Riskesdas 2018
Distribusi Pasien DMT2 yg Terdiagnosis
& Tidak Terdiagnosis
Diabetes Facts in Indonesia
Diabetes Tipe II
• Akibat defek sekresi insulin progresif, dg dasar resistensi insulin
Diabetes Gestasional
• Diabetes didiagnosis pd trimester kedua dan ketiga kehamilan yang tidak
menunjukkan gejala nyata diabetes
Tipe lain
• monogenic diabetes syndromes (misalnya : neonatal diabetes and maturity-
onset diabetes of the young [MODY]), penyakit eksokrin pankreas (seperti
cystic fibrosis), dan diabetes yg diinduksi obat (misalnya akibat penggunaan
terapi ARV pd HIV dan transplantasi organ)
American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2015 Jan; 38(Supplement 1): S8-S16
Fungsi Insulin
• Fungsi utama insulin adalah mengatur
keseimbangan kadar gula dalam darah.
• Penyebabnya :
• Ketidak-aktifan fisik
Glukosa
Insulin
IR
GLUT4
Sel
IR : Insulin Resistance
GLUT4 : Protein yang memindahkan glukosa dari luar ke dalam sel
TNFα : Protein yang memicu keparahan resistensi inulin
• GDP ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Puasa didefinisikan sebagai tidak ada asupan
kalori setidaknya 8 jam.*
ATAU
• GD2JPP ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) pada pemeriksaan TTGO. Tes harus dilakukan
sesuai penjelasan WHO, menggunakan beban glukosa yg setara dg 75 gram
anhydrous glucose yang dilarutkan di air.*
ATAU
• A1C ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol). Pemeriksaan harus dilakukan di laboratorium dengan
metode yg tersertifikasi NGSP atau terstandarisasi the DCCT assay.*
ATAU
• Pada pasien dengan gejala klasik hiperglikemia atau krisis hiperglikemia,
pemeriksaan GDS acak ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl. 1):S13–S28
Kriteria Pre-Diabetes
American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd2019. Diabetes Care 2019;42(Suppl. 1):S13–S28
Komplikasi Diabetes Mellitus
Leading cause of
end-stage renal
disease in adults
44% new cases/yr
Diabetic Cardiovascular
Nephropathy Disease
8 out of 10 diabetic
patients die from
Leading cause of cardiovascular events
Non-traumatic
Limb amputations
60% new cases/yr Peripheral Arterial
Peripheral Arterial
Disease
Disease
Diabetic
Neuropathy
NIDDK, National Diabetes Statistics fact sheet. HHS, NIH, 2006.
Komplikasi Diabetes Mellitus di Indonesia
• A 2012 study of 1,967 patients with T2DM found the following complication
rates:
• Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy : 10.5 %
• Proliperative retinopathy : 5.7%
• Angina : 8.1 %
• Myocardial infarction : 7.2 %
• Stroke : 4.6 %
• Congestive Heart Failure : 5.5 %
• End stage renal disease : 1.3 %
• Active Ulcer foot complication : 3.8%
• Erectile dysfunction : 32.4 %
Cholil AR. DiabCare Asia 2012 diabetes management, control, and complications in patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia. Med J Indones. 2019;28:47–56
Each 1% decrease in A1C will reduce risk
of diabetes related complications
Observational analysis from UKPDS
0
-5
-10
-12
-15 -14 -14
-20 -19
-21 -21
-25
%
-30
-35
-37
-40
-45 -43
-50
Any diabetes related endpont Diabetes related death All cause mortality MI
Stroke Peripheral vascular disease Microvascular disease Cataract extraction
Stratton, et al. BMJ 2000; 321(7258): 405 – 412 UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
Holman RR, et al. NEJM 2008; 359(15): 1577 - 1589
Type 2 Diabetes continuum
IFG
IFG :: 100-125
100-125 mg/dl
mg/dl
Impaired
FPG
FPG <100
<100 mg/dL
mg/dL Glucose
Tolerance / Type 2 Complicatio Death and
Normal diabetes n Disability
IGT
2-h
2-h PG
PG <140
<140 mg/dl
mg/dl (Prediabetes)
IGT
IGT :: 140-199
140-199 mg/dl
mg/dl
• Most adults with type 1 C and type 2 B diabetes should engage in 150 min or
more of moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week, spread over at
least 3 days/week, with no more than 2 consecutive days without activity. Shorter
durations (minimum 75min/week) of vigorous intensity or interval training may be
sufficient for younger and more physically fit individuals.
• Adults with type 1 C and type 2 B diabetes should engage in 2–3 sessions/ week of
resistance exercise on nonconsecutive days.
• All adults, and particularly those with type 2 diabetes, should decrease the amount
of time spent in daily sedentary behavior. B Prolonged sitting should be
interrupted every 30 min for blood glucose benefits.
• Flexibility training and balance training are recommended 2–3 times/week for
older adults with diabetes. Yoga and tai chi may be included based on individual
preferences to increase flexibility, muscular strength, and balance. C
Farmakologi
Type 2 Diabetes Algorithm, Executive, Summary, Endocr Pract. 2017; 23 (No. 2 )
Type 2 Diabetes Algorithm, Executive, Summary, Endocr Pract. 2017; 23 (No. 2 )
Pertimbangan saat Memilih
Terapi Diabetes Mellitus
Severitas Hiperglikemia
Risiko Hipoglikemia
Kondisi Medis Penyerta (ex : fungsi ginjal, gagal jantung) & efek samping medikasi
Pekerjaan
Preferensi Pasien
Glycemic Targets:
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2021. Diabetes Care 2021;44(Suppl. 1):S73-S84
Hal yang Perlu Diperhatikan
Pada Follow-up Terapi Diabetes Mellitus