DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
RINGKASAN.................................................................................................... i
SUMMARY........................................................................................................ ii
KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iii
DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR TABEL..............................................................................................vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................viii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1

Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 1

1.2

Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................ 3

1.3

Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................. 3

1.4

Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................... 3

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1

Struktur Pembuluh Darah .................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Histologi Pembuluh Darah Endotel ............................................ 4
2.1.2 Fungsi Endotel ............................................................................ 5
2.1.2.1 EDRFs........................................................................... 6
2.1.2.2 EDCFs6
2.1.3 Pengaturan Tekanan Darah ......................................................... 7
2.1.3.1 Pengaturan Sirkulasi Secara Hormonal.................................... 8
2.1.3.2 Pengaturan Sirkulasi Oleh Saraf...............................................10
2.1.3.3 Sistem Pengaturan Vasomotor..................................................11
2.1.3.4 sistem Pengaturan Sirkulasi Oleh Baroreseptor........................12

2.2

Hipertensi

12

2.2.1 Definisi Hipertensi.......................................................................12

2.2.2 Etiologi Hipertensi.......................................................................13
2.2.3 Klasifikasi Hipertensi .................................................................17
2.2.4 Patofisiologi Hipertensi ..............................................................17
2.2.5 Patofisiologi Disfungsi Endotel .................................................19
2.3

Circulating Endothelial Cells ..............................................................20

2.4
2.5

DOCA-NaCl ........................................................................................22
Herbal ...................................................................................................23
2.5.1 Pegagan (Centella asiatica) ........................................................23
2.5.1. 1 Taksonomi Pegagan..................................................................23
2.5.1.2 Potensi Senyawa Aktif Pegagan................................................23
2.5.2 Alang-Alang (Imperata cyliandrica) ..........................................24
2.5.2.1 Taksonomi Alang-Alang...........................................................24
2.5.2.2 Potensi Senyawa Aktif Akar Alang-Alang................................24
2.5.3 Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus).......................................24
2.5.3.1 Taksonomi Kumis Kucing........................................................24
2.5.3.2 Potensi Senyawa Aktif Kumis Kucing......................................25

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS

3.1

Kerangka Teori .....................................................................................26

3.2

Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................................................29

3.3

Hipotesis Penelitian .............................................................................32

3.4

Variabel Penelitian ...............................................................................32

3.5

Definisi Operasional............................................................................32

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN

4.1

Rancangan Penelitian ...........................................................................34

4.2

Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ...............................................................34

4.3

Sampel Penelitian .................................................................................34

4.4

Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ....................................................................35

4.4.1 Alat dan Bahan Pemeliharaan Tikus ...........................................35
4.4.2 Alat dan Bahan Induksi Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) dan
NaCl 35
4.4.3 Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ektrak Pegagan, Alang-Alang,
Kumis

Kucing

35
4.4.4 Alat dan Bahan Pembedahan Hewan Coba ................................35
4.5

Tahapan Penelitian ...............................................................................36

4.5.1 Pengelompokkan Hewan Coba ...................................................36
4.5.2 Pemeliharaan Hewan Coba .........................................................36
4.5.3 Aquades

.....................................................................................................
37
4.5.4 Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) .......................................37
4.5.5 Minum Larutan NaCl ................................................................. 38
4.5.6 Pembuatan Simplisia Pegagan, Alang-Alang, Kumis Kucing .... 38
4.5.7 Dekoktasi Ekstrak Pegagan, Alang-Alang, Kumis Kucing......... 38
4.5.8 Teknik Pembedahan..................................................................... 40
4.5.9 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel....................................................... 40
4.5.10 Pemeriksaan CECs .................................................................... 40
4.6

Teknik Analisa Data ............................................................................. 42

4.7

Diagram Alur Penelitian ...................................................................... 43

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA

5.1

Karakteristik Subjek Penelitian ............................................................ 44

5.2

Efek Induksi DOCA-NaCl Terhadap Kadar CECs Tikus Model

Hipertensi ............................................................................................. 44

5.3

Efek Dekok Kombinasi Pegagan, Alang-Alang Dan Kumis

Kucing Terhadap Kadar Circulating Endothelial Cells....... 45

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN
6.1

Karakteristik Populasi Pada Hasil Penelitian ....................................... 47

6.2

Efek Induksi DOCA-NaCl Terhadap Kadar CECs Tikus Model

Hipertensi ............................................................................................. 47

6.3

Efek Dekok Kombinasi Pegagan, Alang-Alang Dan Kumis

Kucing Terhadap Kadar Circulating Endothelial Cells....... 49

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

7.1

Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 53

7.2

Saran .................................................................................................... 53

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 2.1

Klasifikasi Hipertensi Menurut WHO ............................................. 17

Tabel 4.1

Kelompok dan Jenis perlakuan........................................................ 36

Tabel 5.1

Karakteristik Subjek Penelitian........................................................ 44

Tabel 5.2

Rerata Kadar CECs Pada Kelompok Kontrol Negatif dan Positif... 44

Tabel 5.3

Rerata Jadar CECs Pada Kelompok Kontrol Negatif, Positif dan

Kelompok Perlakuan ....................................................................... 45

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
Gambar 2.1

Pemotongan melintang, Pengecatan HE ..................................... 5

Gambar 2.2

Pemotongan
melintang,
Pengecatan
Oecin
.....................................................................................................
5

Gambar 2.3

Regulasi sirkulasi Tekanan darah .............................................. 11

Gambar 2.4

Mekanisme Pelepasan sel endotel............................................... 21

Gambar 2.5

Pegagan (Centella asiatica) ........................................................ 23

Gambar 2.6

Alang-Alang (Imperata Cyliandrica) ......................................... 24

Gambar 2.7

Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus) ...................................... 24

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Dokumentasi Penelitian
Lampiran 2. Hasil Pemeriksaan Kadar Circlating Endothelial Cells
Lampiran 3. Data Analisis Kadar Circlating Endothelial Cells Tikus
Model Hipertensi
Lampiran 4. Surat Keterangan Layak Etik Hewan Coba