NOISE/DERAU

PRACTICAL SCADA FOR INDUSTRY

Interferensi dan noise/derau pada kabel
data
Noise dapat timbul secara internal atau external.
• Internal noise: thermal noise, ketidaksempurnaan dalam
desain rangkaian, penyimpangan sinyal karena osilator
dan amplifier, intermodulasi low level RF oleh rangkaian
internal.
• External noise: interferensi electrostatic dan badai
electric, EMI (eletromagnetic interference), RFI (radio
frequency interference.
• Kinerja link komunikasi diukur dengan SNR (Signal to
Noise Ratio) dan Bit Error Rate (BER)
SNR vs BER
Sumber noise dan interferensi
• Noise masuk ke kabel lewat electrostatic (capacitive)
coupling, magnetic (inductive) coupling atau resistive
coupling.
• Teknik reduksi noise: shielding and twisting kabel,
separasi, grounding, isolasi yg baik
Electrostatic coupling
• Electrostatic coupling muncul melalui C1 dan C2
akibat panjang kabel, resistansi kabel dan
memproduksi sinyal error ke R1 dan R2
Reduksi electrostatic coupling
• Menggunakan shielded wire untuk melindungi kabel dari
noise
• Menggunakan twisted/dipilin wire untuk membuat C1 dan
C2 setimbang.
Magnetic coupling
• Magnetik coupling terjadi pada saat dua conductor
berarus yang berdekatan terdapat perubahan arus.
• Perubahan arus ini akan menimbulkan flux
electromagnetic sehingga akan menginduksikan
tegangan pada kabel komunikasi
Reduksi magnetic coupling
• Pemisahan/separasi kabel data dengan kabel daya
(pemroduksi arus tinggi)
• Menggunakan twisted conductor

• Menggunakan shield dari bahan high ferrit

Impedance coupling
• Kopling impedansi terjadi pada saat adanya common
signal return.
• Apabila common sinyal return memiliki resistansi, maka
pada saat ada arus balik dari perangkat akan menaikkan
tegangan di titik ini.
Reduksi impedance coupling
• Penggunaan conductor resistansi rendah pada kabel
common signal return
• Bila memungkinkan dibuat pemisahan untuk common
signal return
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis
• Shielding and twisting wires
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis
• Cable spacing : memberikan jarak yang cukup antara
kabel data dengan sumber noise
• Wiring levels and classes: membuat level hirarki dan
klasifikasi kabel: (high susceptibility/sangat rentan,
medium susceptibility/kerentanan menengah, low
susceptibility/kerentanan rendah, dan kabel power)
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis :
Wiring Level and Classes
Level 1 – high susceptibility
• • Analog signals of less than 50 V and digital signals of less
than 15 V
• • Common returns to high-susceptibility equipment
• • Control common tie (CCT)
• • DC power supply buses feeding sensitive analog hardware
• • All wiring connected to components associated with sensitive
analog hardware (e.g. strain gauges, thermocouples, etc)
• • Operational amplifier signals
• • Power amplifier signals
• • Output of isolation amplifiers feeding sensitive analog
hardware
• • Telephone circuits
• • Logic buses feeding sensitive digital hardware
• • All signal wires associated with digital hardware
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis :
Wiring Level and Classes
Level 2 – medium susceptibility
• • Analog signals greater than 50 V and switching circuits
• • Common returns to medium-susceptibility equipment
• DC bus feeding digital relays, lights and input buffers
• • All wiring connected to input signal conditioning buffers
• • Lights and relays operated by less than 50 V
• • Analog tachometer signals
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis :
Wiring Level and Classes
• Level 3 – low susceptibility
• • Switching signals greater than 50 V, analog signals greater than 50 V,
• regulating signals of 50 V with currents less than 20 A, and AC feeders less
• than 20 A.
• • Fused control bus 50–250 V DC
• • Indicating lights greater than 50 V
• • 50–250 V DC relay and contactor coils
• • Circuit breaker coils of less than 20 A
• • Machine fields of less than 20 A
• • Static master reference power source
• • Machine armature voltage feedback
• • Machine ground-detection circuits
• • Line-shunt signals for induction
• • All AC feeders of less than 20 A
• • Convenience outlets, rear panel lighting
• • Recording meter chart drives
• • Thyristor field exciter AC power input and DC output of less than 20 A
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis :
Wiring Level and Classes
• Level 4 – power
• • AC and DC buses of 0–1000 V with currents of 20–800 A
• • Motor armature circuits
• • Generator armature circuits
• • Thyristor AC power input and DC outputs
• • Primaries and secondaries of transformers above 5 kVA
• • Thyristor field exciter AC power input and DC output with
currents greater than20 A
• • Static exciter (regulated and unregulated) AC power input and
DC output
• • 250 V shop bus
• • Machine fields over 20 A
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis :
Wiring Level and Classes
Class codes:
• A analog inputs, outputs
• B pulse inputs
• C contact and interrupt inputs
• D decimal switch inputs
• E output data lines
• F display outputs, contact outputs
• G logic input buffers
• S special handling of special levels may require special
spacing of conduits and trays, such as signals from
commutating field and line resistors, or signals from line shunts
• to regulators, or power >1000 V or >800 A, or both
• U high voltage potential unfused greater than 600 V DC
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis
• Tray spacing: memberikan jarak yang cukup di antara
tray kabel
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis
• Tray spacing: memberikan jarak yang cukup di antara
tray kabel
Metode Reduksi Noise Scr Praktis
• Earthing and grounding requirements: membuat titik
common pada semua perangkat memiliki zero
potential
• 2 Kunci Utama Grounding : minimalisasi efek kopling
impedans, pastikan tidak ada loop grounding.
Tipe Kabel
• Tipe kabel komunikasi data: two wire open schemes,
twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables
• Aturan penggunaan tipe kabel:
• Low data transfer rates → Low frequency type
cables (e.g. twisted pair cables)
• High data transfer rates → High frequency type
cables (e.g. coaxial cables, optic fiber or high quality
twisted pair data cables)
• High noise environment cables → Shielded copper
or optic fiber