Biotechnology
• Contoh:
• Bakteri yang menghasilkan insulin manusia
2. Kloning
3. Penyambungan gen (gen splicing)
4. Gel elektroforesis: menganalisis DNA
Seleksi buatan
REKOMBINASI REKAYASA
• Rekombinasi rekayasa/rekayasa genetika = proses
pengubahan gen dengan tujuan mendapatkan organisme
baru yang memiliki sifat sesuai yang dikehendaki.
Contoh rekayasa genetika:
1. rekombinasi DNA
2. fusi sel
3. transfer inti.
Rekombinasi DNA
Transgenik
• Transgenik = tanaman yang telah direkayasa bentuk
maupun kualitasnya melalui penyisipan gen atau DNA
binatang, bakteri, mikroba, atau virus untuk tujuan
tertentu.
• Organisme transgenik adalah organisme yang
mendapatkan pindahan gen dari organisme lain.
DNA dan RNA
• Dalam rekayasa genetika DNA
dan RNA
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic Acid) :
DNA penyimpan informasi genetika
RNA • DNA : molekul yang sangat
Purin : Adenin (A) panjang terdiri dari ribuan
Adenin (A) deoksinukleotida (4 jenis) yang
Guanin (G) bergabung dalam suatu urutan
Guanin (G) yg bersifat khas bagi setiap
organisme
Pirimidin: Sitosin (C) • Sel eukariotik memiliki DNA
Sitosin (C) yang lebih besar dibandingkan
Timin (T) Urasil dgn prokariotik, DNA ini
(U) membentuk kromosom dalam
nukleus yang dikelilingi
Ikatan fosfodiester
membran
menggabungkan • Virus terdapat RNA atau DNA
nukleotida berikutnya • RNA dalam sel : RNA ribosom (r
RNA), RNA pemindah (t RNA)
dan RNA data (m RNA)
kloning
• Langkah 3:
– Inti sel tubuh diploid dimasukkan ke dalam telur.
– Telur ini tidak lagi perlu dibuahi karena memiliki semua 46
kromosom.
• Langkah 4: Telur kemudian dialiri dengan listrik untuk
memulai mitosis.
• Langkah 5: Ini kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam ibu
23
46
KEUNTUNGAN :
insulin lebih murah
Tidak ada efek samping karena insulin
manusia.
pernah menggunakan insulin babi tapi ada
efek samping dan harganya lebih mahal
MAKING RECOMBINANT DNA
Cloning perlu…1) Restriction
Enzymes
• A restriction enzyme
– Substrate –DNA -recognizes one particular nucleotide sequence in DNA
and cuts the DNA molecule (breaks down the bond between two
nucleotides)
sticky ends blunt ends
2. Ligation-ligase
ATP
Tools for Genetic engineering
3. Vectors
• Vectors - small pieces of DNA used for cloning (the gene to be
inserted into the genetically modified organism must be combined
with other genetic elements in order for it to work properly)
• Requirements of the Vector
1. Self-replication - able to replicate in the host (origin of
repliction)
2. Cloning site (site for recognition of restriction nucleases)
3. Promoter (and operator) - to support the gene (new DNA) expression in the
host
1. Plasmid vectors
– Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA
– Encode antibiotic resistance ( selection marker)
Antibiotic
Resistance
Gene
Hosts for DNA recombinant technology
1. Bacteria
- E. coli - used because is easily grown and its
genomics are well understood.
– Gene product is purified from host cells
4. Mammalian cells
– May express eukaryotic genes easily
Recombinant DNA technology - Cloning
A process of producing genetically modified organisms
P O LacZ
cloning site
Cloning restriction site
– The cloning site (restriction enzymes site) is inserted into the β-galactosidase
gene.
P O Desired gene ~ Lac Z
– Cloning the desired gene at that site destroys β-galactosidase gene.
Blue-white screening system
2. The vector is then transformed into host competent cell
(bacteria).
• Host is sensitive to ampicillin
• Host is β-galactosidase negative (do not carry LacZ gene)
4. Results
– Clones lacking the vector will not grow.
– Clones containing the vector without the new gene will be resistant to
ampicillin, able to metabolized X-gal and will be blue.
– Clones containing the recombinant vector will be resistant to ampicillin
and unable to hydrolyze X-gal (white colonies).
Screening for the desired Gene
• Identify the particular cell that contains the specific gene of interest
(Presence of the vector with correct gene of interest)
5’ *AGGCTTGTACTTTGGCGG 3’
2. Mutagenesis
Memodifikasi gen pada organisme tersebut dengan
mengganti sekuen basa nitrogen pada DNA yang ada
untuk diganti dengan basa nitrogen lain sehingga terjadi
perubahan sifat pada organisme tersebut, contoh: semula
sifatnya tidak tahan hama menjadi tahan hama.
Applications of recombinant DNA technology
1. Scientific applications
– Many copies of DNA can be produced
– Increase understanding of DNA
– Identify mutations in DNA
– Alter the phenotype of an organism
– Bioinformatics is the use of computer applications to study
genetic data;
– Proteomics – proteomics is the study of a cell’s proteins.
• determination of all the proteins expressing in the cell
Applications of recombinant DNA technology
• Shotgun sequencing - Recombinant DNA techniques were used
to map the human genome through the Human Genome Project
- has 24 distinct chromosomes (22 autosomal + X + Y)
- with a total of approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs
– containing an estimated 20,000–25,000 genes
– with only about 1.5-2% coding for proteins
– the rest comprised by RNA genes, regulatory
sequences, introns and controversially so-called
junk DNA
Figure 9.16