dan
TERAPI OKSIGEN
Apa yang Anda Simpulkan dari
gambar ini
Apa yang Anda
Simpulkan dari gambar ini
Ada kalanya pasien harus di transfer ke suatu
tempat baik intrahospital (radiologi, kamar
operasi) atau inter hospital
yang memiliki fasilitas yang lengkap.
Pengumpulan Analisis data
data klinis --> Dx
Lab, Rad Transfer Terminal
General
Asesmen Rencana Asesmen Implementasi Rujuk
consent ulang asuhan
Registrasi awal asuhan
Asesmen Risiko
Skrining nyeri jatuh Implementasi Rencana Rencana
asuhan asuhan pulang
Risiko
malnutrisi Risiko Ringkasan
tinggi pulang
Restraint
1. Communication ?
2. Personnel ?
3. Equipment ?
4. Monitoring ?
Komunikasi Pretransfer
(Comunication)
EMERGENCY
KIT BAG
Pengecekan rutin
(FORM)
EFEK SAMPING TRANSPORT
Indikasi Masuk
Intensive Care/
HCU?
SELESAI
INTERHOSPITAL TRANSFER
transport personnel
Referring Receiving
physcian/facilities physcian/facilities
PETUGAS TRANSFER
Banyak kondisi :
• Local resources
• Speed of the transportation
• Cuaca
• Ground traffic
• Accessibility of roads & landing areas
• Total distance to travel
• One-way travel, or two-legged/ three-legged
PEMILIHAN TRANSPORTASI
• Ground ambulances
• Rotor-wing air ambulances (helicopter)
• Fixed-wing air ambulances (airplane)
• Boat ambulances
High roof
Spacious interior to
accommodate 3- 4
persons
with equipments
G-force
KEUNTUNGAN KERUGIAN
• Speed • Ground delays
• Sufficient space • Possible dislodgement of
• Size, weight less vital equipment during
restriction transfer to & from ground
• Weather, noise & ambulances
turbulence less • Hypoxia with high
• Pressurized cabin altitude
• Malfunction of
pressurized equipment
DOKUMENTASI
1. Formulir timbang terima pasien dalam rekam
medik
2. Formulir rujukan antar instansi dalam rekam
medik
3. Formulir rujuk balik antar instansi dalam
rekam medik
4. Formulir Komunikasi antar unit pelayanan
dalam rekam medik
TERAPI OKSIGEN
Oxygen is a “DRUG”
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is
essential for the body to function properly and to
survive
Must be considered as a drug
– TOO MUCH of a drug can cause overdosing
problems
– TOO LITTLE isn’t enough to treat the
symptoms
Air Composition
Manfaat oksigen pada pasien
dengan gangguan airway
ATP = energy
DEFENISI OXYGEN
DELIVERY
Jumlah total oksigen yang dialirkan darah
ke jaringan setiap menit.
KOMPONEN
Cardiac output = Q
Index terhadap “body surface area”
Normal C.I. : 2.5 - 3.5 L/min-m2
3
OXYGEN CONTENT
(CaO2)
JIKA :
Hb = Hemoglobin (14 g/dl)
SaO2 = Arterial Saturation (98 % = 0.98)
PaO2 = Arterial PO2 (100 mmHg)
O2 Hemoglobin Saturation
PaO2 Levels
Levels
90 mm Hg 100 %
60 mm Hg 90 %
30 mm Hg 60 %
27 mm Hg 50 %
Oxygen saturation atau Sat O2
Faktor yang mempengaruhi
pemeriksaan Sat O2
Low perfusion states
Motion artifact
Pewarna
Vasoconstrictor medications
Abnormal Hemoglobin
Too much light exposure
Criteria for Ordering O2 Therapy
PaO2 at or below 55 mm Hg
Saturation O2 < 88% resting
PO2 <55 mm Hg or < 88% for 5 min (sleep)
A drop in PO2 10 mm Hg or 5% in O2 sat. during
sleep
Symptoms or signs of heart failure
(corpulmonale), pulmonary hypertension,
erythrocytosis, “P” pulmonale on EKG
PO2 <55 mm Hg or < 88% during exercise
Indications for oxygen therapy
Respiratory compromise
Cyanosis
Tachypnoea
Hypoxaemia
Partially obstructed airway
Indications for oxygen therapy
Cardiac compromise
Chest pain
Shock
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Neurological deficits
CVA
Spinal injuries
Coma
Long Term Sign
Clubbing
NASAL PRONG 24 - 40 %
SIMPEL MASK 40 - 50 %
VENTURI - MASK 24 - 50 %
PARTIAL REBREATHING 60 - 80 %
NON REBREATHING - 90 %
CPAP - 100 %
VENTILATOR - 100 %
Nasal Cannulae
• Kerugian :
• mudah lepas
• maksimum FiO2 40 %
• iritasi telinga
Tehnik lain dengan kateter :
1. Nasal kateter
2. Transtracheal kateter.
Masker oksigen
Konsentrasi O2 bervariasi antara 24 - 100 %
Kerugian :
1. Tidak nyaman,
2. Iritasi kulit akibat pemakaian masker ketat
3. Kontrol FiO2 sukar,( kecuali dengan sistim venturi )
4. Kalau pasien makan harus dilepas
2. Partial rebreathing
( 35 - 60 % dengan flow 6 - 10 L )
3. Non rebreathing
( 90 % , bila tidak ada kebocoran )
Partial Rebreather Mask
Consists of mask with
exhalation ports and
reservoir bag
Reservoir bag must remain
inflated
O2 flow rate - 8 to 10L
Client can inhale gas from
mask, bag, exhalation ports
Poorly fitting; must remove to
eat
Non-rebreather Mask
Consists of mask,
reservoir bag, 2 one-way
valves at exhalation
ports and bag
Client can only inhale
from reservoir bag
Bag must remain inflated
at all times
O2 flow rate- 10 to 15L
Poorly fitting; must
remove to eat
Non Rebreathe bags
Reservoir bags’
Deliver FiO2 0.6 – 0.8
Flow rate must be set to 15 L/min
Fill reservoir 2 thirds before
applying
Useful in acute situation
Should not be worn >24hrs
Oxygen Therapy Device
I . FIXED SYSTEM ( FiO2 TIDAK DIPENGARUHI FAKTOR
PASIEN )
1. SISTIM VENTURI - HIGH FLOW
2. LOW FLOW BREATHING CIRCUITS ( CPAP,
BAG-MASK,JAKSON-REES ,MESIN ANESTESI )
3. RETRAKSI SUPRASTERNAL,INTERCOSTAL
Indikasi untuk Humidifikasi
Bronchoconstriction
Humidifier, pelembab
Sebaiknya dikosongkan saja
(mudah jadi sarang kuman)
1. Oxygen toxicity
2. Depression of ventilation
3. Retinopathy of Prematurity
4. Absorption atelectasis
5. Bacterial infection with humidifiers
Kesimpulan