Konverter Thyristor Kuliah Ke 5

3/12/2010
1
Konverter Thyristor
Pekik Argo Dahono
Konverter Satu-Fasa Setengah-Gelombang
( ) ( )
( )
cos 1
2
2

sin 2
2
1
: rata - rata keluaran Tegangan
+ =
=
s
s o
V
t d t V V
s
v
+
R
o
v
o
i
Skema (a)
s
v
t
t
o
v
o
i
0
2
gelombang. Bentuk (b)
s
i
0
2
T s
i
Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 2

3/12/2010
2
Gate Signal Generation
Generator
tooth - Saw
logic and
Comparator
line AC
syn
v
c
v
sw
v signal Gate
0
syn
v
sw
v
c
v
signal Gate
Linearizing the Phase-Control
Characteristic
+
+
t sin
1
+
FF
3/12/2010
3
s
v
+
o
i
R
o
v
d
v
s
i
T
L
v
s
v
t
t
d
v
0
2
0
2
s
i
o
i
Arus masukan dan keluaran mempunyai

bentuk yang sama dan diskontinyu
Harmonisa arus masukan mengandung
komponen dc dan semua orde harmonisa
Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran tidak
hanya ditentukan oleh sudut penyalaan
tetapi juga parameter beban.
s
v
+
s
i
T
o
i
R
o
v
L
v
d
v
FD
s
v
t
t
d
v
0
2
0
2
s
i
o
i
Nilai rms arus masukan lebih kecil dibanding

arus keluaran
Arus masukan mengandung semua orde
harmonisa termasuk komponen dc
Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran hanya ditentukan
oleh sudut penyalaan
3/12/2010
4
Konverter Satu-Fasa Setengah Gelombang
s
v
+
s
i
T
o
i
R
o
v
L
v
d
v
FD
s
v
t
t
d
v
0
2
0
2
s
i
o
i

T
d
v
FD s
v
+
s
i
o
I
s
L
s
v
t
t
d
v
0
2
0
2
s
i
o
i

( )
o s
s
d
I fL
V
V + =
cos 1
2
2
Induktansi sumber menyebabkan
nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran
berubah sebagai fungsi arus beban
3/12/2010
5
s
v
+
o
i
d
v
s
i
T
L
v
o
V
s
v
t
t
d
v
0
2
0
2
s
i
o
i
o
V
o
V
Nilai rata-rata tegangan keluaran
dipengaruhi oleh emf beban
Konverter Satu-Fasa Jembatan
Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter
thyristor
10
3/12/2010
6
Konverter Satu-Fasa Jembatan
( ) ( )
( )
cos 1
2

sin 2
1
: keluaran tegangan rata - rata Nilai
+ =
=
s
s o
V
t d t V V
Arus sumber hanya mengandung
harmonisa orde ganjil
Tegangan dan arus beban mempunyai
jumlah pulsa dua dan hanya mengandung
harmonisa orde genap
Konverter Thyristor Satu-Fasa
Tegangan keluaran rata-rata:
cos
2 2
s o
V V =
Arus thyristor rata-rata:
2 /
o T
I I =
Arus rms sumber :
o s
I I =
PF sumber :
cos
2 2
= =
s s
o o
I V
I V
PF

s v
+
s
i
o i
R
1 T 3 T
2 T 4 T
d
L
o
v
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
4 & 1 T T 3 & 2 T T
o
i
Tegangan keluaran bisa diatur dari
minus maksimum sampai plus maksimum
tetapi arus selalu positip.
3/12/2010
7
s
v
+
s
i
1 T
3 T
2 T 4 T
o
v
o
I
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I
Output Voltage
3/12/2010
8
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I
4
=
1 T
v
t
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I
2
=
t
1 T
v
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I
4
3
=
1 T
v
t
=
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I
1 T
v
Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor
15
Analisis Daya dan Harmonisa
( )
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
k I I
I I
k
k
t d t k I I
t k I i
I V Q
I V P
k
o
o k
n k
k s
s s
s s
/
2 2
2 / cos 1
2
4I

sin
2
4
sin 2
: Masukan Arus Harmonisa Analisis
sin
cos
: Aktif Daya
1
1
o
2 /
0
1 2
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
Q
P
3/12/2010
9
Pengaruh Induktansi Sumber
s
i
1 T 3 T
2 T 4 T
o
v
o
I
s
v
+
s
L
s
v
t
t
o
v
0 2
s
i
o
I

o s s o
I fL V V 4 cos
2 2
=

thyristor
17
Sudut Pemadaman
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
I

o s s o I fL V V 4 cos
2 2
=
1 T
v
s
v
t
t
o
v
0 2
s
i
o
I

o s s o I fL V V 4 cos
2 2
=
1 T
v

thyristor
18
3/12/2010
10
Konduksi Tak Kontinyu
s
v
+
s
i
o
i
1 T 3 T
2 T 4 T
d
L
o
v
o
V
s
v
t
t
o
v
0
2
s
i
o
i
o
V
thyristor
19
Output voltage characteristic
3/12/2010
11
Penyearah Satu-Fasa Setengah-Terkendali
s
v
+
s
i
1 T 3 D
o
v
o
i
R
d
L
2 T 4 D
Tegangan keluaran rata-rata:
( )
cos 1
2
+ =
s o
V V
Arus thyristor rata-rata:
=
o T
I I
Arus rms sumber :
2 / 1
|
\
|
=

o s
I I
PF sumber :
2 / 1
cos 1 2
|
\
|
+
= =
s s
o o
I V
I V
PF
22
3/12/2010
12
Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Setengah-Gelombang
s
o
u
r
c
e

A
C
R
S
T
u
v w
n
1 T
2 T
3 T
o
v
Load
o
i
u
i
v
i
w
i
0
2
t
un
v
vn
v
wn
v
3/12/2010
13
Persamaan Tegangan
( ) ( )
( ) [ ]
6
5
6
cos 1
2
6
6
0 cos
2
2 3
sin 2
2
3
: tegangan rata - rata Nilai
6
ln
6
5
6
+ + =
=
=
+
+
lls o
lls o
s o
V V
V V
t d t V V
s
o
u
r
c
e

A
C
R
S
T
u
v w
n
1 T
2 T
3 T
o
v
o
i
u
i
v
i
w
i
Load
t
R
i
w
i
v
i
u
i
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan tiga

Arus sekunder trafo mengandung komponen dc.
cos
2
2 3
tegangan rata - rata Nilai
lls o
V V =
3/12/2010
14
t
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
1 T
v
1 T 2 T 3 T
t
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
1 T
v
1 T 2 T 3 T

Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa
n
u
v
w
R
u
i
v
i
w
i
o
v
o
i
1 T 3 T 5 T
2 T 4 T 6 T
t
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
u
i
d
v
Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan

enam.
Harmonisa arus masukan adalah 5,7, 11, 13,
3/12/2010
15
Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Beban Resistif

Konverter Thyristor Tiga-Fasa Beban Resistif
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
2
3 3
cos 1
2 3

sin
2 3
3
0 cos
2 3
sin 2
3
: rata - rata Tegangan
3
6
2
6
\
|
+ + =
=
=
=
+
+
+
ll
ll o
ll o
ll o
V
t d t V V
V V
t d t V V
3/12/2010
16
Konverter Tiga-Fasa Jembatan Beban Induktif
0
2 t
un v
u i
0
2 t
un v
u i
0
2 t
un v
u i
0
2 t
un v
u
i
thyristor
31
Analisis
( )
( ) ( )
3 / 2
3. kelipatan untuk 0
/
6
sin
2 2
sin I 2
: masukan Arus
cos V
2 3
: output tegangan rata - rata Nilai
1
1
2 /
6 /
1
1 - 2n k
k
lls
o u
k
k
o
o
u
o
I I
k I
k I I
I I
t d t I I
t k i
V
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
cos
3
: daya Faktor
= PF
3/12/2010
17
Input current
thyristor
33
Input current characteristic
thyristor
34
3/12/2010
18
u
1 T
2 T
3 T
4 T
v
5 T
w
6 T
u
i
v
i
w
i
n
s
L
thyristor
36
0
2 t
un
v
u
i
uv v uw v
o s ll o
I fL V V 6 cos
2 3
=
3/12/2010
19
Half-Controlled Thyristor Converters
u
1 T
1 D
2 T
2 D
v
3 T
w
R
3 T
u
i
v
i
w
i
o
i
o
v
L
u
1 T
2 T
3 T
4 T
v
5 T
6 T
u
i
v
i
w
i
R
o
i
o
v
L
w
1 D
2 D
Penyearah A Penyearah B
Half-Controlled Rectifier (A)
t
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
u
i
d v
t
w
i
R
i
t
0
2 t
un
v
vn
v wn
v
u
i
d v
t
w
i
R
i
3/12/2010
20
Konverter Tiga-Fasa Jembatan Half-Controlled (B)
t
u
i
t
w
i
R
i
t
u
i
t
w
i
R
i
Application Considerations
Single-phase rectifiers generate input
harmonics at the order of 2p1, where p is
the pulse number.
The displacement power factor is reduced
when the output voltage is reduced.
Commutation generates voltage notches
across the source.
Input harmonics can be reduced by
increasing the pulse number.
3/12/2010
21
Current Controller
A thyristor converter is usually operated as a
current source
A thyristor converter cannot be controlled faster
than the thyristor can respond
After a thyristor is turned on, the thyristor can
only be turned off by the input line voltage.
By operating as a current source, the thyristor
converter is inherently overcurrent protected.
A current source can paralleled easily with other
current sources
Current controller for Phase-
Controlled Rectifiers
Load
driver Gate
1
cos
PID
+
current
Reference
current
Actual
L
s
L
s
e
d
v
o
i
3/12/2010
22
Current-Controlled Phase-
Controlled Rectifiers
+
) (
*
s I
L PID
sL
1
) (s V
o
+

) (s I
L
d
sT + 1
1
ll
V
2 3
Current Control of Phase-Controlled Rectifiers
3/12/2010
23
Dual Thyristor Converter
controller
Current
1
cos
+
*
a
i
a
i
Application Considerations
At present, thyristor converters are used only for large
power applications.
The AC side always need reactive power under both
rectifier and inverter operations.
The AC side current has high harmonic content. The
harmonic order is pk1 where p is pulse number and k is
integer. The harmonic current can be reduced by
increasing the pulse number.
Thyristor converter also generates voltage nothches due
to the commutation.
It is recommended to use a special feeder (or it is better
if using a dedicated transformer) to supply a thyristor
converter.
3/12/2010
24
High-Current Rectifiers
3/12/2010
25
49
High-Current Rectifiers (PWM)
3/12/2010
26
DC Arc Furnace Applications
HVDC Applications
Environmental advantages
Economical advantages
Asynchronous interconnections
Power flow control
Added benefits to the existing
transmission system
3/12/2010
27
HVDC History
Hewitts mercury-vapour rectifier, 1901
Experiments with thyratrons in US and mercury-arc valves in
Europe in 1940s.
First commercial HVDC operation, Gotland, Sweden in 1954.
First solid-state semiconductor switches, 1970.
First microcontroller applications for HVDC in 1979.
Highest DC voltage operation (600 kVdc) for Itaipu, Brazil, in
1984.
First dc active power filter, 1994.
First capacitor commutated converter for Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998.
First Voltage Source Converter for HVDC in Gotland, 1999.
thyristor
53
HVDC Topology
3/12/2010
28
HVDC Systems
HVDC Operation
3/12/2010
29
HVDC Station
AC and DC Comparison
3/12/2010
30
HVDC Technologies
59
HVDC Applications
3/12/2010
31
HVDC System
thyristor
61
+/- 500 kV, 2800 MW, Kii Chanel, Japan
Thyristors for HVDC
thyristor
62
3/12/2010
32
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3/12/2010

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 2

Arus masukan dan keluaran mempunyai

Nilai rms arus masukan lebih kecil dibanding

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 7

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter

Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan tiga

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 27

Jumlah pulsa tegangan keluaran sama dengan

Pekik A. Dahono : Konverter thyristor 29

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