i

DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................i
DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................v
DAFTAR SINGKATAN..................................................................................vi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN.................................................................................1
1.1. Latar Belakang...............................................................................1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah..........................................................................2
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian...........................................................................2
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum.......................................................................2
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus......................................................................2
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian.........................................................................3
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik...............................................................3
1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis......................................................................3
1.4.3 Manfaat Masyarakat ............................................................3
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.......................................................................4
2.1 Anatomi Vertebra Lumbal..............................................................4
2.2 Biomekanika Vertebra....................................................................7
2.3 Low back pain.................................................................................9
2.3.1 Definisi Low back pain.........................................................9
2.3.2 Etiologi Low back pain.........................................................9
2.3.2.1 Kelainan Kongenital.................................................9
2.3.2.2 Trauma dan Gangguan Mekanis...............................10
2.3.2.3 Radang (Inflamasi) ..................................................10

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2.3.2.4 Tumor ......................................................................11

2.3.2.5 Gangguan Organ-Organ Dalam Rongga Abdomen 11
2.3.2.6 Degenerasi ...............................................................12
2.3.2.7 Kelainan Psikogen ...................................................14
2.3.2.8 Kelainan Sikap Tubuh (Postur) ...............................14
2.3.2.9 Gangguan Otot, Tendo dan Ligamen ......................14
2.3.3 Patofisiologi Low back pain.................................................15
2.3.3.1 Reseptor Nyeri dan Stimulasinya ............................15
2.3.3.2 Jalur Nyeri di Sistem Saraf Pusat ............................17
a. Jalur Asendens .....................................................17
b. Jalur Desendens ...................................................18
2.3.4 Low Back Pain (LBP) akut ..................................................18
2.3.4.1 Penatalaksanaan LBP akut ......................................18
2.3.5 LBP kronik ...........................................................................19
2.3.5.1 Faktor Resiko Terjadinya LBP dan LBP kronik......19
2.3.5.2 Diagnosa LBP kronik ..............................................20
2.3.5.3 Penatalaksanaan LBP kronik ...................................21
a. Aplikasi Ergonomi dalam kegiatan sehari hari ....21
b. Terapi Farmakologi .............................................22
c. Terapi Fisik ..........................................................22
d. Latihan Untuk Kondisi LBP ................................22
2.4 Fisioterapi.......................................................................................22
2.4.1 Terapi Mekanik ....................................................................23
a. Latihan (Exercise) ............................................................23

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b. Pijat (Massage) ................................................................23

2.4.2 Hidroterapi ...........................................................................26
2.4.3 Termoterapi ..........................................................................27
2.4.4 Ultrasound (U.S) .................................................................27
2.4.5 Elektroterapi .........................................................................28
2.4.6 Indikasi dan Kontraindikasi .................................................29
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS..............................33
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian.....................................................33
3.2 Hipotesa..........................................................................................33
BAB 4 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN...........................................................35
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian......................................................................35
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian..........................................................35
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian......................................................35
4.3.1 Populasi...................................................................................35
4.3.2 Sampel.....................................................................................35
4.3.3 Besar Sampel...........................................................................35
4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ..................................................36
4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian..............................................37
4.3.5.1 Kriteria Inklusi............................................................37
4.3.5.2 Kriteria Eksklusi.........................................................37
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian..................................................................37
4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas............................................................37
4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung...................................................37
4.3.6.3 Variabel Perancu ........................................................37

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4.3.7 Definisi Operasional................................................................37

4.4 Instrumen Penelitian.......................................................................38
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian.........................................................................38
4.6 Analisa Data....................................................................................39
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Columna Vertebralis ....................................................................4

Gambar 2.2 Vertebra Lumbalis IV ..................................................................6

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

CGRP

: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

CT

: Computed Tomography

EMG

: Electromyography

HNP

: Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

IASP

: The International Association for The Study of Pain

LBP

: Low back pain

LGS

: Lingkup Gerak Sendi

MRI

: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

NSAID

: Non Steroid Anti Inflammation Drug

SP

: Substansi Peptida

SWD

: Short Wave Diathermi

TENS

: Transcutaneus Electric Nerve Stimulation

US

: Ultrasound

VAS

: Visual Analogue Scale