Strategi Pengajaran & Pembelajaran

PM Dr. Zaidatun Tasir Jabatan Multimedia Pendidikan Fakulti Pendidikan, UTM Skudai.

2007 Copyright Jabatan Multimedia Pendidikan, UTM Skudai

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah strategi pembelajaran? Strategi pembelajaran (Learning strategies) melibatkan aktiviti pembelajaran yang berbentuk selfinitiated (bergantung kepada daya usaha pelajar) yang dilalui oleh pelajar untuk memudahkan pembelajaran mereka. (Alessi & Trollip, 2001)

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah perbezaan antara strategi pembelajaran dengan strategi pengajaran? Strategi pembelajaran diamalkan oleh pelajar manakala strategi pengajaran diamalkan oleh pengajar.

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah kaitan antara strategi pembelajaran dengan pedagogi? Pedagogi berkait rapat dengan strategi pembelajaran. Pedagogi boleh menentukan hala strategi pembelajaran. Berikan contoh strategi P&P yang ada.

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah model proses P&P yang sering digunakan dan dianggap berkesan. Model P&P yang lazim: (Urutan proses)
1. 2.

3.
4.

Persembahan informasi media/teacher centered Bimbing pelajar lebih interaktif Latihan learner centered Penilaian/ujian

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Adakah kita masing perlu berpegang kepada model proses P&P ini? Jika tidak, apakah pendekatan yang boleh kita gunakan?? Mungkin urutan yang tidak linear spt:
1. 2. 3. 4.

Latihan learner centered Bimbing pelajar lebih interaktif Persembahan informasi media/teacher centered Penilaian/ujian

Strategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pendekatan P&P TUTORIAL? LATIH-TUBI? (untuk tujuan latihan) SIMULASI (persembahan maklumat, bimbing, latihan dan nilai pelajar) PERMAINAN
tamat

Tutorial

Tutorial menyampaikan maklumat kepada pelajar dan bimbing pelajar untuk mempelajari sesuatu perkara

Tutorial

Features of Effective Tutorials Include lesson orientation at the beginning of the tutorial. Provide learner guidance throughout the lesson. Give appropriate feedback and remediation. Provide strategies for making the instruction more meaningful. Make attractive use of graphics and sound. Learners are kept informed of the skills required. Key information is highlighted.

Tutorial

Features of Effective Tutorials Several techniques are used to aid learning. Frequent interaction between the tutorial and the learner. Learner responses are required and judged. Feedback is provided to confirm correct responses or correct incorrect ones. An evaluation of the learners' progress is given. Provide different strategies for processing information. Make instruction as meaningful and relevant as possible. Employ intrinsic motivators. Include aids for the assimilation of old and new information.

Tutorial

Tutorials: Advantages

Useful for teaching factual information, simple discriminations, rules and simple application of rules. Permit learners to move through the information at their own rate. Most useful for verbal learning tasks where large amounts of information are presented.

Tutorial

Tutorials: Disadvantages

The time needed to develop lessons. Difficult to design tutorials for higher order objectives. Tutorials often duplicate learning programs that already exist making them expensive.

Latih-tubi

Features of Effective Drills Provide extensive opportunities for practicing skills. Assume that teaching has already taken place. Reinforce and strengthen correct responses. Identify and correct incorrect responses. Minimise unrelated information and procedural complexity. Response is brief and is produced rapidly. Focus on one or two well-defined skills rather than many skills.

Latih-tubi

Features of Effective Drills Should offer individual response feedback and feedback to gauge performance. Should maintain a high level of user motivation. Provide the user and the instructor with options to control the learning process. Opportunities to alter drill format (animation, colour, etc.). Good drills account for user's age, sophistication and preferences. Control of drill features such as speed, response rate, data storage and printing results.

Latih-tubi

Drills & Practice: Advantages

Intensive controlled opportunities for learners to refine their skills. Computer drills more appealing than traditional paper / teacher drills. Can detect error patterns. Adapt the level of difficulty. Record keeping is instantaneous.

Latih-tubi

Drills & Practice: Disadvantages

Did not help - deep understanding Often appear more like tests than instruction. Many drills are poorly conceived (difahami), limited in their application and boring.

Simulasi

Features of Effective Simulations: A scenario or set of events is presented. Clear options for student participation are indicated. A range of plausible consequences to student actions is given. Effective guidance is given.

Simulasi

Features of Effective Simulations: The simulation is believable, with reasonable response options and logical consequences to options. Clear guidelines must be given for participation and termination. The situation should change realistically in line with student responses. A qualitative summary of student performance should be provided.

Simulasi

Simulations: Advantages Represent the thinking and evaluative capabilities of computers. Permit the study of processes, procedures and phenomena that would either be too difficult, too costly or too dangerous. Permit the study of phenomena that would not be visible in real time. Can save a lot of money.

Simulasi

Simulations: Disadvantages Require sophisticated hardware in many cases. Require sophisticated programming techniques.

Permainan

Features of Effective Games:

The student must understand the goal of the game. Procedure for participation should be well defined. Responses should be frequent and easily generated. It must attract and engender enthusiasm in the student. Incorporation of animation, colour and sound. Guidelines for game participation must be provided. Identifiable cause and effect relationship between student actions and game responses. Summaries of game performance.

Permainan

Games: Advantages Capitalise on the competitiveness of students. High in entertainment value. Varied methods of learning. Unique formats.

Permainan

Games: Disadvantages Entertaining consequences for incorrect responses. Unwittingly incorrect answers can sometimes be more entertaining than correct ones. Vision and sound effects often become the focal point. Indiscriminate use of computer capabilities can distract from the purpose of the game.