universitas airlangga

excellence with morality

BAB II
TEORI ASAM-BASA
&
pH ASAM-BASA
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Dept. Kimia FST Unair KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

Sifat Asam : - Rasa asam (contoh: asam cuka, asam sitrat)

- Mengubah warna lakmus biru menjadi merah

Sifat Basa : - Rasa getir (seperti rasa sabun)

- Terasa licin
- Mengubah warna lakmus merah menjadi biru

1. Teori Arrhenius (Svante Arrhenius – Swedia – 1884)

Asam : Zat yg mengandung gugus H+ dan dalam air
melepaskan ion H+ (menambah konsentrasi
H+ yang sudah ada dalam air)
contoh: HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH
HCl (g) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Basa : Zat yg mengandung gugus OH- dan dalam air

melepas ion OH- (menambah konsentrasi
OH- yang sudah ada dalam air)
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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 2 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Asam Arrhenius : senyawa penghasil H+ (H3O+) dalam air

Basa Arrhenius : senyawa OH- dalam air

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 3 KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

Bila larutan asam dicampurkan dgn lart basa maka akan terjadi reaksi NETRALISASI

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)

Kelemahan : NH3 tidak mengandung OH-, tapi apabila zat ini bercampur dalam air dapat
melepas OH- (bersifat basa).
Proses ; NH3 + H2O  NH4OH  OH- + NH4+

Teori Bronsted-Lowry (Johannes Bronsted & Thomas Lowry -1923)

Asam : Zat (molekul/ion) yg dpt memberi proton (H+) = Proton Donor

Basa : Zat (molekul/ion) yg dpt menerima proton (H+) = Proton Acceptor

Misal: H2SO4 HSO4- + H+

HSO4- SO43- + H+
SO32- + H+ HSO3-
HMelepas
2O + H
+
H+ (asam) H 3 O+

Dept Kimia_FST_UA 4
Reaksi Asam Basa = Proses transfer H
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Menerima H+ (basa)
Dept. Kimia FST Unair
+
4 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Teori Bronsted-Lowry (Johannes Bronsted & Thomas Lowry -1923)

Asam : Zat (molekul/ion) yg dpt memberi

proton (H+) = Proton Donor

Basa : Zat (molekul/ion) yg dpt menerima

proton (H+) = Proton Acceptor

Misal: H2SO4 HSO4- + H+

HSO4- SO43- + H+
SO32- + H+ HSO3-
H2 O + H + H 3 O+

Reaksi Asam Basa = Proses transfer H+

Melepas H+ (asam)

H2O (l) + NH3(aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Menerima H+ (basa)

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 5 KD II : Asam-Basa
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ASAM BRöNSTED
 CAN BE MOLECULAR COMPOUND
HNO3 (aq) + H2O(l) NO3- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
ACID

 CAN BE ANION
H2PO4- (aq) + H2O (l) HPO42- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
ACID

 CAN BE CATION
NH4+ (aq) + H2O (l) NH3 (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
ACID

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 6 KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

BASA BRöNSTED

 CAN BE MOLECULAR COMPOUND

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
base
 CAN BE ANIONS
CO32- (aq) + H2O (l) HCO3- (aq) + OH- (aq)
base

 CAN BE CATION
Al(H2O)5(OH)2+ (aq) + H2O (l) Al (H2O)6 (aq) + OH- (aq)
base

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 7 KD II : Asam-Basa
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PASANGAN ASAM BASA KONJUGASI

Asam Brønsted : pendonor proton

Basa Brønsted-Lowry : aseptor proton

Asam Basa
basa asam konjugasi konjugasi

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 8 KD II : Asam-Basa
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PASANGAN ASAM BASA KONJUGASI

Adalah pasangan 2 gugus (molekul/ion) yang rumus
molekulnya berbeda 1 ion H+
Contoh :
HCl (asam) dengan Cl- (basa)
H2O (basa) dengan H3O+ (asam)

Asam Konjugat
Gugus yang rumusnya berlebih 1 H+ dari pasangannya
Contoh: HSO4- : asam konjugat dari SO42-
NH4+ : asam konjugat dari NH3

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 9 KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

PASANGAN ASAM BASA KONJUGASI

Basa Konjugat
Gugus yang rumusnya kurang 1 H+ dr pasangannya
Contoh OH- : basa konjugat dari H2O
SO43- : basa konjugat dari HSO4+

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 10 KD II : Asam-Basa
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 ASAM KUAT : H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, HClO4

 ASAM LEMAH : H3PO4, HNO2, HOCl, ASAM ORGANIK

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 11 KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

Zat Amfoter / Amfolit

Molekul / ion / gugus yang berfungsi sebagai asam maupun basa

Contoh : Air
H2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl- (H2O sebagai basa)
H2O + NH3 OH- + NH4+ (H2O sebagai asam)

Teori Lewis (GN Lewis)

Asam Lewis : - Zat yang dapat menerima pasangan elektron bebas

- Mempunyai orbital kosong

Basa Lewis : - Zat yang dapat menyumbang/memberi pasangan elektron bebas

- Mempunyai pasangan elektron bebas

Reaksi asam-basa Lewis membentuk ikatan kovalen koordinasi

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 12 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Asam dan Basa Lewis

• Asam dan basa Lewis bereaksi membentuk ikatan

koordinasi menggunakan pasangan elektron dari basa
Lewis.

• Contoh : Pembentukan ion hidronium (H 3O+) dari H2O + H+

••
•• O—H ••
+ H O—H
H
H
H
ACID BASE
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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 13 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Konsep asam basa

MODEL ASAM BASA
Arrhenius Penghasil H+ Penghasil OH-
Brosted-Lowry Pendonor H+ Penerima H+
Lewis Penerima pasangan Pendonor pasangan
elektron elektron

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 14 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Derajat Keasaman pH
Kekuatan (tingkat) keasaman suatu zat dinyatakan oleh
banyaknya H+ / OH- dalam larutan.

Kekuatan asam dituliskan : pH = - log [H+]

Kekuatan basa dituliskan : pOH = - log [OH-]
Catatan: *) p = - log (p = potensial)
*) pH = -log [H+] [H+] = 10-pH M
*) pOH = - log [OH-] [OH-] = 10-pOH M
*) Satuan [H+] atau [OH-] = molar (M) = mol/Liter

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 15 KD II : Asam-Basa
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DISOSIASI AIR pH
Air merupakan elektrolit lemah, shg terdisosiasi sbb:
H 2O H+ + OH-

Tetapan disoasiasi air (Kw)

Kw = [H+] [OH-] yg konstan pd suhu tetap.
dari disosiasi air [H+] = [OH-], Kw
maka Kw = [H+] [H+] = [H+]2 shg, [H+] = Kw
Atau [OH-] [OH-] = [OH-]2, shg [OH-] =
Kw
Sehg dlm air (NETRAL) = [H+] = [OH-] =

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 16 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Pd 25oC : Kw = 10-14, maka dalam air murni:

[H+] = [OH-] = 10 14 = 10-7 M
pH = pOH = - log 10-7 = 7
dan pH + pOH = pKw = -log 10-14 = 14

Sifat Larutan zat dlm air

Asam pH = - log [H+]

[H+] > [OH-] (> 10-7 M) / pH < 7 pOH = - log [OH-]
[OH-] < 10-7 / pOH > 7 pH + pOH = 14
Basa Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[OH-] > [H+] (>10-7 M) / pOH < 7
[H+] < 10-7 / pH > 7

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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 17 KD II : Asam-Basa
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excellence with morality

pH asam pH basa
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log x.α.M Basa kuat
dgn x = koefisien unsur H dr senyawa
α = derajat ionisasi pOH = -log y.α.M
M = konsentrasi asam (molar=mol/L)
y = koefisien dr OH
Asam kuat (α =1)
pH = 14 – pOH
[H+] = M
H2SO4 2 H+ + SO42-
1M 2M Basa lemah bervalensi 1 (NH4OH)

[H+] = 2.M pH = -log [H+] = -log 2M [OH-] = α.M

pOH = - log α.M
Asam Lemah (α<1) bervalensi 1 [OH-] = Kb . M

[H+] = α.M [H+] = pH = 14 - pOH

Ka . M
pH = -log α.M
Copyright © 2011 - 2015 by YSS and IMS
Dept. Kimia FST Unair 18 KD II : Asam-Basa
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Contoh :
1. Diketahui pH darah manusia 7,41 berapa pOH, [H+], [OH-] ?

pOH :
pH + pOH = 14
7,41 + pOH = 14
pOH = 6,59
[H+] :
pH = - log [H+]
7,41 = - log [H+]
10-7,41 = [H+]= 3,89 x 10-8 M

[OH-] :
pOH = - log [OH-]
6,59 = - log [OH-]
10-6,59 = [OH-] = 2,57 x 10-7 M
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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 19 KD II : Asam-Basa
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2. Hitung pH dari 5,0 X 10-2 M NaOH

JAWAB :
pOH = - log [OH-]
= - log 5,0 x 10-2 = 1,3
pOH + pH = 14
jadi pH = 14 – 1,3
= 12,7

20
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Dept. Kimia FST Unair 20 KD II : Asam-Basa