Pemicu
Pemicu
Perdarahan subkonjungtiva
Diagnosis : observasi klinik tampak ekstravasasi
pembuluh darah yang terlokalisir dengan batas
jelas, umumnya unilateral, daerah konjungtiva
sekitarnya tidan tampak terinflamasi, tidak
terdapat sekret, pasien tidak merasa sakit dan
tidak terdapat penurunan tajam penglihatan.
Tatalaksana
: tidak memerlukan penatalaksanaan
khusus karena darah akan direbsorbsi secara
perlahandalam 2-3 minggu, bergantung pada
banyaknya darah yang mengalami ekstravasasi.
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Laserasi kelopak mata
Manifestasi klinis : adanya rasa mengganjal atau rasa sakit yang hebat
bila mata mengedip atau melirik.
Benda asing dapat disebabkan oleh : zat kimia, batu/pasir /tanah, zat
inert trasparan spt kaca, zat penghasil radikal bebas spt besi, benda
organik (tumbuhan atau serangga).
Classification
By etiologies
By site of any resulting fracture
Reference to the long axis of the petrosus temporal bone
longitudinal & transverse; often mixed
Epidemiology
8.5/100 members of population (U.S.)
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Clinical features
History
Elevated hearing threshold at frequencies of 4kHz & higher in
patients who sustained a temporal bone fracture
Loss all hearing on the affected ear (17%)
Conductive hearing loss of greater than 20 dB HL
Clinical signs
Evidence of penetrating injury to the temporal region of the skull
Otorrhoea
Bruising of the mastoid process (Battle’s sign)
Otoscopy
fresh blood in the external auditory meatus
Haemotympanum alone has highest positive predictive value
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Investigations Vestibular asessment
Radiology Nystagmus should be
checked; provide vestibular
Coronal & axial high
involvement
resolution CT (gold standard)
Acute vestibular failure
MRI identify number of horizontal beating nystagmus
cases of temporal bone away from the affected ear
contusion
Electronystagmography caloric
Hearing assessment testing (after recovery)
Pure tone audiometry Facial nerve function
Air-bone gap because of Observing active & passive
incus dislocation & fracture facial movements
of stapes Electroneurography
Tympanometry Facial nerve exploration
Electric response audiometry Cerebrospinal fluid leak
assess thresholds CSF otorrhoea / CSF
rhinorrhoea should be tested