- PH normal 7,35-7,45
- Pa CO2 normal 35-45 mmHg
- Pa O2 normal 80-100 mmHg
- Total CO2 dalam plasma normal 24-31 mEq/l
- HCO3 normal 21-30 mEq/l
- Base Ekses normal -2,4 s.d +2,3
- Saturasi O2 lebih dari 90%.
TEMPAT PENGAMBILAN DARAH ARTERI :
1. Arteri Radialis, merupakan pilihan pertama yang paling aman
dipakai untuk fungsi arteri kecuali terdapat banyak bekas tusukan
atau haematoem juga apabila Allen test negatif.
Spuit diberi label dan segera tempatkan dalam es atau air es,
kemudian dibawa kelaboratorium
THE TERMS
ACIDS BASES
Acidemia Alkalemia
Acidosis Alkalosis
Respiratory Respiratory
CO2 CO2
Metabolic Metabolic
HCO3 HCO3
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
COPD/ARDS
Musculoskeletal disorders
Decreased
bicarb reabsorption and decreased
ammonium excretion to normalize pH
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
pH, HCO3
12-24 hours for complete activation of
respiratory compensation
PCO2 by 1.2mmHg for every 1 mEq/L HCO3
The degree of compensation is assessed via
the Winter’s Formula
PCO2 = 1.5(HCO3) +8 2
THE CAUSES
Metabolic Gap Non Gap Metabolic
Acidosis Acidosis
M - Methanol Hyperalimentation
U - Uremia
Acetazolamide
D - DKA
RTA (Calculate urine
P - Paraldehyde
anion gap)
I - INH
Diarrhea
L - Lactic Acidosis
Pancreatic Fistula
E - Ehylene Glycol
S - Salicylate
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
pH, HCO3
PCO2 by 0.7 for every 1mEq/L in HCO3
Causes
Vomiting
Diuretics
Chronic diarrhea
Hypokalemia
Renal Failure
MIXED ACID-BASE DISORDERS
Delta Gap
Delta HCO3 = HCO3 + Change in anion gap
>24 = metabolic alkalosis
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Mild:80-60mmHg
Mediate: 60-40mmHg
Severe: <40mmHg
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Type I TypeII
PaO2 (mmHg) <60 <60
PaCO2 (mmHg) ≤50 >50
OTHER PARAMETERS
PO2
20
=6.1+log
1
HCO3- (bicarbonate):
SB (standard bicarbonate)
AB (actual bicarbonate)
SB: the contents of HCO3- of serum of arterial
blood in 38℃, PaCO2 40mmHg, SaO2 100%.
Normal: 22-27mmol/L
mean: 24mmol/L
AB: The contents of HCO3- in actual condition.
In normal person: AB=SB
AB and SB are parameters to reflect
metabolism, regulated by kidney.
Difference of AB-SB can reflect the
Chemical buffer
Dielectric changes of incells and excells
Resp. acidosis
Resp. alkalosis
Meta. acidosis
Meta. alkalosis
CLASSIFICATION OF ACID-BASIC DISORDER
example:
original disorder: chronic respiratory acidosis
⊿ HCO3- =⊿PaCO2 ×0.35±5.58
complementary limit: 45mmol/L
CLASSIFICATION OF ACID-BASIC DISORDER
PaCO2:
HCO3- : , normal, (slight)
AB, SB, BB: , normal, (slight)
PH:
BE: negative value
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS WITH
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
PaCO2:
AB :
PH : , N,
MIXED BY THREE TYPES OF DISORDER
pH PaCO2 HCO3
Asidosis respiratorik
Asidosis respiratori dengan
kompensasi metabolik
Asidosis metabolik
Asidosis metabolik dan
respiratori
Alkalosis metabolik
Alkalosis metabolik dengan
kompensasi pernafasan
alkalosis respiratori
Alkalosis metabolik dan
respiratori