ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION
Anafilaksis :
reaksi hipersensitif tipe 1
Sindroma klinis yang di tandai oleh perubahan mendadak dan
mengancam nyawa.
Manifes pada beberapa organ
Terpapar antigen pada pasien yang telah tersensitisasi
IgE memediasi pelepasan mediator : histamin,IL
Reaksi anafilaktoid :
Suatu reaksi yang mirip reaksi anafilaktik tanpa
melibatkan respon IgE
Reaksi karena ekposure pertama kali terhadap suatu
zat
Contoh: kontras media radioopak.opioid,polisakarida
volume expander (Hemacell),zat anestesi,muscle
relaxan
Patofisiologi reaksi anafilaksis
IgE receptor
Platelet-activating factor,
leukotriene C4,
prostaglandin D2
Histamine
Cytokines
TNF-α, GM-CSF,
Proteases
fibroblast growth factor,
Tryptase, carboxypeptidase,
stem-cell factor
chymase, elastase,
plasminogen activator,
matrix metalloproteinase 9
Other enzymes
β-glucuronidase,
arylsulfatase, Proteoglycans
β-hexosaminidase
Mast cell Heparin, chondroitin sulfate
Activation of the IgE receptor on mast cells induces the release of preformed mediators such as histamine
and various proteases as well as the synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines. TNF-α denotes tumor necrosis fac- COLOR FIGURE
Author Burks
Fig # 1
ETIOLOGI
Table 1. Natural History of Food Allergy and Cross-Reactivity between Common Food Allergies.
Hen’s egg white 6–24 mo Other avian eggs 7 yr (75% of cases resolve)*
Cow’s milk 6–12 mo Goat’s milk, sheep’s milk, 5 yr (76% of cases resolve)*
buffalo milk
Tree nuts 1–7 yr; in adults, onset occurs after Other tree nuts; coreactivity with Persistent
Fish Late childhood and adulthood Other fish (low cross-reactivity Persistent†
Apples, carrots, and peaches§ Late childhood and adulthood Birch pollen, other fruits, nuts Unknown
Obat-obatan
Antibiotika :penicillin
procain,cephalosporin,sulfona
mides.
Toxoid: ATS,snake,anti serum
NSAID: ketorolac
Anestesi lokal iv
:LIdocain,procain
Obat hormon
Agent diagnostik-kontras
Analgesik narkotik :morphin.
Obat kemoterapi
Produk darah
Imunoglobulin
Produk vaksin
Table 1. Antibiotic-Induced Allergic Reactions.
Penicillins Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, maculopapular skin eruptions, exfoliative dermatitis, vesicular
Cephalosporins Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, maculopapular skin eruptions, erythema multiforme, Stevens–
Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic
Sulfonamides Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, maculopapular drug eruptions, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema
Macrolides Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, mild skin eruptions, photosensitivity, Stevens–Johnson syn-
Fluoroquinolones Urticaria, angioedema, pruritus, photosensitivity, flushing, fever, chills, angioedema, erythema
Vancomycin Anaphylaxis, drug fever, eosinophilia, skin eruptions (including exfoliative dermatitis), Stevens–
Kacang-kacangan
Susu
Alergen lainnya
Sengatan lebah
KLINIS REAKSI ANAFILAKTIK
- Manifestasi klinik tergantung
: sensitivitas pasien
Route kuantitas dan kecepatan masuknya alergen
- Gejala awal :
gelisah,mengantuk,nyeri kepala,mual muntah,urtikaria,warna kulit kemerahan.
AIRWAY
Stridor
Wheezing
Obstruksi
komplit
BREATHING
Batuk
Napas cepat dan pendek
Bronkospasme
Edem paru
Hipoksia
CIRCULATION
Me ↑ permeabilitas vaskuler
Volume intra vaskuler ↓
Vasodilatasi perifer
↓
Hipotensi
Takikardi
Cyanosis
Aritmia
Disability
Penurunan kesadaran oleh karena perfusi ke
otak turun
Gejala lain
Kulit: urtikaria
29
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK ( III )
CIRCULATION
HIPOTENSI
TERAPI :
Posisi Syok
CIRCULATION
HIPOTENSI
TERAPI
Pasang IV line
Therapi cairan :
Cairan kristalloid (RL,NaCl) 1000 cc dalam 20-
30 mnt
Evaluasi respon hemodinamik
Cairan koloid (HES)
CVP ↑ 7 mmHg
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK ( IV )
DYSABILITY
Kesadaran menurun e.c perfusi ke otak ↙
Terapi :
Atasi ABC
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK (V)
MEDIKAMENTOSA
Adrenalin
Difenhidramin
Aminophilin
Dexametason
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK ( medikamentosa)
Adrenalin
Obat utama dan pilihan
Efek :
Kontraksi otot jantung
Vasokontriksi perifer
Memperbaiki permeabilitas membran
Dilatasi bronchus
Dosis:
Ringan: 0,3 – 0,5 ml larutan 1:1000 subcutan
Sedang : 1 – 2 ml larutan 1:10000
Persisten : continous infusions 1 – 2 ml lar 1:1000dalam
500 cc D5 kecepatan 0,25-2,5 ml/mnt
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK ( medikamentosa)
Difenhidramin (H1 recep antihistamin)
Mengurangi manifestasi hipotensi, oedem, pruritus,
dan bronkospasme
Dosis : 50-70mg, IV
PENATALAKSANAAN
ANAFILAKTIK SYOK ( medikamentosa)
Aminofilin
Mengatasi spasme bronkus
Dosis :
Bolus 5-6 mg/kgBB, IV
Continous infusions 0,2-0,9 mg/kg/jam