1. Pendahuluan
Biomassa dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi
target penggunaan energi terbaharukan eropa
sebesar 20% pada akhir tahun 2020. Kekurangan
biomassa adalah persaingan dengan pangan ,
tingginya pasokan biaya , rendahnya energi , tinggi
biaya konversi , dan seasonality [1,2]. Keuntungan
utama dari biomassa adalah sifatnya yang
fleksibel , kemampuannya untuk disimpan , dan
netralitas Co2. Biomassa adalah sumber energi
serbaguna yang menghasilkan listrik, panas dan
biofuel [3,5]. Dalam pembahasan terbaru, Penulis
akan menunjukkan potensi dari biomassa dan
manfaatnya [6,7]. Potensi ini tidak berpengaruh
pada kebutuhan pangan, dan dapat dikumpulkan
secara regional untuk menghindari biaya pasokan
tinggi. Aliran ini tidak bersaing dengan makanan
atau pakan dan regional dapat dikumpulkan untuk
menghindari biaya pasokan yang tinggi .Misalnya ,
iglin ski et al . Menekankan potensi dan manfaat
penggunaan biomassa unmanaged seperti pupuk
kandang , setelah panen jagung unggulan [8] kota
dan limbah padat organik .Ali et al . Menunjukkan
potensi pasar dari sampah organik di thailand [9].
Astrup dan tonini menyimpulkan penelitian mereka
atas rekomendasi untuk menggunakan sisa ,
biomasses daripada energi yang tersedia di dalam
produksi tanaman [10].
Penulis lain sudah menyelidiki kemungkinan
menggunakan biomassa Regional tersedia aliran di
sistem generasi energi desentralisasi lokal. Mereka
menyimpulkan bahwa sistem ini menawarkan
banyak keuntungan seperti lebih efisien
penggunaan produk akhir (misalnya listrik, panas,
pendinginan, pupuk) pengurangan logistik dan
pembangunan daerah [11-13]. Panas misalnya tidak
dapat diangkut lebih dari jarak yang besar dan
harus, sebaiknya, digunakan secara lokal. Selain
itu, De Meester et al. menunjukkan bahwa
pemanfaatan panas yang dihasilkan diperlukan
untuk mencapai teknologi lingkungan yang
kompetitif [14]. Panas yang dihasilkan dari satu
proses dapat diangkut untuk proses lain yang mana
dapat digunakan dan menguntungkan, misalnya
untuk pengeringan biomassa [15]. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa integrasi CHP tanaman
dengan proses lainnya merupakan potensi besar
dalam istilah mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca,
peningkatan efisiensi pemanfaatan energi dan
menggantikan pembangkit listrik konvensional
[16]. Prosesnya bahkan dapat lebih lanjut
diintegrasikan dengan menggunakan residu, selain
panas, dan proses lain [17]. Dalam sastra
kombinasi dari teknologi ini sering disebut
biorefinery, yang didefinisikan sebagai fasilitas
NPV =
n=1
CF n
(1+i)n
I 0
(1)
Table 1
Characteristics biomass input.
Quantity (ton/year)
Dry matter (%)
LHV (GJ/ton)
Wood
Organic
municipal
solid waste
1419
70
13
64,000
37.5
3
16,000
6
6
8000
40
13
Biogas
(Nm3/ton)
yield
NA
28
20.4
120
dalam Bagian 5.
Table 2
Economic parameters.
Unit
Formula/value
Investment costs
UASB reactor
Lifetime UASB reactor
Gas cleaning
Source
M
Year
[45,46]
[45]
[39]
Year
/kWe
Lifetime CHP
Composting
Lifetime composting
Air treatment
Lifetime air treatment
Heat network
Lifetime heat network
Connection cost
Dry digester
Lifetime dry digester
Hygienisation
Year
/ton
Year
year
/m
year
/connection
/ton
year
[55]
0.5581
year
/ton
year
/kW
year
Site preparation
%I0
10
Operational costs
Repair
Insurance
Maintenance UASB
Analysis cost digester
Personnel digester
Hourly wage rate
Maintenance CHP
Maintenance gas cleaning
Maintenance composting
Operational composting
Red diesel
Personnel composting
Maintenance heat network
Maintenance dry digester
Maintenance separator
Personnel separator
Maintenance UFRO
Personnel UFRO
Maintenance dryer
Personnel dryer
Maintenance wood boiler
Purchase cost wood
Ash disposal cost
%I0
%I0
%I0
/ton
#
/h
/MW h
/MW h
/ton
/ton
/l
#
%I0
%I0
%I0
h/day
%I0
h/day
/ton water evaporated
h/day
%I0
/ton
/ton
2
1
3
1.67
1
30
_0.1544
65.347 (capacity (kWe))
0.9
_0.1112
26,209 (capacity (kWe))
10
9
0.941
0.8
input (ton per year) 0.00094
3
1.6
3
2
3
5
2.5
0.000875 thick fraction (ton/year)
3
45
110
Revenues
Avoided cost electricity
Sale green electricity
Sale green heat
Gate fee OMSW
Forfait OMSW
Compost
Gate fee manure
Gate fee co-substrates
Dry manure
Dry retentate UF
Dry retentate RO
SDE digester (CHP) basic
SDE digester (CHP) correction
SDE digester (CHP) lifetime
SDE digester (CHP) operating hours
SDE co-digester (CHP) basic
/MW h
/MW h
/MW h
/ton
/in h
/ton
/ton
/ton
/ton
/ton
/ton
/GJ
/GJ
year
H
/GJ
139.4
50
20
60
5.4
4.96
25
_5
_20
_20
3
19.444
11
12
5739
19.444
Lifetime hygienisation
Separator
Lifetime separator
UFRO separator
year
3
/m /h
year
[47]
[39]
[39]
[47,48]
[48]
[47]
[47]
[49]
[49]
[49]
[50]
[50]
[51]
[51]
[52]
[52]
[51]
0.6298
[52]
[53]
[52]
[54]
[54]
[55]
[50]
[50]
[42,48,56]
[39]
[39]
[48]
[48]
[57]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[51]
[51]
[51]
[58,59]
[60]
[55]
[61]
[42]
[42]
[48,62,63]
[48]
[48]
[53,61]
[61]
[15,64]
[15,64]
[15,64]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
Table 2 (continued)
Unit
Formula/value
Source
/GJ
year
H
/GJ
/GJ
year
H
11
12
5739
10.90
9.10
12
7000
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
[65,66]
NPV ()
IRR (%)
PB
(year)
DPB
(year)
OMSW digestion
(1)
Co-digestion
(2)
ECP
(3)
11,378,112
16%
_13,477,410
_2,099,298
3,834,710
10%
5.74
>15
7.55
7.47
>15
11.98
NPV, net present value; IRR, internal rate of return; PB, payback period; DPB, discounted payback period.
Table 4
Relative contribution of the variables range to the variance in NPV.
Variable
Co-digestion
+26.9
+26.2
+19.1
+9.1
_7.0
_6.2
_40.4
_13.4
+9.5
+7.5
ECP
+24.9
+26.1
+17.8
+10.4
_6.2
_6.4
Fig. 8. Impact gate fee OMSW on NPV ECP with depreciated composting installation.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[12]
[13]
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[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
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