You heat 2.53 g of metallic mercury in air, which produces 2.73 g of a red-
orange residue. Assume that the chemical change is the reaction of the
metal with oxygen in air.
2.1
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
Law of _________________________________
2.1
Using compositions of compounds and
assumed formulas, Dalton was able to
determine the relative masses of the
atoms.
› Dalton based his scale on H = 1 amu.
We now base it on C-12 = 12 amu exactly.
› Unit = atomic mass unit.
Amu or dalton.
Absolute sizes of atoms:
› Mass of H atom= 1.67 x 10-24g.
› Volume of H atom = 2.1 x 10-25cm3.
10
Katoda dihubungkan dengan sumber listrik kutup negatif
Anoda dihubungkan dengan sumber listrik kutup positif
.
Some a particles
go through, but are deflected.
14
1. Atom mengandung pusat padat kecil yang disebut
nukleus.
Jumlah ruang yang diambil oleh inti hanya sekitar
1/10 triliun volume atom.
2. Inti dasarnya memiliki seluruh massa atom.
Elektron berbobot sangat sedikit sehingga praktis
tidak memberikan massa pada atom.
3. Nukleus bermuatan positif.
Jumlah muatan positif menyeimbangkan muatan
negatif elektron.
4. Elektron tersebar di ruang kosong atom yang
mengelilingi nukleus.
Seperti tetesan air di awan.
15
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
-24 -19
Proton (p) 1.67 x 10 +1.6 x 10 +1
Shell or Orbit
The Atom Hydrogen
Proton Electron
Proton Electron
Neutron
Proton Electron
Neutron
Neutrons
The Atom Beryllium
Protons Electrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Neutrons
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
2.3
2.3
Menentukan perbandingan muatan terhadap massa (e/m)
dari ion positif yang dihasilkan dalam sebuah tabung sinar
kanal
“ Dalam gas neon biasa kira-kira 91% dari atom-atom
mempunyai massa normal dan 9% dari atom-atom
tersebut 22/20 lebih berat dari normal”.
KESIMPULAN
Atom-atom dari unsur yang sama dapat sedikit berbeda
dalam massanya
ISOTOP
Symbols
Find each of these:
a) number of protons
b) number of neutrons
c) number of electrons
d) Atomic number symbol Cl
e) Mass Number
name Chlorine
atomic number 17
Na 11 protons 11 protons
Na+
11 electrons 10 electrons
Cl 17 protons 17 protons
Cl-
17 electrons 18 electrons
2.5
2.4
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
Naturally occurring carbon consists of three isotopes, 12C, 13C,
and 14C. State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
in each of these carbon atoms.
12C 13C 14C
6 6 6
LecturePLUS Timberlake 38
12C 13C 14C
6 6 6
LecturePLUS Timberlake 39
Na
22.99
Listed on the periodic table
Gives the mass of “average” atom of each
element compared to 12C
Average atom based on all the isotopes
and their abundance %
LecturePLUS Timberlake 40
Percent(%) abundance of isotopes
Mass of each isotope of that element
Weighted average =
mass isotope1(%) + mass isotope2(%) + …
100 100
LecturePLUS Timberlake 41
Isotopes Mass of Isotope Abundance
24Mg = 24.0 amu 78.70%
25Mg = 25.0 amu 10.13%
26Mg = 26.0 amu 11.17%
Atomic mass (average mass) Mg = 24.3 amu
Mg
24.3
LecturePLUS Timberlake 42
Gallium is a metallic element found in
small lasers used in compact disc
players. In a sample of gallium, there is
60.2% of gallium-69 (68.9 amu) atoms and
39.8% of gallium-71 (70.9 amu) atoms.
What is the atomic mass of gallium?
LecturePLUS Timberlake 43
A sample of boron consists of 10B (mass
10.0 amu) and 11B (mass 11.0 amu). If the
average atomic mass of B is 10.8 amu,
what is the % abundance of each boron
isotope?
LecturePLUS Timberlake 44
Copper has two isotopes 63Cu (62.9 amu)
and 65Cu (64.9 amu). What is the %
abundance of each isotope? (Hint:
Check periodic table for atomic mass)
LecturePLUS Timberlake 45