DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL SKRIPSI ................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ............................................................................... iii
NASKAH SOAL TUGAS AKHIR ........................................................................ iv
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ............................................................................. v
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiv
INTISARI............................................................................................................. xvi
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... xvii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1.

Latar Belakang Masalah .................................................................... 1

1.2.

Perumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 2

1.3.

Batasan Masalah ................................................................................ 2

1.4.

Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 2

1.5.

Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 2

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA............................................................................. 4

BAB III LANDASAN TEORI ................................................................................ 7
3.1.

Hukum Kesetimbangan Energi .......................................................... 7

3.2.

Siklus Rankine ................................................................................... 9

3.2.1.

Sejarah dan Pengertian Siklus Rankine ........................................ 9

3.2.2.

Diagram dan Proses Proses Termodinamika Siklus Rankine .. 11

3.2.3.

Deviasi Pada Siklus Rankine ...................................................... 14

3.3.

Sistem Perpompaan dan Sistem Perpipaan ...................................... 16

3.4.

Pompa Sentrifugal............................................................................ 21

3.4.1.

Pengertian Pompa Sentrifugal ..................................................... 21

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3.4.2.

Cara Kerja Pompa Sentrifugal .................................................... 22

3.4.3.

Komponen Komponen Pompa Sentrifugal .............................. 23

3.4.4.

Klasifikasi Pompa Sentrifugal..................................................... 25

3.5.

Boiler ............................................................................................... 26

3.5.1.

Pengertian Boiler ......................................................................... 26

3.5.2.

Tipe Tipe Boiler ........................................................................ 26

3.5.3.

Perpindahan Panas Pada Boiler................................................... 28

3.5.4.

Pembakaran ................................................................................. 29

3.5.5.

Neraca Kalor ............................................................................... 29

3.6.

Turbin Uap ....................................................................................... 31

3.6.1.

Pengertian Turbin Uap ................................................................ 31

3.6.2.

Klasifikasi Turbin Uap ................................................................ 32

3.7.

Kondenser ........................................................................................ 33

3.7.1.

Pengertian Kondenser ................................................................. 33

3.7.2.

Jenis Jenis Kondenser .............................................................. 33

BAB IV METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ............................................................. 35

4.1.

Tempat dan Waktu Pengambilan Data ............................................ 35

4.2.

Perhitungan Unjuk kerja/Efisiensi pada Pompa .............................. 35

4.3.

Perhitungan Unjuk kerja/Efisiensi pada Boiler ............................... 43

4.3.1.

Metode Langsung ........................................................................ 43

4.3.2.

Metode Tidak Langsung ............................................................. 44

4.4.

Perhitungan Unjuk kerja/Efisiensi pada Turbin Uap ....................... 48

4.5.

Perhitungan Unjuk kerja pada Kondenser Single Pass Cross Flow 50

4.5.1.

Metode Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)................. 50

4.5.2.

Metode Effectiveness Number of Transfer Unit ( NTU) ..... 53

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ............................................................................. 56

5.1.

Kinerja PLTU Tanjung Bara............................................................ 56

5.2.

Analisis Unjuk kerja Pompa Unit 02 (Feed Water Pump) .............. 58

5.2.1.

Sistem Kerja Pompa Unit 02 (Feed Water Pump) ...................... 58

5.2.2.

Efisiensi Pompa........................................................................... 60

5.3.

Analisis Unjuk kerja Boiler Unit 02 ................................................ 68

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5.3.1.

Metode Langsung/Direct Method ............................................... 71

5.3.2.

Metode Tidak Langsung/Indirect Method .................................. 73

5.3.3.

Perbandingan Metode Langsung/Direct Method dengan Metode

Tidak Langsung/Indirect Method ................................................ 75

5.4.

Analisis Unjuk kerja Turbin Uap Unit 02 ........................................ 76

5.4.1.

Sistem Kerja Turbin Uap Unit 02 ............................................... 76

5.4.2.

Analisis Efisiensi Turbin Uap Unit 02 ........................................ 77

5.5.
5.5.1.

Analisis Unjuk kerja Kondenser Unit 02 ......................................... 80

Analisis Koefisien Heat Transfer Untuk Inner dan Outer Tube . 83

BAB VI PENUTUP .............................................................................................. 87

6.1.

Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 87

6.2.

Saran ................................................................................................ 88

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 89

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... 91

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Deskripsi Arah Kalor dan Kerja Pada Suatu Sistem (Cengel, 2006) .... 8
Gambar 2. Energi yang terkandung dalam suatu control volume dipengaruhi oleh
heat (Q), work (W), dan aliran massa (Cengel, 2006) ......................... 9
Gambar 3. Skema sederhana sistem PLTU (www.sistemmonitoring.com).......... 10
Gambar 4. Siklus Rankine Ideal (Cengel, 2006)................................................... 13
Gambar 5. Diagram Temperatur (T) Entalpi (s) Siklus Rankine Ideal (Cengel,
2006)................................................................................................... 13
Gambar 6. Deviasi Pada Siklus Rankine Ideal (Cengel, 2006) ............................ 14
Gambar 7. Efek Irreversibilitas Pada Pompa dan Turbin Uap Siklus Rankine Ideal
(Cengel, 2006) .................................................................................... 16
Gambar 8. Sistem perpompaan sederhana (Munson, 2002) ................................. 17
Gambar 9. Sistem dengan head statik tinggi (kiri) dan rendah (kanan)
(www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........................................................ 18
Gambar 10. Kurva kinerja sebuah pompa (www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........ 19
Gambar 11. Titik operasi sebuah pompa (www.energyefficiencyasia.org) .......... 20
Gambar 12. Sketsa pompa sentrifugal (Munson dkk, 2002) ................................. 22
Gambar 13. Lintasan aliran pompa sentrifugal (www.energyefficiencyasia.org) 23
Gambar 14. Sketsa komponen komponen utama pompa sentrifugal
(www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........................................................ 24
Gambar 15. Letak komponen komponen utama pada pompa sentrifugal
(www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........................................................ 24
Gambar 16. Fired Tube Boiler (www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ......................... 27
Gambar 17. Water Tube Boiler (www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........................ 27
Gambar 18. Diagram Aliran Energi Neraca Kalor Boiler (UNEP, 2008) ............ 30
Gambar 19. Aliran Berbagai Kehilangan Panas Pada Boiler
(www.energyefficiencyasia.org) ........................................................ 31
Gambar 20. Jenis Kondenser Tipe Permukaan/Surface Condenser (Woodruff,
2005)................................................................................................... 34

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Gambar 21. Diagram Moody untuk menentukan besar koefisien gesek pipa (f)
(Munson, 2002) .................................................................................. 39
Gambar 22. Kondisi kondisi saluran masuk (entrance) dan besar koefisien
losses (a) Reentrant, KL = 0,8; (b) sharp-edged, KL = 0,5; (c) slightly
rounded, KL = 0,2; (d) well-rounded, KL = 0,04 (Munson, 2002) ..... 41
Gambar 23. Jenis jenis saluran keluar (exit) dari pipa dan besar koefisien losses
masing masing (a) Reentrant, KL = 1,0; (b) sharp-edged, KL = 1,0;
(c) slightly rounded, KL = 1,0; (d) well-rounded, KL = 1,0 (Munson,
2002)................................................................................................... 41
Gambar 24. Grafik untuk mencari faktor koreksi pada kondenser single-pass crosflow dengan kedua fluida yang tidak tercampur................................. 52
Gambar 25. Siklus Rankine PLTU Tanjung Bara ................................................. 56
Gambar 26. Bagian-bagian komponen Pada Pompa Unit 02 ................................ 60
Gambar 27. Sketsa Sistem Perpompaan PLTU Tanjung Bara .............................. 61
Gambar 28. Grafik Perpotongan Kurva Sistem Pompa dan Kurva Head-Kapasitas
Pompa ................................................................................................. 66
Gambar 29. Kurva Efisiensi Pompa Unit 02......................................................... 67
Gambar 30. Diagram T-s Siklus Rankine Pada Boiler Unit 02 ............................ 70
Gambar 31. Sketsa Kondisi Boiler Unit 02........................................................... 71
Gambar 32. Sektsa Kondisi Turbin Uap Unit 02 .................................................. 76
Gambar 33. Diagram T-s Siklus Turbin Uap Unit 02 ........................................... 77
Gambar 34. Grafik Efisiensi Turbin Uap Unit 02 Selama Bulan Februari, Maret,
Mei, dan Juni 2013 ............................................................................. 80
Gambar 35. Skema Kondisi Kondenser Unit 02 ................................................... 82
Gambar 36. Diagram T-s Siklus Kondenser Unit 02 ............................................ 82
Gambar 37. Grafik Perbandingan Koefisien Heat Transfer Ui dengan Uo Metode
LMTD................................................................................................. 84
Gambar 38. Grafik Perbandingan Koefisien Heat Transfer Ui dengan Uo Metode
-NTU ................................................................................................. 84

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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Harga Kekasaran Permukaan Berbagai Jenis Pipa () (Munson, 2002) . 38
Tabel 2. Tipe Belokan Pipa dan Besar Koefisien Losses Masing Masing
(Munson, 2002) ....................................................................................... 42
Tabel 3. Daya Aktual Pompa Unit 02 Tiap Bulan ................................................ 62
Tabel 4. Data Boiler Unit 02 ................................................................................. 72
Tabel 5. Hasil Analisis Ultimate Boiler Metode ASME PTC 4-1 1998 Power Test
Code Steam Generating Unit .................................................................. 73
Tabel 6. Hasil Perhitungan Daya Aktual Turbin (wa) dan Daya Isentropis Turbin
(ws) ......................................................................................................... 78
Tabel 7. Spesifikasi Kondenser Unit 02 Jenis Shell and Tubes Single Pass Cross
Flow ........................................................................................................ 81
Tabel 8. Perbandingan Koefisien Heat Transfer Metode LMTD dengan Metode NTU ........................................................................................................ 83

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Kurva Efisiensi Pompa Unit 02 ........................................................ 92

Lampiran 2. Bagan Aliran Sistem PLTU Tanjung Bara, PT KPC ....................... 93
Lampiran 3. Skema Perpipaan Pada Pompa Unit 02 ............................................ 94
Lampiran 4. Sketsa Perpipaan Feed Water Boiler Unit 02 ................................... 95
Lampiran 5. Data Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Februari 2013 ................... 96
Lampiran 6. Data Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Maret 2013 ....................... 99
Lampiran 7. Data Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Mei 2013 ........................ 102
Lampiran 8. Data Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Juni 2013 ........................ 105
Lampiran 9. Hasil Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Februari 2013 ................ 108
Lampiran 10. Hasil Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Maret 2013 .................. 108
Lampiran 11. Hasil Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Mei 2013 ..................... 109
Lampiran 12. Hasil Perhitungan Pompa Unit 02 Bulan Juni 2013 ..................... 109
Lampiran 13. Hasil Perhitungan Turbin Uap Unit 02 Bulan Februari 2013 ....... 110
Lampiran 14. Hasil Perhitungan Turbin Uap Unit 02 Bulan Maret 2013 ........... 110
Lampiran 15. Hasil Perhitungan Turbin Uap Unit 02 Bulan Mei 2013 .............. 111
Lampiran 16. Hasil Perhitungan Turbin Uap Unit 02 Bulan Juni 2013 ............. 111
Lampiran 17. Hasil Perhitungan Turbin Unit 02 ................................................ 112
Lampiran 18. Analisis Data Kondenser Unit 02 Bulan Februari 2013 ............... 113
Lampiran 19. Analisis Data Kondenser Unit 02 Bulan Maret 2013 ................... 115
Lampiran 20. Analisis Data Kondenser Unit 02 Bulan Mei 2013 ...................... 117
Lampiran 21. Analisis Data Kondenser Unit 02 Bulan Juni 2013 ...................... 119
Lampiran 22. Data Komponen Komponen Utama PLTU Bulan Februari 2013
............................................................................................................................. 121
Lampiran 23. Data Komponen Komponen Utama PLTU Bulan Maret 2013 . 144
Lampiran 24. Data Komponen Komponen Utama PLTU Bulan Mei 2013 .... 167
Lampiran 25. Data Komponen Komponen Utama PLTU Bulan Juni 2013 .... 191
Lampiran 26. Gambar Boiler Unit 02 ................................................................. 214
Lampiran 27. Gambar Sisi Masukan Air Umpan Pada Boiler Unit 02 ............... 215
Lampiran 28. Gambar Komponen Pengamatan Ruang Bakar Boiler Unit 02 .... 215

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Lampiran 29. Gambar Turbin Unit 02 dan Generator......................................... 216

Lampiran 30. Gambar Kondenser Unit 02 .......................................................... 216
Lampiran 31. Skema Komponen Komponen Pada Boiler ............................... 217

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