Aromatis
Senyawa Aromatis
Aromatis pada awal abad ke 19 digunakan
untuk menjelaskan beberapa senyawa parfum
Sekarang dikelompokkan sebagai sifat kimia
(senyawa takjenuh yang mengalami reaksi
substitusi daripada adisi).
Perbedaan senyawa aromatis dan alifatik
disebabkan konfigurasi elektronnya.
CHO
anisaldehyde
(anise)
thymol
HC CH CHO
(thyme)
OH
OMe
CHO
OH
OMe
eugenol
(cloves)
cuminaldehyde
(cumin)
CH2 CH CH2
TL
5,5
- 95
- 25
- 48
13
TD
80
111
144
139
138
NAMA KHUSUS
CH3
NH2
toluena
anilina
CH3
O CH3
anisola
CH3
OH
fenol
COCH
COOH 3
asetofenona
CH3
COOH
CH3
asam benzoat
CH3
CH3
o-xilena
m-xilena
p-xilena
m-nitrotoluene
3-nitrotoluene
R
o-
m-
NO2
1
6
orto
meta
1-methyl-3-nitrobenzene
Cl
3
4
p-
para
p-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
Cl
Br
CH3
methylbenzene
(toluene)
NO2
1-bromo-3-nitrobenzene
CH3
CH3
(p-xylene)
Cl
1-chloro-3-methylbenzene
CH3
1,4-dimethylbenzene
siklooktatetraena
tidak aromatik
H
H
H
8 elektron pi
4n + 2 = 6
n=1
aromatik
4n + 2 = 10
n=2
aromatik
4n = 8
non aromatik
benzene
cyclohexene
+ 3 H2
RESONANCE
ENERGY
36 kcal/mol
+ H2
-49.8 kcal/mol
-28.6 kcal/mol
cyclohexane
-85.8 kcal/mol
(calculated)
Benzene
R Cl
+ HCl
+ HCl
no
reaction
Cl2
no
reaction
Br2
no
reaction
R Cl
Cl2
Cl
R Br
Br2
Br
+ RCO3H
+ RCO3H
no
reaction
Stronger
base
alkene
Weaker
base
H
benzene
A strong electrophile is
required - and often a
catalyst.
Benzene Reactivity
Benzene requires a strong electrophile and a catalyst
..and then it undergoes substitution reactions, not addition.
Cl
+
FeCl3
Cl2
+ HCl
substitution
catalyst
compare:
Cl
Cl2
Cl
no catalyst
addition
Halogenasi
Nitrasi
Alkilasi Friedel-Crafts
Asilasi Friedel-Crafts
Sulfonasi
MECHANISM
All of the reactions follow the same pattern of mechanism.
The reagents combine to form a strong electrophile E+ ,and
its partner (:X ), which react as follows:
ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION
(+) E
H
E+
slow
(+)
E
H
+ HX
:X
intermediate
benzenium ion*
restores
ring resonance
(+)
benzenium
intermediate
Transition
state 2
intermediate
Ea
activation
energy
+
E
H
slow
STEP 1
fast
STEP 2
Cl
+ Cl 2
KLOROBENZENA
+ HNO 3
H2SO4
NO2
NITROBENZENA
26
DISUBSTITUSI
NO2
H2SO4
Cl + HNO 3
Cl
NO2
Cl
p -kloronitro
benzena
o -kloronitro
benzena
TRISUBSTITUSI
NO2
CH3
HNO2
CH3
NO2
H2SO4
NO2
CH3
+
NO2
NO2
27
MONOSUBSTITUSI
A. HALOGENASI
FeCl3
+ Cl 2
Cl
KLOROBENZENA
28
B. NITRASI
+ HNO 3
H2SO4
NO2
NITROBENZENA
29
AlCl3
+ (CH3)2CHCl
CH(CH3)2 + HCl
30C
ISOPROPILBENZENA
AlCl3
30C
CH(CH3)2
Isopropilbenzena (70%)
CH2CH2CH3
n-propilbenzena (30%)
30
O
+ CH3C
AlCl3
Cl
O
C CH3
+ HCl
asetofenon
Zn/HCl
HCl
kalor
CH2CH3
etilbenzena
31
E. SULFONASI
H2SO4
+ SO3
SO3H
Asam benzensulfonat
32
SUBSTITUSI KEDUA
Br
NH2
Br
2,4,6-tribromobenzena
H2SO4
NO2
+ H2O
100C
m-dinitrobenzena
NO2
NO2 + HNO3
H2SO4
100C
NO2
+ H2O
m-dinitrobenzena
(o dan p sedikit sekali)
NO2
H2SO4
Cl + HNO3
Cl
NO2
Cl
100C
ortho (30%)
para (70%)
(tanpa meta)
34
OH
PENGARAH ORTO-PARA
PENGAKTIVASI
O
-
PENGARAH META
PENDEAKTIVASI
35
Pengarah
orto-para
NH2
NHR
Pengarah
meta
NR2
O
C R
bertambah
deaktivasi
OH
OR
O
NHC R
CO2R
SO3H
CHO
bertambah
aktivasi
COOH
CN
NO2
NR3
36
CH3
O H
37
Cl
Cl
38
NO2
NO2
39
HNO2
CH3
NO2
H2SO4
NO2
CH3
+
2,6 dinitro
toluena
NO2
NO2
2,4 dinitro
toluena
40
NO2
CH3
p-metilfenol
OH +
HNO3
CH3
OH
4-metil-2-nitrofenol
41
HO
HO
Br2
CHO
CHO
FeBr3
m-hidroksibenzaldehida
Br
6-bromo-3-hidroksi
benzaldehida
42
Terima
Kasih