paroxysmal) attack of severe vertigo (4th leading cause)
Low-tone hearing loss
Low-tone tinnitis
Sense of fullness in the ear
Vertigo lasts for hours to a day then burn out
Hearing loss may progress
Cause of Meniere’s
Overproduction or retention of endolymph
Possible autoimmune etiology
Head trauma
Previous infection
Pregnant females are more prone
Otitis media Labirintitis BPPV Meniere’s disease
kronik
Usia <15 thn 30-60 thn 51-60 thn 40-60 thn
Laki : pr 1:1 1:1 1:1,6 1:1
Serangan intermiten interminten Intermiten intermiten
Pusing berputar +, Bila sdh berat + berat
menyebar ke
telinga
dalam
Durasi Tdk tentu Hari s/d mgg < 30 dtk 20 mnt-24 jam
Mual-muntah + + ringan berat
Nistagmus + + + +
Ggn pendengaran + + - + , fluktuatif
Tinitus + + - +
Garputala Tuli konduktif Tuli saraf Normal Tuli saraf fluktuatif
menetap menetap
Nyeri telinga + + - -
Perforasi membran + -/+ - -
telinga
Penatalaksanaan
1. Pengobatan kausal
2. Pengobatan simptomatik
3. Pengobatan rehabilitatif
1. PENGOBATAN KAUSAL
Kebanyakan kasus vertigo tidak diketahui sebabnya, kalau
penyebabnya diketahui pengobatan kausal merupakan pilihan
utama
Management of Meniere’s
Salt-restriction diet
Diuretic therapy
2. PENGOBATAN SIMPTOMATIK
kompensasi
Terapi Simptomatik / Obat Anti Vertigo
D2 Haloperidol,
Chemoreceptor H1
Metoclopramide, Trigger Zone Cerebral cortex
Domperidone (CTZ) Smell
Labirin 5 HT3 Ondansetron Sight
Thought
NEJM 1999
Penyebab lain Vertigo
Otitis Media
Klasifikasi :
1. Otitis media supuratif :
◦ Otitis media supuratif akut (OMA)
◦ Otitis media supuratif kronis (OMSK)
2. Otitis media non supuratif (serosa) :
◦ Otitis media serosa akut (barotrauma)
◦ Otitis media serosa kronis (bila sekret kental/mukoid = glue ear)
(Soepardi, 2001)
Otitis Media Supuratif Kronik (OMSK)
Definisi :
Infeksi kronis di telinga tengah dengan perforasi membran timpani dan sekret yang keluar
dari telinga tengah terus menerus atau hilang timbul.
Sekret mungkin encer atau kental, bening atau berupa nanah.
Disebut kronis bila > 2 bulan
OMSK
Timbulnya vertigo & tuli saraf pd otitis media & mastoiditis kronis perluasan
infeksi ke telinga dalam labirintitis
Prosesnya :
◦ Destruksi kolesteatom erosi kanalis semisirkularis lateralis
◦ Nekrosis os petrosus erosi kapsul labirin labirinitis lokal/difus
◦ Penyebaran mll foramen rotundum / ovale labirintitis serosa
◦ Melalui pemb.darah
◦ Setelah operasi mastoid
Vestibular Neuronitis ("Acute labyrinthitis")
• Symptoms:
Acute onset, often following a flu-like illness, of severe spinning vertigo. No hearing loss or
tinnitus. Recovery occurs gradually over a period of days to weeks.
• Mechanism:
Usually an inflammation of a vestibular nerve, Diagnosis: Spontaneous nystagmus, no loss of
hearing (usually), no other signs of neurological disease.
• Differential:
Often confused with the first attack of Meniere’s Disease or BPPV.
• Treatment:
Anti-nausea medications (Meclizine, Valium, etc.) for control of symptoms in the acute phase
only. After that, they may interfere with compensation and recovery. A short course of corticosteroid
and anti-viral medication often promotes recovery.
Kolesteatoma
(Soepardi, 2001)
Perilymphatic Fistula
Fistula antara telinga tengah dan
telinga dalam
Tx op fenestration
Acoustic Neuroma
Mild but constant hearing loss
Dizziness with possible tinnitus
Gradual onset
Benign schwannoma of 8th CN
Other CN findings as tumor grows
Surgical excision
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Sudden vertigo and nausea
Vomiting associated with a headache
Inability to stand
Nystagmus, nuchal rigidity, facial paralysis, ataxia, dysrythmia, small reactive
pupils
Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency TIA’s
Kehilangan kesadaran yang biasanya terjadi saat cedera dan vertigo umumnya
dihubungkan dengan gangguan kesadaran
CERVICAL VERTIGO
Ketidakseimbangan yang mengikuti cedera leher berat
Beberapa teori :
1. Kompresi vaskuler
2. Gangguan input sensori ke sistem vestibuler
Cervicogenic Vertigo