LAPORAN KASUS
Fadli Ramadan C111 12 889 Pembimbing :
Puteri Rofatul Aini. K C111 13 004 dr. Alifia Ayu Delima
Yuanita Tri Namirah C111 13 570
Sri Nur Cahyani Iskandar C111 13 034
* Nama : Tn. Mastang Pawi
* Umur : 48 tahun
* Jenis kelamin : laki-Laki
* Pekerjaan : Karyawan Swasta
* Pendidikan : S1
* Alamat : Jalan Masjid Nurul Dalam No. 1 Daya
*IDENTITAS PASIEN
*RIWAYAT PENYAKIT
* Keluhan Utama SEKARANG
: Sakit Kepala sejak 3 hari sebelumnya
Extremitas
Pitting edema : -/- (dorsum pedis), -/- (pretibial)
Perdarahan (-), palmar eritam (-), akral hangat
PEMERIKSAAN FISIS
Jantung
Inspeksi : Ictus cordis tampak
Systolic Diastolic
Category (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
> 65 years
USA: JNC VI. Arch Intern Med 1997 Marques-Vidal P et al. J Hum Hypertens 1997
Canada: Joffres et al. Am J Hypertens 1997
England: Colhoun et al. J Hypertens 1998
France: Chamontin et al. Am J Hypertens 1998
Adapted from G. Mancia / L. Ruilope
* Total Mortality and Continuous
Ambulatory Blood Pressure
Systolic
Systolic Blood
Blood Pressure
Pressure Diastolic
Diastolic Blood
Blood Pressure
Pressure
7 5
6
events/100 pt/yrs
4
5
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
mm Hg mm Hg
< 140 140-159 160-179 180-199 200+ < 80 80-89 90-99 100-109 110+
15
MI
MI Stroke
Stroke
20
Stage 2+ hypertension
15
CHF
Cumulative Stage 1+ hypertension
Incidence 10
(%)
5
Normal BP
0 5 10
15
Years
Lenfant From Baseline
C, Roccella Exam Suppl. 1999;17:S3-S7.
EJ. J Hypertens
Data from Levy D et al. JAMA. 1996;275:1557-1562.
* Benefits of Lowering BP
* Secondary Hypertension :
* Renal disease :
* Renal arterial disease
* Renal parenchymal disease
* Renal tumors
* Arteritis (polyarteritis nodosa, neurofibromatosis)
* Endocrine Disorders
* Cushing’s syndrome
* Acromegaly
* Primary aldosteronism
* Pheochromocytoma
* Coarctation of the aorta
* Neurologic disorders
* Increased intra cranial pressure (tumor)
* Drug-induced hypertension
* Corticosteroids
* Amphetamines
* Oral contraceptives
* Psychogenic disorders
* Komplikasi Hipertensi
Eyes Brain Kerusakan Target Organ!!
retinopathy stroke
Kerusakan yang
Heart disebabkan oleh hipertensi
ischaemic heart disease tergantung :
Kidneys left ventricular hypertrophy
renal failure heart failure • Besarnya peningkatan
tekanan darah
• Lamanya kondisi
tekanan darah yang
Peripheral arterial disease
tidak terdiagnosis dan
tidak diobati
* Symptoms
* Headache
* Dizziness
* Fatigue
* Pounding of the heart
Symptoms are not specific and no more frequent
than in patients with normotension.
* Symptoms of complications : heart failure,
chest pain, claudication, vision
* Evaluasi Klinik Hipertensi :
* Pemeriksaan Laboratorium :
* Urinalisis untuk darah, protein dan gula serta pemeriksaan mikroskopik urin
* Serum kalium, kreatinin, gula darah puasa & 2 jam dan profil lemak, asam urat
* Pemeriksaan tambahan :
* Pemeriksaan hormonal seperti pengukuran aktifitas renin plasma,
aldosteron plasma dan katekolamin urine atas indikasi khusus (hipertensi
sekunder)
* Pemeriksaan EKG
* Pemeriksaan foto polos dada
* Ekhokardiografi diperiksa bila mencurigakan adanya keru-sakan organ target
(LVH atau kelainan jantung yang lain)
* Ultrasonografi vaskuler bila mencurigakan adanya penyakit arteri karotis, aorta
atau perifer yang lain
* Ultrasonografi renal bila dicurigai adanya penyakit ginjal
* Angiografi
* Goals of Therapy (JNC-VII)
*Terapi Non-farmakologis
* Menurunkan berat badan (5-20 mmHg/10 kg)
* Latihan dan olah raga (4-9 mmHg)
* Menghindari alkohol yang berlebihan
* Mengurangi asupan garam (2-8 mmHg)
* Stop merokok
* Menurunkan asupan lemak jenuh
* Terapi Hipertensi
* Terapi Farmakologis
* tujuan terapi antihipertensi
* Memperbaiki fx. Endothel (?)
* untuk menurunkan resistensi vaskular
sistemik
* mempertahankan curah jantung
* mempertahankan suplai darah ke organ
dan jaringan
* Pengobatan diberikan seumur hidup
* Kepatuhan yang buruk merupakan penyebab
kegagalan terapi antihipertensi yang paling
besar
* Pilihan terapi antihipertensi
Diuretik
Beta-blocker
Antagonis kalsium
ACE-inhibitor
Angiotensin II receptor
antagonis (AIIRA)/ARB
Alpha1-blocker (sentral & perifer)
* Risk Stratification and Treatment
(JNC-VI)
Risk Group B Risk Group C
(At Least 1 Risk (TOD/CCD and/or
Risk Group A Factor, Not Including Diabetes, With or
Blood Pressure Stages (No Risk Factors Diabetes; No Without Other Risk
(mmHg) No TOD/CCD)† TOD/CCD) Factors)
High-normal Lifestyle Lifestyle Drug therapy§
(130-139/89-89) modification modification
Stage 1 Lifestyle Lifestyle Drug therapy
(140-159/90-99) modification modification‡
(up to 12 months) (up to 6 months)
Stages 2 and 3 Drug therapy Drug therapy Drug therapy
(> 160/> 100)
For example, a patient with diabetes and a blood pressure of 142/94 mmHg plus left ventricular hypertrophy should be classified as
having stage 1 hypertension with target organ disease (left ventricular hypertrophy) and with another major risk factor (diabetes). This
patient would be categorized as Stage 1, Risk Group C, and recommended for immediate initiation of pharmacologic treatment.
* Algorithm for Treatment of Hypertension
Lifestyle Modifications
Not at Goal
Blood Pressure