Animal Reproduction

Reproduksi?

• Ketika suatu organisme/makhluk

hidup berkembang biak atau
menghasilkan keturunan
• Sexual dan asexual
• Ternak?
Sistem Reproduksi Betina

Tujuan: mengetahui bagian-

bagian alat reproduksi ternak
betina (contoh: sapi,
kambing, domba, kerbau,
kuda)
Female Tract
Sistem Reproduksi Betina
 Sistem Reproduksi Betina
1. Ovary/ovarium
=tempat dihasilkan sel telur
– A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per
ovary, while a human female has 400,000
potential eggs per ovary.
– Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not
continuously produced as in the male.
– All species contain two functional ovaries except
for the hen which has only a left functioning
ovary.
Sistem Reproduksi Betina
 Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
Tiga fungsi mayor ovarium:
1) Menghasilkan gamet/sel telur
2) Menghasilkan estrogen (hormone)
• development of mammary glands
• development of reproductive systems and external
genitalia
• fat deposition on hips and stomach (source of
energy)
• triggering of heat
3) Membentuk corpus luteum
 Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
2. Infundibulum – menangkap telur ovulasi

3. Fallopian Tubes (or Oviducts) – sepasang

saluran kecil yang memanjang dari ovarium
ke tanduk uterus (5 - 6 inches).
– Fertilisasi terjadi di oviduk.
– Telur berjalan ke uterine horn dalam 3 - 4 hari.
Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina

Tanduk uterus
 Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
4. Uterus – kantong muskular yang
menghubungkan fallopian tubes dan
cervix
1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport
2. Supports embryo and fetus during
gestation
3. Expels fetus at parturition
 Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina

5. Cervix
– daerah antara
uterus dan
vagina
– Secara normal
tertutup
– Terbuka pada
saat estrus dan
beranak
– (2 -3 inches)
 Sistem Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
6. Vagina - the female organ of copulation
1. admits penis
2. receives semen,
3. passageway for fetus at parturition

• Bladder – kandung kemih

7. Vulva – organ luar tempat keluarnya urin

maupun reproduksi
 Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
Langkah-langkah proses reproduksi
betina:

1. Ovulasi
— Menghasilkan gamete (ova or
ovum)
— Melepaskan sel telur
— Infundibulum mendorong
ovum ke fallopian tube
Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
 Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
2. Estrus (birahi, estrous period)
– Suatu waktu dimana ternak betina siap
dikawini
– The female must stand (standing heat)
to be mounted before the reproductive
process can begin
Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
3. bunting
— Dari pembuahan sampai lahir
— Perkembangan embrio di uterus
4. beranak/melahirkan
— Mendorong penuh fetus untuk lahir
5. Laktasi
— Memproduksi susu
Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
 Rata-rata Ovulasi

Ovulation Rates by Species

Cow- 1 egg per estrus
Ewe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrus
Sow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrus
Mare- 1 egg per estrus
Hen- Approx. 28 eggs per month
 Reproductive Terminology

Species Act Offspring

Cows calving calf
Ewes lambing lamb
Sows farrowing pig
Hens hatching chick
Mares foaling foal
Goats kidding kid
 Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
Gestation and Lactation Periods:

Species Lama bunting Laktasi(Milking)

Cow 275 - 285 days beef 180 - 270 days
dairy 305 - 365 days
Ewe 115 - 142 days 60 - 90 - 120 days
Sow 112 - 115 days 21 - 42 days
Mare 330 - 345 days 90 - 150 days
Woman 270 days ? years
 Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina

Estrous period length by species:

Cow 12 - 18 hours
Ewe 24 - 36 hours
Sow 48 - 72 hours
Mare 90 - 170 hours
Hens & Women none
 Fungsi Reproduksi Ternak
Betina
Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or
menstrual cycle) to the next.

Length of estrous cycle by species:

Cow 19 - 21 days
Ewe 16 - 17 days
Sow 19 - 21 days
Mare 21 - 24 days
Woman 28 days
Hen none
Saluran Reproduksi
Ternak Jantan

Tujuan:
mengidentifikasi
bagian-bagian alat
reproduksi ternak
jantan
Male Reproductive Tract
 Male Reproductive Tract

• Scrotum - external sac that holds

testicles outside of the body to
keep sperm at 4-5oF cooler than
the body temperature

• Testicles - the primary male

organs of reproduction
• to produce sperm
• to secrete testosterone
 Male Reproductive Tract

• Epididymis - Long coiled tube that is

a path for sperm
– Provide passageway for sperm out of the
seminiferous tubules
– Storage for sperm
– Fluid secretion to nourish sperm
– Place for sperm maturation
 Male Reproductive Tract

• Vas Deferens - slender tube from

epididymis to urethra which moves
sperm to the urethra at ejaculation

• Urethra - long tube from bladder to

penis; passageway for urine and
sperm out of the body
 Male Reproductive Tract

• Penis - male organ of copulation

which conveys semen and urine
out of the body

• Penis retractor muscle - allows

extension and retraction of the
penis; sigmoid flexure extends in
copulation
 Male Reproductive Tract

Accessory Glands:
• Seminal vesicles- add fructose and citric
acid to nourish the sperm

• Prostate Gland - located at the neck of

the bladder
– cleans the urethra prior to and during
ejaculation
– provides minerals for sperm
– provides the medium for sperm transport
– provides the characteristic odor of semen
 Male Reproductive Tract

• Cowper’s gland
• Also called the Bulbourethral gland
• Paired organs
• cleans the urethra prior to semen
passage
Male Reproductive Tract
 Methods of Reproduction

• Natural
• Artificial Insemination (AI)
• Embryo Transfer
• Cloning using Nuclear Transfer
 Artificial Insemination

• Steps
– Insert hand into the rectum and
grasp cervix
– Insert insemination rod
– Deposit bull semen from the middle
of the cervix to just into the uterus
 Artificial
Insemination

Bovine Reproductive
Tract Diagram
 Artificial
Insemination

Sow Reproductive
Tract Diagram
Artificial Insemination
Artificial Insemination
Artificial Insemination
 Artificial Insemination

• Advantages
– Wider variety of superior bulls used
– Increase number of cows that can be
bread to a superior bull
– Reduces disease
– Don’t have to keep a bull on the
farm
 Artificial
Insemination
 Artificial Insemination

• Disadvantages
– Requires a trained inseminator
– Requires more time and herd
supervision
 Embryo Transfer

• Procedures
– Superovulate donor
– AI
– Flush embryos (catheter)
– Isolate and classify embryos
– Store in liquid nitrogen
– Transfer to recipient
– Diagnose pregnancy 1 to 3 months later
 Embryo Transfer

• Advantage
– Genes of the female (dam) can be
passed on faster than natural
breeding
 Cloning

• Using Nuclear Transfer

• Procedures
– Flush (same as embryo transfer)
– Filter
– Remove genetic materials from
recipient oocytes
– Nuclei is removed through
microsurgery
 Cloning

• Procedures (continued)
– The nuclei are separated and each
one is transferred to an unfertilized
egg cell that has had its nucleus
removed
– Plugs are placed in sheep for 5 to 6
days (develops to the 32 to 64 cell stage)
– Embryos are placed in surrogate,
frozen or used to clone more animals
 Cloning

• Advantages
– Increase herd uniformity
– Increase herd quality
– Produce genetically identical animals
 Terminology

• Objective:
– Define terminology related to
reproductive management and
breeding systems including
castration, colustrum, estrus,
gestation, lactation and parturition.
 Terminology

• Castration
– Removing the testicles of the male
to prevent breeding
• Colustrum
– First milk
• Gestation
– Time an animal is pregnant
 Terminology

• Estrus
– When a female is receptive to be
bred
• Lactation
– Period of time that milk is secreted
by the mammary glands
• Parturition
– Than act of giving birth
 Breeding Systems

• Objective
– Discuss crossbreeding, grading-up,
inbreeding, linebreeding, and
purebreeding
 Breeding Systems

• Pure Breeding
– Registered male and female animals
– Angus X Angus
 Breeding Systems

• Cross Breeding
– Mating a male and female of
different breeds
– Angus X Charolais = Crossbreed
 Breeding Systems

• Inbreeding
– Mating closely related animals
– Brother X Sister
– Son X Mother
– Father X Daughter
 Breeding Systems

• Linebreeding
– Breeding more distant relatives than
inbreeding
– Cousin X Cousin
 Breeding Systems

• Grading-Up
– Mating purebred male (sires) to
unregistered or corssbred females
(dams)
– Yorkshire bore X
Yorkshire/Hampshire sow
– Hybrid Vigor
• Superior traits from crossbreeding
• Offspring are better than parents