Batuan Beku

Perkembangan Tektonik Global

 Sir Francis Bacon (1620) : dalam Novum Organum berpendapat
adanya kesamaan bentuk antara pantai barat Afrika dan Amerika
Selatan (Pantai Atlantik dan Pasifik)

 Francois Placet (1666) : menghubungkan terpisahnya amerika

dengan banjir Nabi Nuh. Dia berpendapat amerika pada awalnya
adalah satu dan terpisah dari Eropa dan Afrika karena pengaruh
“Atlantis”

 Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (1858) membuat postulat teori apungan

(“drift’) dan hubungannya dengan multiple catasrophism-banjir
besar sebagai katatropa akhir
 Perkembangan Tektonik Lempeng
 Lahir teori “uniformitarianism/ actualism’ oleh
James Button (mid 19th)
 F.B Taylor (1910) : “drift” sangat berperan
dalam membentuk jalur pegunungan dan asal
usul tata ruang bumi
 Alfred Wegener (meteorologist, 1912) :
memperkenalkan teori “continental drift” dari
data geologi stuktur, fosil, iklim purba
 Continental Drift

 Pandangan mengenai keadaan permukaan bumi di

mana benua-benua digambarkan sebagai benda-benda
yang mengapung, bergeser dan berpindah dari
kedudukan awalnya (teori ini sangat radikal dan
revolusiner pada saat itu)
 Kegagalan teori ini adalah tidak dapat menjelaskan
mekanisme gaya penyebab bergesernya masa benua
sangat besar (solid rock) pada jarak yang jauh ?
 Continental Drift
 Menurut Wagener continental drift terjadi akibat
gaya sentripetal rotasi bumi
 Akibatnya sebagian besar ilmuwan saat itu
menolak teori tersebut
 GEJALA PEMISAHAN DAN
PERGESERAN BENUA

OLEH ALFRED WEGENER (1912)

BENUA-BENUA DISEBELAH-MENYEBELAH ATLANTIK

JUGA INDIA-AUSTRALIA-EURASIA DAN ANTARTIKA,
MENYATU DI SEBUT :
Rekontruksi Benua dan
Samudera
 Perkembangan Tektonik Lempeng
 Holmes (1928) : pergerakan continent
diakibatkan oleh arus konveksi akibat energi
panas peluruhan radio aktif
 Perkembangan Tektonik Lempeng
 Penelitian dengan magnetometer (1950) untuk
mendeteksi submarine menunjukkan adanya
variasi magnetik di lantai samudera (batuan
basalt)
 Penelitian pada mid oceanic ridge mendapatkan
variasi magnetik tidak random tetapi membentuk
pola seperti “zebra-stripe
Hasil Penelitian Dengan
Magnetometer
 Perkembangan Tektonik Lempeng
 Penelitian difokuskan pada lautan (mid oceanic
ridge)
 Harry.H.Hess dan R.S. Dietz (1961)
mengenalkan teori “sea floor sperading”
 Sea Floor Spreading
 Oceanic crust berasal dari mantel bumi dan lahir di mid
oceanic system (vulcanic submarine)
 Oceanic crust (Si-Ma) lebih tipis daripada Continental
crust (Si-Al)
 Pergerakan lateral oceanic crust akibat arus konveksi
pada mantel atas
 Oceanic crust menunjam dibawah continental crust
pada palung samudera (permukaan bumi konstan)
PENEMUAN-PENEMUAN BARU DI BIDANG ILMU KELAUTAN

DAN HIPOTESA PEMEKARAN LANTAI SAMUDERA

 MELALUI ARUS KONVEKSI DI DALAM MANTEL BUMI
MAGMA NAIK DAN MUNCUL DIPERMUKAAN DI PUNGGUNG-2
SAMUDERA DAN MENYUSUP KEDALAM MANTEL PADA PALUNG
 DIETZ (1961)
DIKEMBANGKAN HARRY HESS (1962)
OLEH : SEBAGAI :

HIPOTESA
“PEMEKARAN LANTAI SAMUDERA”
MENCETUSKAN
PEMIKIRAN
“ARUS KONVEKSI”
TIDAK BERHASIL
MENJELASKAN SECARA
MEKANIS PERGESERAN
BENUA (SI - AL)

• E. ARGAND (1924)
• ARTHUR HOLMES (1931, 1944) KEGAGALANNYA
• A. L. du TOIT (1937)

ALFRED WEGENER (1912, 1929)

 DIETZ (1961)
HARRY HESS (1962)
SEBAGAI :

DITATA TAHAP
DEMI TAHAP SEHINGGA HIPOTESA
MENJADI : “PEMEKARAN LANTAI SAMUDERA”

CIKAL-BAKAL DARI
“TEORI TEKTONIK LEMPENG”
1. LITOSFIR BERSIFAT KAKU
DAN TEGAR, TERDIRI DARI
KERAK DAN MANTEL ATAS
BAGIAN ATAS
PRINSIP-PRINSIP DASAR
TEKTONIK LEMPENG : 2. TERPECAH-PECAH MENJADI
PELAT-PELAT YANG DISEBUT
LEMPENG-LEMPENG LITOSFIR
3. LITOSFIR TERLETAK DI ATAS
LAPISAN ASTENOSFIR YAITU
BAGIAN MANTEL BUMI YANG
BERSIFAT MUDAH MENGALIR
PRINSIP-2 DASAR TEKTONIK LEMPENG

INTERAKSI KONVERGEN
EVOLUSI TEKTONIK SE ASIA

HALL (1996)
 The Rock
Cycle
-Melting & Intrusion
-Solidification of melt
-Mountain Building
-Uplift & Exposure
-Weathering
-Erosion & Transport
-Deposition & Burial
-Metamorphism
-Melting & Intrusion
Fig 4.9
Basics
The Rock Cycle is a group
of changes in which:
Igneous rock can
change into
sedimentary rock or into
metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rock can
change into
metamorphic rock or
into igneous rock.
Metamorphic rock can
change into igneous or
sedimentary rock.
 Igneous Rock

Igneous rock is formed when magma cools and makes

crystals.
Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. The
minerals can form crystals when they cool.
Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma
cools slowly or igneous rock can form above ground, where
the magma cools quickly.
 The crystals grow together and form one igneous rocks.
 2 Types of Igneous Rocks
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS – When igneous
rocks are formed by magma that cools
BENEATH Earth’s surface, they are called
intrusive igneous rocks
EXTUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS – When igneous
rocks are formed by LAVA ON Earth’s surface,
they are called extrusive igneous rocks
Figure 4.11
 Bentuk batuan Intrusif pada kerak bumi :
1. Batolit (batholith) : berkristal kasar dan
berkomposisi garnitik
2. Stok (stock) : komposisi sama dengan
batolit tetapi berukuran lebih kecil <100 km
3. Korok (dike) : berbentuk meniang
(tabular), memotong arah struktur batuan
4. Sill dan Lakolit : berbentuk tabular,
memotong sejajar arah umum batuan
-Melting & Intrusion
-Solidification of melt X
-???
-???
-???
X
-??? X
-???
--> Sandstone
Fig 4.9
(a) The Rock Cycle

E.g., Convergent
Plate Boundary
-Subducting slab
-Mantle melting
-Bouyant rise of melt
Fig 4.9
 (b) The Rock Cycle
E.g., Convergent Plate
Boundary Extrusive
- Solidification of melt rocks
- Volcanic activity

Intrusive
rocks

Fig 4.9
Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks
 Intrusive: crystallized from slowly cooling
magma intruded within the Earth’s crust;
e.g. granite, gabbro.
Granite Gabbro
 Rock Intrusive:
Course-grained,
Texture interlocking
Fig. 5.1
Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks
 Extrusive: crystallized from rapidly cooling
magma extruded on the surface of the Earth
as lava, …
Rhyolite Basalt
 Rock Intrusive:
Course-grained,
Extrusive:
Fine-grained, discrete
Texture interlocking crystals, often glassy
Fig. 5.1
Genetic Classification of Igneous Rocks
 Extrusive: … or erupted as pyroclastic
material, i.e., fragmented pieces of magma
ejected and cooled in the air.
Ash
Pumice

Scoria
 Formation of Igneous Rocks
Pyroclasts

Extrusive

Intrusive

Porphyry:
partially
Fig. 5.3 crystalline
 Process of Intrusion
 Intrusive rocks fracture and cross-cut the
“country rock”.
 Igneous rocks cool quickly near the intrusive
contacts, and cause contact metamorphism.

Fig. 5.2
BIG COOLED SLOWLY INTRUSIVE
CRYSTALS UNDERGROUND

SMALL COOLED EXTRUSIVE

CRYSTALS QUICKLY AFTER
AN ERUPTION
 Composition and Classification of
Igneous Rocks

 Chemistry: e.g. % SiO2

 Mineralogy: e.g.
 Felsic - high silica (continental crust)

 Intermediate - intermediate silica

 Mafic - low silica (oceanic crust)

 Ultramafic - very low silica (mantle)

 Felsic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks rich in minerals high in
silica and low in iron and magnesium.
They include:
Granite Rhyolite
 Mafic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks rich in minerals low in
silica and high in iron and
magnesium. They include:
Gabbro Basalt
Common Minerals
 Intermediate Igneous
Rocks:
Igneous rocks intermediate in
composition between felsic and mafic
igneous rocks. They include:
Granodiorite (Dacite) Diorite (Andesite)
 Ultramafic Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks with very low silica
content, consisting dominantly of
mafic minerals. The most common
ultramafic rock is:
Peridotite (no extrusive equivalent)
Fig. 5.4
 Granite
Compositional
Classification
Quartz

Orthoclase

Biotite
Granite
Plagioclase
 Granite
Compositional
Granodiorite Classification

Quartz
Granite
Amphibole

Plagioclase
 Granite
Compositional
Granodiorite Classification

Diorite

Granite
Plagioclase

Amphibole
 Granite
Compositional
Granodiorite Classification

Diorite

Granite
Gabbro

Plagioclase

Pyroxene
 Granite
Compositional
Granodiorite Classification

Diorite

Granite
Gabbro
Pyroxene
Olivine

Peridotite
Table. 5.2 Felsic Intermediate Mafic

Granite Granodiorite Diorite Gabbro

Rhyolite Dacite Andesite Basalt

Viscosity
Melting Temperature
 How do magmas form?

When rocks melt (or partially melt).

When do rocks melt?

When the temperature exceeds the melting point

of the rock or some minerals within the rock.
 Factors that Affect Melting of
Minerals (and Rocks)

 Composition: Felsic minerals melt at lower

temperatures than mafic minerals
 Pressure: Increased pressures raises melting
points
 Water Content: Increased water content
lowers melting points
 The Formation of
Magma pools in
magma chamber
Magma
Chambers
Magma rises Buoyant melt migrates through rock
pores and fractures.

Less dense magma Melt is less dense than solid. Low

density minerals tend to melt first.

Partial melting Some minerals melt before others.

Results in mixture of melt and solid.
- Covers 15,400 mi2 !!
- Composition
- Granite
- Monzonite
- Granodiorite
- Diorite
- Even Gneiss
- All in one “magma chamber”
 Why do magmas have such
different compositions - even when
derived from a single “parent
magma”
e.g., granite, granodiorite, diorite
Magma Differentiation
The process by which rocks of various
compositions can arise from a uniform
parent magma

Occurs because different minerals

crystallize at different temperatures
(i.e., the opposite of partial melting)