PRINSIP DASAR EKSPLORASI MINERAL

Arif Zardi Dahlius

Masyarakat Geologi Ekonomi Indonesia (MGEI)
Ikatan Ahli Geologi Indonesia (IAGI)

April 2016
Teknik Geologi, Universitas Trisakti
EKSPLORASI MINERAL (BATUBARA) : Upaya/ kegiatan untuk
menemukan deposit mineral dan endapan batubara, yang dapat
ditambang secara ekonomis

DALAM KERANGKA NKRI

 Untuk mengetahui neraca sumberdaya dan cadangan mineral dan batubara

Indonesia

 Pemanfaatan sebesar-besarnya untuk kepentingan bangsa dan negara RI,

sesuai amanat UUD dan UU
KARAKTERISTIK KEGIATAN EKSPLORASI
 Kegiatan (bisnis) yang berisiko tinggi:
 rasio sukses 1 : 100 (gold and base metal)
 lead time - lama
 Harus dilakukan jauh sebelum deposit yang ada habis (depleted)
 Investor menghadapi ketidakpastian apakah akan menerima keuntungan
nantinya terhadap dana yang diinvestasikan

Eksplorasi menjadi kegiatan UNIK yang tidak semua orang bisa memahami.

MENGAPA MELAKUKAN EKSPLORASI ?

 Mineral bijih, mineral industri dan batubara adalah sumberdaya yang terbatas
(finite resources)
 Kebutuhan akan mineral bijih, mineral industri dan batubara meningkat terus
sejalan dengan pertambahan populasi dunia (manusia tidak akan “survive”
tanpa logam, mineral industri dan bahan bakar fosil)
 Untuk menjaga pemenuhan kebutuhan akan mineral bijih, mineral industri
dan batubara…… harus ada penemuan (discovery) baru

EKSPLORASI !!!
GOLD (+COPPER) MINE – LAPSE TIMES
Contract
Mine Owner Status Signed Production Lapse
           
Lebong Tandai Billiton (CSR) Closed 1985 1986 1
Gosowong Newcrest Closed 1997 1999 2
Wetar Billiton Closed 1986 1991 5
Ertsberg Freeport Closed 1967 1973 6
Pongkor Antam Production 1988 1994 6
Kelian Riotinto Closed 1985 1992 7
Mt. Muro Aurora Closed 1985 1994 9
Kencana Newcrest Production 1997 2006 9
Mesel Newmont Closed 1986 1996 10
Rawas Laverton Closed 1986 1997 11
Cibaliung Austindo/ Antam Production 1998 2010 12
Batu Hijau Newmont Production 1986 1999 13
Mt. Muro West Straits Production 1985 2004 19
Grasberg Freeport Production 1967 1989 22
   
Average Lapse Time (Years)       9.5
 ASPEK KUNCI UNTUK MENYUSUN STRATEGI EKSPLORASI
1. JENIS KOMODITI
 Umum di Indonesia: Au, Cu, Ag, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, bauksit, bijih besi, pasir besi,
batubara, mineral industri
 Potensi target masa depan: REE, uranium, Ni sulfida

2. MODEL GEOLOGI/ MINERALISASI

 Porphyry: Cu, Au (+/-Ag)
 Skarn: Cu, Au, Fe
 Epithermal: Au, Ag (+/- Pb, Zn, Cu)
 Laterite: Ni, Cr, Co, bauksit
 Orogenic/ metamorphic: Au
 Sedex: Zn, Pb
 Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS): Cu, Au, Pb, Zn
 Alluvial: Au, pasir besi
 Cekungan sedimen: batubara

3. TATANAN TEKTONIK DAN GEOLOGI

 Busur magmatik
 Cekungan sedimen
 Ophiolite belt
 Zona metamorphic
EXPLORATION TO CLOSURE
 Exploration to Mine Decision
Continue to MINING
Pre
Exploration Modeling
Desktop General ? Detail ? Feasibility ?
? Permit and Resource ?
Study Exploration Exploration and reserve
Clearance Estimation
Estimation
< $ 100 K < $1m $ 1-5 m $ 5-25m $1-2 m $ 1-2 m Stop Exploration

Feasibility Mining Detail

Detail Mine ? Constructi Mine
Study ? Permit ? Engineering ? Closure
Design on Operation
AMDAL Design
 Mine Decision to Closure Clearance

< $3-5m $ 1-2 m $ 1-2 m $1-2 m $ 25m-2B

$ - Cost Asscociated to the activity

 What need to be done

 Exploration to Mine Decision

Continue to MINING
Pre
Exploration Modeling
Desktop General ? Detail ? Feasibility ?
? Permit and Resource ?
Study Exploration Exploration and reserve
Clearance Calculation
calculation
< $ 100 K < $1m $ 1-5 m $ 5-50 m $ 0.5-1 m $ 1-2 Stop Exploration
m

General Geology
Forestry Statues
Landuse
Coal /Mineral Potential
IUP Application Mapping (geology Drilling Geology Model Pre Feasibility Study
IPPKH Expl and Geophysical) - Scout Drilling - Lithology / Seam - Metalurgycal Mapping
Socialization Trenching - Resource Drilling - Quality - Infrastructure Assesment
Test Pitting - Reserve Drilling - Alteration - Enviromental Assesment
Soil Sampling Scooping Study - Density - Pre Design Criteria
Database  Ore Definition - Geotechnical - Modifyng Factor Recognize
Scout Drilling  Bulk Sampling Test - Pre design pit LOM
 Metalurgical Test Resource Calculation
 Geotechnical Test - Inferred Reserve Calculation
- Indicated - Proven
- Measure - Probable

$ - Cost Asscociated to the activity

 General and detail exploration

General Detail
Exploration Exploration

$ 1-5 m $ 5-50 m
Geophysics – Aero mag and Aero radiometric Detail Geology Mapping
Geochemical – Stream Sediment Sampling (80#, 200#, BLEG) Detail Soil Sampling
Geophysical : Ground Magnetic and IP
Mapping Drilling :
- Mapping Geology - Scout Drilling
- Rock and Rock Genesis - Resource Drilling
- Mineralisasi / Coal - Reserve Drilling
- Alteration
- Stratigraphy Scooping Study
- Use Traverse line (GPS or Chain and Compass Specific Quality Test (Simple leach test; Bottle Role Test etc )
- Spur and Ridge Soil Mapping and Sampling (Auger, Leach Sampling) Bulk Sampling Test ( Metalurgical Test , Column Test, Bulk Production Test etc )
- Trenching, Test Pit Geotechnical Test ( Point Load, WI, Plasticity, etc )
Hydrology Test ( Rain Fall, Packer Test etc)
Database Collection

Scout Drilling
- Assure continuity of outcrop KEY OF SUCCESS
- To get fresher samples
1. Good Geologist ( Competent Geologist) that understand about MINING
2. Good and appropriate Drilling Equipment
KEY OF SUCCESS 3. Good Drilling Plan to get Inferred > Indicated > Measured Resource.
4. Good SOP
1. Good Geologist 5. Good QAQC
2. Good Standart Operation (SOP) 6. Good Sampling Methods
3. Good Equipment 7. Expert Involvement
4. Expert Involvement
 TAHAPAN EKSPLORASI MINERAL
Area of Interest Odds of finding
economic deposit
Time Cost/Km2 Typical Stage Method
<1:100,000 •
Area Selection •
In-house expertize
Published data review
1-6 100-10,000Km 2
To select, regions with favourable mineral potential and
$2-5 • Mineral deposit models
months >1:5,000 secure exploration/ mining contract/ licenses • literature studies

• Geology
Reconnaissance • Geochemistry
3-12 100-1,000Km 2
$100- To indetify mineralized areas and screen-out those not worth • Image interpretation
months 500 >1:1,000 further exploration • Geophysics

$1000- General Survey • Geology

6-18 To locate, sample and outline mineralized zones in the field, and • Prospecting
10-50Km 2
5000 • Geochemistry
months screen-out those not worth further investigation • Geophysics
>1:100

• Geology
$500,000- Exploration • Drilling
1-2 2-5Km2 1 million To preliminarily define deposits in 3D, estimate indicated • Geochemistry
years resources and screen-out worth further investigation • Geophysics
>1:10

• Geology
1-3Km2
Detailed Exploration • Drilling
To delineate ore bodies in detail, estimate measured resources, provide • Resource estimation
$3-1 million sufficient data to allow reserves to be estimated and allow a decission • Metallurgy
2-3
to be made whether to proceed to a feasibility study • Geotechnical
years • Mine design
• Environmental
>1:2 • Financial

3-5 years $>250 million Feasibility, Construction, Start of Mining

TECTONIC SETTING
 8 cm / y
7 cm / y

Present Tectonic Setting of Indonesia

Tectonic Setting and Metal Deposition
Tectonic Setting and Deposit Models (Goldfarb, 2009)
REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND MAGMATIC ARCS (Au, Cu, Ag, Pb, Zn, Fe)
OPHIOLITE/ ULTRAMAFIC BELTS (Ni, Co, Cr)
 GOLD + COPPER MINES 1990-2011

……. Sediment Hosted (Au)

……. LS Epithermal (Au)

……. HS Epithermal (Au)

Active ……. Porphyry/ Skarn (Au + Cu)

Closed ……. VMS (Au + Cu)

Toka Tindung

Lanut Gosowong
Buduk Mt. Muro
Kelian Kencana
Mesel
Rawas
Mt. Muro West
Lb Tandai

Pongkor Grasberg
Way Linggo

Cibaliung
Wetar
Cikidang

Batu Hijau
 PRIMARY GOLD + COPPER DEPOSITS/ OCCURENCES

……. Sediment Hosted (Au)

……. LS Epithermal (Au)

……. HS Epithermal (Au)

……. Porphyry/ Skarn (Au + Cu)

Seruyung ……. Metamorphic Hosted (Au)

Martabe
Pungkut
Tombulilato
Jelai-Mewet Kaputusan

Motomboto
Mirah
Paboya
Ojolali

Wabu
Awak Mas
Elang

Tujuh Bukit
Pangulir
SIMPLIFIED MAGMATIC ARC AXES
MAGMATIC ARCS vs GOLD ENDOWMENT
Non Magmatic Arc
Total Au: 237 Moz 0.76 Moz
 INDONESIA GOLD ENDOWMENT
Au (Moz) (status by Dec 2014)

TOTAL Au: 237 Moz ~ 7,311 tonnes

Au (Moz)
140.00&

120.00& 113.52&
Magmatic Arc
100.00&

80.00&
68.69&

60.00&

Deposit Type 40.00&

20.00& 14.88&12.44&
10.94&
5.12& 4.09& 3.83& 1.53&
0.76& 0.51& 0.46& 0.38&
0.00&

&

&
Eastern&

Sulawesi&

Western&

Kalimantan&

&

Sulawesi&

Halmahera&

Banda&

MoonJUtawaJObi&

MeratusJSumatera&
Papua&

Arc&

Schwanner&
Aceh&
Sunda&

&

Sunda&

&
North&

&

West&
Central&

MagmaI c&
Non& &
MAGMATIC ARC vs Endowment Cu,Au,Ag
(MGEI-IAGI, 2015)
ENDOWMENT (SUMBERDAYA) Au, Ag, Cu di INDONESIA
(MGEI – IAGI, 2015)
EXPLORATION WORKS
1. Preliminary survey (“grass root exploration”) – area
selection, reconnaissance, prospecting, general survey:
• Stream sediment prospecting
• Airborne geophysic surveys
• Interpretation (structures) from satellite imageries
• Regional geological mapping including rock sampling

2. Detailed follow up works – detailed exploration

• Soil sampling
• Ground geophysic survey
• Test pitting, trenching and rock sampling
• Detailed geological mapping
EXPLORATION WORKS – (Cont….)
3. Drill Testing – detailed exploration
• Scout drilling

4. Feasibility Study
• Grid pattern drilling for resource definition, metalurgical tests, etc
• Sampling for resource definition, met tests, geotechnic tests
• Geological modelling (domain concept, etc)
• Resource + reserve estimation
Obyek utama dalam pekerjaan eksplorasi  DATA

 Koleksi DATA (sampling, analisa laboratorium, QA/ QC, dll)

 Metodologi pemrosesan DATA (modelling)

 Hasil estimasi Sumberdaya dan Cadangan

 DATA ----- sampling (pengambilan conto)

DEFINISI
• Sampel (conto) adalah bagian terbatas dari populasi statistik yang dipelajari
untuk mendapatkan informasi dari keseluruhan populasi (Webster, 1985)
• Sampling (pengambilan conto) adalah tindakan, proses, atau teknik memilih
sampel yang sesuai atau yang mewakili populasi untuk tujuan menentukan
parameter atau karakteristik dari seluruh populasi

SAMPLING
• Metode sampling bervariasi, mulai dari sampel yang diambil dengan
sederhana pada singkapan batuan hingga dengan pemboran
• Mineralisasi di level permukaan sering kali kabur/tidak jelas karena
tertutup overburden, atau lapuk atau “leaching” di kedalaman
tertentu, sehingga mengaburkan sifat mineralisasinya.
 DATA ----- sampling (cont.)
PENANGANAN SAMPEL
• Nomor sampel yang unik
• Tanggal pengambilan sampel
• Dokumentasi menyeluruh atas pengambilan sampel di lapangan
• Sampel harus dijaga agar tidak ada perubahan kimia atau
terkontaminasi dari saat pengumpulan dengan waktu analisis
• Sisipkan sampel standard, blank dan duplikat di interval tertentu

QA/ QC
• Semua orang yang terlibat dalam pengambilan data (sampel) harus
memiliki pengalaman dan keahlian yang diperlukan.
• Tanggung jawab untuk menjaga konsistensi dan memastikan
pengambilan data yang dapat diterima dan diverifikasi kualitasnya
melalui penerapan program QA / QC.
DATA ----- sampling (cont.)
RESO
URCE
+
RESE
RVE
MOD
EL
&
PROD
GEOCHEMICAL
UCTI
ANALYSIS
ON
&
GEOLOGICAL
INTERPRETATION

SAMPLING
&
GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

SAMPLING
&
GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATION
Technical Data RESOURCE + RESERVE ESTIMATION PROCESSES

Source: Fahey (2011)

 8-13 yrs
4-8 yrs
2-5 yrs
1-3 yrs
MOST EXPENSIVE EXPLORATION COST - DRILLING
 PENUTUP
• Eksplorasi minerba – sangat spesifik, rumit, banyak paramater (variabel) yang
perlu dipertimbangkan, memerlukan waktu lama dan melibatkan dana besar
dengan resiko kegagalan tinggi

• Resiko paling tinggi dalam industri pertambangan adalah “geological risk” –

pemahaman geologi suatu “project” harus diutamakan

• Teknologi pasti akan berkembang cepat menggantikan peran manusia/ pekerja. Di

bidang operasional tambang mungkin ini akan terjadi lebih cepat dan real krn
sebagian besar jenis kerjaan dpt dikuantifikasi. Tetapi di bidang eksplorasi, ada
bagian yg susah (utk tidak bilang tidak mungkin) dikuantifikasi, yakni intuisi
geologist. Pengalaman saya, tanpa melihat, tanpa mengamati dari dekat saya
tidak akan punya feeling kuat untuk menjustifikasi obyek (batuan, alterasi dll) yg
kita teliti.

• Jadi apun kemajuannya, Geologist haurs tetap bersiap diri dengan paham dan
menguasai konsep2 dasar geologi dan pergi ke lapangan. The man behind the
gun
Terima kasih
zardidahlius@yahoo.com