Genetika Mikroba

Struktur dan fungsi Materi Genetik

DNA & RNA DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA
ribonucleic acid

Nucleotides
Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base

Structur DNA

Pita Double (double helix) Merupakan polimer dari nukleotida 5 ke 3 (pita terpasang antiparalel) Pasangan Basa
A-T G-C

Replikasi DNA

Bacteria hanya memiliki 1 kromosom (ccDNA)

E. coli

DNA

1u
1ft.

1,360u
1,360 ft.

Replikasi DNA terjadi hanya dalam satu arah (5 ke 3)

DNA Helicase 1. Leading Strand ( 5 to 3 )

DNA Polymerase

2. Lagging Strand ( 5 to 3)
RNA Polymerase (RNA Primer) DNA Polymerase (extends primer and digests RNA) DNA Ligase
Okazaki Fragments

Replikasi Bidirectional

Origin of replication
Termination site

Sintesis Protein

DNA
Transcription

mRNA
Translation

Protein

Dogma Central Dogma Genetika Molecular

Transkripsi

Satu pita DNA digunakan sebagai cetakan untuk untuk membentuk pita mRNA
mRNA ----> messenger RNA

Transcripsi

3 komponen yang dipeerlukan dalam pembentukan RNA dari DNA

Promoter ( permulaan) RNA Polymerase Termination Site ( pengakhiran) 5 to 3

3 Types of RNA

1. mRNA
Contains the codons

2. rRNA
Ribosomes (70S)

3. tRNA
Transfer amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis Anti-codon

Kode Genetik

DNA
mRNA tRNA

Triplet code
codons anticodons

Genetic Code

Codon menentukan untuk suatu asam amino spesifik 20 asam amino 3 base code - 4 bases ( A,U,G,C ) 64 kombinasi yng mungkin ( 43) Satu asam amino dikode lebih dari 1 kodon

Translasi

rRNA
ribosomal RNA (dibentuk dari ribosom) (70S)

tRNA
transfer RNA (membawa asam amino ke ribosom untuk sintesis protein) anticodon
3 base sequence that is complimentary to the codon on mRNA

Transfer Genetic pada Bacteria

Transfer Genetic - mengakibatkan variasi gen

Variasi Gen diperlukan dalam evolusi 3 cara transfer genetik yang terjadi pada bekteri
1. Transformasi 2. Cunjugasi 3. Transduksi

Transformasi

Genes dipindahkan secara langsung pada bakteri

Frederick Griffith (1928)

Transduction

DNA dipindahkan dari satu bakteri ke bakteri yang lain melalui perantaraan virus
Bacteriophage
virus that only infects bacteria

Conjugation
DNA Bakteri di transfer ke bakteri yang lain melalui sex pilus

Regulation of Gene Expression

All Genes are not always being expressed

Genes turned on all the time - Constitutive Other genes can be regulated:
Turned On Turned Off

lac operon

Lac - Lactose (dissacharide)

Glucose and Galactose

operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene

lac operon is normally turned off

lac operon is an Inducible operon

Tryptophan operon

Tryptophan - amino acid operon - series of structural genes all under the control of a Regulatory Gene
Tryptophan operon is normally turned on Tryptophan operon is a repressible operon

Mutations - a change in the base

sequence of DNA

Mutations can be: 1. Harmful 2. Lethal 3. Beneficial 4. Silent (neutral)

UUU - Phe UUC - Phe

Types of Mutations

Normal DNA

Base Substitution Mutation

C

Missense Mutation

Base Substitution Mutation

T

Nonsense Mutation

Frame Shift Mutation

ATG CAT GCA TGC ATT TCC TGC TTA AAA 1. Addition Mutation AAT GCA TGC ATG CAT TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is Shifted

2. Deletion Mutation
TGC ATG CAT GCA TTT CCT GCT TAA Reading Frame is Shifted

Griffiths Experiment

2 Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

1. Virulent strain with a capsule - Pneumonia 2. Avirulent strain without a capsule - no disease

Griffiths Experiment

Griffiths Experiment

Griffiths Experiment

Griffiths Experiment