CHOPPER

oleh : Ir. Harnoko St., MT

Contoh Untai Chopper Osilasi

SCR1

C SCR2

D Edc R L

Rse
Dfw
M

Oscillation Chopper :
Tidak menggunakan reaktor-jenuh maupun ototrafo SCR2 disulut terlebih dahulu agar kapasitor C termu ati dengan pelat atas positif. Bila SCR1 disulut, maka arus beban mengalir dari Edc SCR1 Rse M Edc, dan SCR2 padam. Kapasitor C berbalik polaritas, yaitu akibat arus reso nans dari pelat atas C SCR1 R L D C pelat bawah, dan tetap dalam keadaan demikian (resonans terhenti) karena terhalang oleh diode D (prasikap terbalik) sampai dengan SCR2 disulut. Bila SCR2 disulut, maka C discharged dan SCR1 pa dam (prasikap balik dikenai teg.kapasitor Vc). Bila SCR1 disulut kembali, maka proses di atas akan berulang.

NB : perlu dilihat kembali teori mengenai resonans dan keadaan peralihan (transient) pada untai arus searah

Rumus :

Analisis Charging : - waktu memuati kapasitor : tc = (LC) = ton - tegangan kapasitor : vc = Edc e(R/2)(C/L) Analisis Komutasi : - untai teredam kritis dan teredam lebih : toff = C vc / IL IL = arus beban

Stepdown Chopper :

When the switch is in position B, the inductor acts as a source and maintains the current through the load resistor. During this period, the energy stored in the inductor decreases and its current falls. It is important to note that there is continuous conduction through the load for this circuit. If the time constant
due to the inductor and load resistor is relatively large compared with the period for which the switch is in position A or B, then the rise and fall of current through inductor is more or less linear, as shown in Fig. 3.

On evaluation,

When the switch is ON, the voltage across the inductor can be expressed as:

When the output voltage remains steady at Vo,avg, the inductor current linearly during the ON period of the switch. Then

During the ON-period, the inductor current rises from (Vo,avg/R - I/2) to (Vo,avg/R + I/2).

INVERTER
Inverter adalah peralatan listrik yang merubah daya arus searah menjadi daya arus bolakbalik pada besaran tegangan dan frekuensi tertentu. Inverter pada elektronika daya umumnya digunakan pada frekuensi rendah (< 1000 Hz). Pemanfaatan inverter : - mengatur kecepatan motor listrik - pemanasan secara induksi - power supply sistem frekuensi khusus (misal : 400 Hz untuk sistem instalasi listrik pesawat terbang) - uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Persyaratan inverter : harus mampu memikul beban induktif tegangan harus dapat diatur bentuk gelombang mendekati sinus harus tetap stabil pada pelepasan dan pemasukan beban secara mendadak

Jenis Inverter : a. Inverter sumber tegangan (voltage source inverter = VSI) b. Inverter sumber arus (current source inverter = CSI) Contoh skema untai VSI :

A frequency converter with a DC voltage intermediate circuit. The intermediate voltage may be controlled by a controlled rectifier. The output frequency is controlled by the inverter. In the case of an uncontrolled rectifier, the intermediate voltage is constant and both voltage and frequency are controlled by the inverter

Contoh : Current Source Inverter

A current source inverter, CSI, has a constant DC current intermediate circuit. The current is kept constant with a controlled rectifier and high inductance reactors. The output frequency is controlled by the inverter.

The McMurray Inverter

Rumus empiris : Ip = Icommutation = 1.5 Iload (LC) = 0.6 tq C = ( 0.6 tq Ip ) / Ec L = ( Ec/Ip )2 C = ( 0.6 tq Ec )/Ip Ec = 2.5 Edc Edc= ( / 22 ) Vrms(ac) tq = main SCR turn-off time

TRIAC

Beban R : sin 2 Vout(rms) = Erms (1 - ---- + --------- ) 2

UPS