Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan

dan Pembangunan

Kuliah Ketujuh
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Kontroversi Pertumbuhan:
Tujuh Pertanyaan Kritis

Seberapa besar ketimpangan di NSB,

dan bagaimana kaitannya dengan
kemiskinan absolut?
Siapakah golongan miskin? Apa ciri-
cirinya?
Siapakah yang memperoleh manfaat
dari pertumbuhan ekonomi? Mengapa?
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Kontroversi Pertumbuhan:
Tujuh Pertanyaan Kritis (2)

Apakah pertumbuhan yang cepat dicapai

dengan mengorbankan pemerataan?
Apakah kaum miskin memperoleh manfaat
dari pertumbuhan?
Apakah kerugian dari ketimpangan?
Apa saja kebijakan yang dapat mengurangi
kemiskinan?
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 Mengukur Ketimpangan

1. Distribusi Ukuran Pendapatan

2. Kurva Lorenz

3. Koefisien Gini dan Ukuran

Ketimpangan Agregat

4. Distribusi Fungsional
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Table 5.1

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Langkah2 pengukuran ketimpangan
1. Diperoleh data pendptan individu
2. Peringkatkan dari terendah-tertinggi
3. Pengelompokan pendapatan
a. - 40% termiskin
- 40% menengah
- 20% tertinggi
b. Quintil per 20%an
- Q1 = 20 termiskin
- Q2 = 20 menengah rendah
- Q3 = 20 menengah saja
- Q4 = 20 menengah tinggi
- Q5 = 20 tertinggi
c. Desil
Pendapatan 40% termiskin = total pendapatan 40% termiskin x 100%
total pendapatan nasional

misalkan
Pendapatan 40% termiskin = 14 juta x 100% = 14%
100 juta

Pendapatan 40% menengah = 35 juta x 100% = 35%

100 juta

Pendapatan 20% terkaya = 51 juta x 100% = 51%

100 juta
Figure 5.1

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Perbandingan Kurva Lorenz

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Estimasi Koefisien Gini

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 Koefisien Gini

G= 2 ∑(x-y) ∆x
10.000

G = 0,5 – 0,7  ketimpangan tinggi

G = 0,35 – 0,5  ketimpangan sedang
G = 0,2 – 0,35  ketimpangan rendah

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Kemungkinan Pergeseran

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Distribusi Fungsional

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Mengukur Kemiskinan
Kemiskinan Absolut
HI = jumlah pnddk miskin
1. Headcount Index =
x 100%
jumlah pnddk
2. Total Poverty Gap = total dari penjumlahan
antara selisih garis kemiskinan dengan
pendapatan orang / penduduk miskin.
TPG  i 1 (Yp  Yi )
H

Dimana Yp adalah garis kemiskinan absolut

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Figure 5.6

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Mengukur Kemiskinan (2)
3. Average Poverty Gap => rata-rata
pendapatan yg dibutuhkan oleh
setiap orang miskin u/ tidak lagi
keluar dari
TPGkemiskinan
APG 
H

dimana :
H adalah jumlah penduduk miskin
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Mengukur Kemiskinan (3)

4. Normalized poverty gap (NPG)

adalah ukuran jurang kemiskinan
dibandingkan terhadap garis
kemiskinan. Nilainya berkisar
antara 0 hingga 1, dan dapat
dibandingkan antar negara:

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Mengukur Kemiskinan (4)

5. Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index
(FGT) : Ukuran derajat ketimpangan
diantara masyarakat miskin

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 Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan
dan Pembangunan (2)

Kuliah Kedelapan
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 Kemiskinan, Ketimpangan
dan Pembangunan

Sub Pokok Bahasan :

1. Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan
kesejahteraan sosial.
2. Kemiskinan Absolut : Cakupan dan ukuran.
3. Karakteristik ekonomi masyarakat miskin.
4. Cakupan pilihan kebijakan

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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan
Kesejahteraan Sosial

What’s so bad about inequality?

1. Inefisiensi ekonomi dan alokasi aset.
2. Melemahkan stabilitas sosial dan
solidaritas.
3. Ketidakadilan.

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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan
Kesejahteraan Sosial (2)

Pembangunan Dualistik dan

Pergeseran Kurva Lorenz :
Tiga tipologi khusus
– Perluasan sektor modern
– Pengayaan sektor modern
– Pengayaan sektor tradisional

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Figure 5.7

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Figure 5.8

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Figure 5.9

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 Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan
Kesejahteraan Sosial (3)
Hipotesis Kurva U-terbalik Kuznets
Bukti Kurva U terbalik

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Peningkatan pendapatan per kapita
memperparah ketimpangan?

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Figure 5.11

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Figure 5.12

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Kemiskinan, ketimpangan dan
Kesejahteraan Sosial (4)

 Growth and inequality (see Figure 5.13)

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Figure 5.13

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 Figure 5.14

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Kemiskinan Absolut:
Cakupan dan Ukuran

 Kemiskinan : Beberapa perkembangan

 Pertumbuhan dan kemiskinan

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 Figure 5.15

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Figure 5.16

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 Table 5.4

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Table 5.4 (cont’d)

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Table 5.4 (cont’d)

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Figure 5.17 (a)

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 Figure 5.17 (b)

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Table 5.6

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Karakteristik Ekonomi Kelompok
Masyarakat Miskin
Kemiskinan Pedesaan
(Tabel 5.5)
Perempuan dan
kemiskinan.
Etnis minoritas,
penduduk pribumi dan
kemiskinan
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Table 5.5

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The Range of Policy Options: Some
Basic Considerations

 Areas of intervention
 Policy options
– Changing relative factor prices
– Progressive redistribution of asset ownership
– Progressive taxation
– Transfer payments and public provision of goods
and services
 The need for a ‘package’ of policies
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Area intervensi

 Mengubah distribusi fungsional.

 Memeratakan distribusi ukuran.
 Mengurangi distribusi ukuran penduduk
berpengahsasilan tinggi
 Meninkatkan distribusi ukuran penduduk
berpengahsasilan rendah.

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Bidang-bidang Intervensi kebijakan

 Mengubah distribusi fungsional.

 Memeratakan distribusi ukuran
 Mengurangi distribusi ukuran golongan
penduduk berpenghasilan tinggi.
 Meningkatkan distribusi ukuran golongan
penduduk berpengasilan rendah.

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 Figure 5.18

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