&
PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN KERJA
Konsep Dasar
KECELAKAAN
(Industrial Accident)
• Tidak direncanakan (unplanned)
• Terjadinya tiba-tiba (suddenly)
• Menghentikan proses yg direncanakan
• Tidak diinginkan (undesired)
• Mengakibatkan :
– Meninggal
– Penyakit akibat kerja
– Cidera
– Kerusakan asset
– Kerusakan lingkungan
– Peningkatan liabilitas
Happen
CONSEQUENCES After ACCIDENT
the
I njury
D amage CAUSES
L oss
E motion P lant, Processes, Premises
E quipment
All of which could not
E nvironment
happen without
P EOPLE
REMOVE THE CAUSES S ystems of work
• TEORI DOMINO
• SINGLE FACTOR TEORY
• MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY
• TEORI 4MS`
• ENERGY THEORY
• TEORI De Reamer
TEORI DOMINO
(William W. Heinrich 1930)
A B C D E
PERSYARATAN PENGENDALIAN :
ENERGY MATERIAL
KONDISI
BERBAHAYA
SITE &
STRUCTURE MACHINERY
DISEBABKAN OLEH :
-Environmental Stress
-Failures
-Design Characteristics
THE ACCIDENT TRIANGLE
Minor injury
Damage only
No injury accidents
RESULT 300 (90,90%)
Fatalities
1
30 Minor Incidents
RESULT
300 Recordable Incidents
Attention to FACILITIES
ACCIDENT RATE
Attention to PEOPLE =
Effectiveness of
existing OSH MS
TIME
HUMAN FACTORS
HUMAN FACTORS is
the Integration and application
of available scientific knowledge about :
- PEOPLE
- FACILITIES and
- MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
to improve interaction in the workplaces
INTEGRASI DAN
APPLIKASI
N T
M E
G E E
A M
N STE ssessmaining) e nt , L stic
A
M SY Risk Aion, Tr O P ac
r i
te r)
ar avio
u r es, tigat PE n
h
C eh
s B
ced nve
o I
a
m d
(Pr dent (h
u an
i
Inc
FACILITIES nels,
(Pumps Control System, Pa
Valves, Cranes)
HUMAN FACTOR
OR
AL
GA
DU
N
IVI
IZA
HUMAN
IND
TIO
FACTOR
(Health & Safety Executive -1999)
JOB N
ORGANISATION
(Culture, Leadership, Resources,
Work patterns, Communications)
(HSE, 1997)
Reason’s “Swiss-cheese”
Model of Human Error
Latent Failures
Input Organizational
Factor
Latent Failures
Unsafe
Supervision
Active Failures
Unsafe
Acts
Failed or
Absent Defenses
Accident &
Injury
HUMAN FACTOR
SLIPS
UNINTENDED
LAPSE
ACTIONS (ERROR)
MISTAKE
UNSAFE
ACTS MISTAKE
INTENDED
ACTIONS
VIOLATION
HUMAN FAILURE TYPES
SLIP
OF ACTIONS
SKILL BASED
ERRORS
LAPSE OF
MEMORY
ERRORS
RULE BASED
MISTAKE MISTAKE
HUMAN
FAILURE KNOWLEDGE
BASED MISTAKE
ROUTINE
VIOLATIONS SITUATIONAL
EXCEPTIONAL
Human Factor Spectrum
KASUS KECELAKAAN
INCIDENT YEAR HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES
Flixborough 1974 A poorly designated modification
Bhopal 1984 Absence of system maintenance
Chernobyl 1987 Violation of safe operational
procedures
Piper Alpha 1988 - poor communication
-break down of maintenance
procedures
- Employee did not feel they could
shut down the process without
gaining authority to do so from the
offshore management
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES
MAN
• USIA • PENDIDIKAN/
• JENIS KELAMIN LATIHAN
• FISIK • MOTIVASI
• SKILL • EMOSIONAL
• SIKAP/PERILAK • DSB
U
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
MACHINE
MEDIA
• SUHU • KEBISINGAN
• LINGKUNGAN • DEBU
PADAT/KUMUH • EMISI GAS
• KELEMBABAN • DSB.
• SIRKULASI
UDARA
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
MANAGEMENT
• MANAGEMENT • KEBIJAKAN
STYLE DAN
• STRUKTUR PROSEDUR
ORGANISASI • URAIAN TUGAS
• ALIRAN • DSB.
KOMUNIKASI
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
CONTROL MEASURES
CONTROL STRATEGY
1. MENGHINDARKAN PENGGUNAAN ENERJI
BERPOTENSI BAHAYA TINGGI
2. MENEKAN JUMLAH ENERJI YANG
DIGUNAKAN
3. MENCEGAH TERLEPASNYA ENERJI
4. MERUBAH TINGKAT ENERJI YANG
TERLEPAS DARI SUMBERNYA
5. MEMISAHKAN ENERJI YANG DILEPASKAN
SESUAI DENGAN WAKTU/ TEMPAT
ENERGY THEORY
CONTROL STRATEGY
1. IMMEDIATE CAUSES
2. CONTRIBUTING CAUSES
IMMEDIATE CAUSE
TERMASUK DALAM KELOMPOK INI :
1. UNSAFE ACTS
(perbuatan berbahaya)
2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS
(kondisi berbahaya)
CONTRIBUTING CAUSES
INDIRECT
INDIRECT UNSAFE
UNSAFE UNSAFE
CAUSES
CAUSES CONDITIONS ACTS
UNPLANNED
UNPLANNED
DIRECT
DIRECT RELEASE
RELEASE OF
OF
CAUSES
CAUSES ENERGY
ENERGY
ACCIDENT
STRUCTURE OF ACCIDENT
S
T
ACCIDENT MODEL
HUMAN
FAILURE Unsafe acts
INCIDENT
PERFORMANCE
INFLUENCING FACTORS Fail to
recover situation
ORGANISATION
PERSON JOB
Failure of ACCIDENT
mitigation
KONSEP LAIN DALAM MEMILIH
TINDAKAN
PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN
• MELALUI 4E`S :
– ENGINEERING
– EDUCATION
– ENFORCEMENT
– ENTHUSIASM
MELALUI 4E`S
ENGINEERING
• SUBSITUSI
• MODIFIKASI PROSES
• MENEKAN/MENGURANGI JUMLAH
INVENTORI
• DISAIN
• ALAT PENGAMAN/PELINDUNG
• WARNING SYSTEM
• DLL
MELALUI 4E`S
EDUCATION
• LATIHAN K3 UNTUK MANAJER, SUPERVISOR,
OPERATOR, PEKERJA BARU
• PENGGUNAAN PROSEDUR KERJA AMAN/SOP
• MENGOPERASIKAN MESIN DENGAN BENAR
DAN AMAN
• PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI
• PROSEDUR KEADAAN DARURAT
• REGU PENANGGULANGAN KEBAKARAN
• PENILAIAN RISIKO
• DLL
MELALUI 4E`S
ENFORCEMENT
ENTHUSIASM
• DIDASARKAN KEPADA :
– FREQUENCY (KEKERAPAN)
– SEVERITY (KEPARAHAN)
– COST (BIAYA)
– KOMBINASI
PENDEKATAN DALAM
PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN
1. PENDEKATAN REAKTIF
INVESTIGA PREVENTIVE
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
TION ACTION
PENDEKATAN DALAM
PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN
2. PENDEKATAN PROAKTIF
ANALYSIS OF
PREVENTIVE
POTENTIAL ACCIDENT
PROGRAM
ACCIDENTS
Tugas
Buatlah analisis pencegahan kecelakaan kerja
pada?
1. Proyek jalan raya (absen 1-4)
2. Proyek pembangunan gedung (absen 5-8)
3. Bengkel mobil dan motor (absen 9-12)
4. Gedung sekolah (absen 13-16)
5. Laboratorium (absen 17-20)
6. Rumah Sakit (absen 21-24)
7. Mall (absen 25-27)